Employment and commuting in Calderdale...• a key variation in employment and commuting patterns in...

www.calderdale.gov.uk

Employment and Commutingin Calderdale

August 2006

A Topic Report by the Chief Executive’s Office

Areas of Calderdale (based on 2001 ward boundaries)See Part 3 for Area Profiles

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CONTENTS

Page ExecutiveSummary 2 Introduction Background 6 Purpose 6 ReportStructure 7 FurtherInformation 7 Terminology&Definitions 8

Part1OverviewofEmploymentTrends JobsandSectoralChange 11 Full-timeandpart-timeworking;gender 11 Hoursofwork,incomesandqualifications 12

Part2Commuting Changesbetween1991and2001 15 WorkingatorfromHome 17 DistanceTravelledtoWork 18 OriginsandDestinationsofCommuters 20 ModeofTravel 23 ProfileofCommuters 25 Age 25 Gender 25 IndustrialSector 26 Occupation 27 Qualifications 28 TrafficandTravel 29

Part3 AreaProfiles SummaryInformation 33 BrighouseAreaProfile 36 EllandAreaProfile 38 HalifaxAreaProfile 40 NorthEastCalderdaleAreaProfile 42 NorthHalifaxAreaProfile 44 Ripponden&SowerbyBridgeAreaProfile 46 TodmordenAreaProfile 48 UpperValleyAreaProfile 50 AppendixA.EmploymentInformation 55 EmploymentinCalderdale 56 Residents’Employment 63

AppendixB.AreaProfileData 71

AppendixC.DataSources 79

AppendixD.TechnicalNote:AdjustmentstotheData 83

Tables MainReport Table1 CommutingintoandoutofCalderdale 15 Table2 WorkingfromHome 17 Table3 DistancetravelledtoWork 18 Table4 ChangesindistancestravelledtoWork 18 Table5 ChangesinCommuting:Calderdale to/fromotherareas 21 Table6 ModeoftravelofCommuters 23 Table7 Changeinmodeoftraveltowork1991-2001 24 Table8 ProfileofCommuters:Age 25 Table9 ProfileofCommuters:Gender 25 Table10 ProfileofCommuters:Industrialsector 26 Table11 ProfileofCommuters:Occupation 27 Table12 ProfileofCommuters:Qualifications 28 Table13 Rush-hourFlowsintoandoutofCalderdale 30 Table14 ChangesinTrafficFlows1993-2003 30 AppendixA TableA1 TotalEmploymentwithinCalderdale 56 TableA2 SectoralBreakdownofEmployment 57 TableA3 GenderandFull-Time/Part-TimeWorking 58 TableA4 GenderandEmploymentbysector:2003 59 TableA5 PartandFull-TimeEmploymentbysector 60 TableA6 QualificationsofpeopleworkinginCalderdale 61 TableA7 EarningsofFull-TimeWorkers 62 TableA8 CalderdaleResidentsinEmployment 63 TableA9 ResidentsEmployment:Gender,Part-time/Full-time 64 TableA10 HoursworkedbyCalderdaleresidents 64 TableA11 ComparativeEarningsofCalderdale Residents-2005 65 TableA12 HouseholdIncomes–2006 66 TableA13 QualificationsofCalderdaleResidents 67 AppendixB TableB1 DestinationsofOut-Commuters,2001 72 TableB2 EmploymentinAreabyIndustrialSector,2001 73 TableB3 HouseholdIncomes,2006 74 TableB4 SocialGradeofCalderdaleResidents,2001 75 TableB5 OccupationsofCalderdaleResidents,2001 76

Figures Fig1 ChangesinEmploymentandCommuting1991-2001 16 Fig2 ChangesinDistancesTravelledtoWork1991-2001 19 FigA1 EmploymentinCalderdale1998-2004 56 FigA2 ChangesinSectoralBreakdown:1993-2003 57

Maps Map1 LocationofAreaProfileDistricts InsideCover Map2 OriginsandDestinationsofCommuters 20 MapsofCommutingfortheEightAreasProfiled 36-50

Executive Summary

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Thenatureofemploymentischangingalongwithtraditionalrelationshipsbetweenwherepeopleliveandwheretheywork.ThesedevelopmentsareespeciallyrelevantinCalderdale,whichhasastrategiclocationbetweenthefastdevelopingconurbationsofGreaterManchesterandWestYorkshire.

Thisreportexaminesthelatestinformationabouthowemploymentandtraveltoworkpatternshavechangedinrecentyears.Thesetrendsareofgreatimportanceastheydirectlyimpactontheworkprospectsofresidents,demandforhousingandemploymentland,andtransportationrequirements.

Thereportrevealssignificantchangesinthenatureofemploymentwithinthedistrictandforitsresidents,aswellastheincreasingextentofthelabourmarketinterrelationshipsbetweenthedistrict,neighbouringareasandregionalcentres.Italsohighlightsthedifferencesbetweendifferentpartsofthedistrictandinthelevelsofeconomicselfcontainment.

EmploymentChanges

• totalemploymentinCalderdalehasrecoveredstronglyoverthelastdecadeorso,andgrowthhasbeenparticularlymarkedinthethreeyearsupto2004.Thesedevelopmentsarereversingthelongtermcontractionofjobsinthedistrict.Thenumberofdistrictresidentsinemploymentalsoroseby3%inthedecadeupto2001

• thesectoralshiftinthetypesofjobsinthelocaleconomyhascontinuedalonghistoricandnationaltrends–themanufacturingsectornowaccountsforunderaquarterofjobs(althoughthisisstillwellabovethenationalaverage)whilstemploymentinfinanceandbusinessserviceshasincreasedsharplyandisnowequalinsizetomanufacturing

• aswellassectoralchangesinemployment,thenatureofjobshasalsoseensignificantdevelopmentswithagradualshiftfromfull-timetopart-timeworking,particularlyamongstmen.Part-timeemploymentnowmakesupalmostaquarteroftheemploymentofdistrictresidents,andamongwomenfull-timeemploymentislowerthanitwasadecadepreviously

• thegendersplitbetweenemploymentindifferentsectorsandbetweenfull-timeandpart-timeemploymenthasnotchangedinthelasttenyears.ManufacturingemploymentinCalderdaleremainsmaledominatedandover90%ofemployeesworkfull-time;incontrast,inBanking&FinanceandAdministration,womenmakeupalargeshareoftheemploymentandoveronethirdofjobsarepart-time

• weeklyandhourlypayratesforpeopleworkinginCalderdalehavebeenconsistentlywellabovetheregionalaverageandamongstthehighestinWestYorkshiresince2001,althoughbelowthenationalaverage

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• thequalificationlevelofCalderdaleresidentsisgenerallycomparableto,orabove,otherWestYorkshiredistrictsonmostmeasures.However,itisbelowthenationalaverageandaroundoneinthreehavenoqualificationsatall.FiguresinthelastthreeyearsshowadeclineinthoseeducatedtoNVQ2or3,butanincreaseofthoseatNVQ4orabove

TraveltoWorkandCommutingPatterns

• Calderdale’slocationmakesitapartoftwosub-regionalconurbationsthathavedynamicandfastdevelopingeconomies.Travelpatternshavealsobeeninfluencedbythegrowthincarownershipaswellasthedistrict’sgoodcommunicationlinks

• around45,000peopletravelintooroutofthedistricttoworkeachday(ariseofonefifthinthedecadeto2001)

• overonequarterofresidentswhoareinemploymentworkoutsidethedistrict,with25,000commutingoutofCalderdaledaily

• 20,000jobsinthedistrictarefilledbynon-residents;thusthereisanetbalanceof5,000moremovementsoutofthedistrictthanintoiteachday

• theleveloflabourmarket“self-containment”–theproportionofanarea’semployedresidentswhoworkwithinthatarea–showsCalderdaletobemoreself-containedthanKirkleesorWakefield,butlesssothanBradfordandLeeds

• inthedecadeupto2001,bothoutwardandinwardcommutingrosebyover20%asCalderdalebecameincreasinglypartofsub-regionalandinter-regionallabourmarkets.Thescaleoftheseincreasesisfargreaterthanchangesinthegrowthinemployment

• morepeoplearealsoworkingfromhomeorhavenofixedplaceofwork–now12%ofthoseinemployment

• peoplealsotravelfurthertowork.Whereasonly18%ofresidentsinemploymenttravelledmorethan10kmstoworkin1991,by2001thishadrisento25%,ofwhich11%travelledmorethan20kms.Converselytheproportionofresidentsworkingwithin5kmsoftheirhomefellfrom61%to53%inthesameperiod

• CalderdalecontinuestoexperienceanetoutflowofcommuterstoBradford,LeedsandWakefieldwhilstthereisanetinflowfromKirklees.Shortdistancemovementshaveincreasedlessrapidlythanlongerdistancemovements,forexampletoLeeds,WakefieldandManchester

• notwithstandingtheincreaseincommutingtrips,thegapbetweeninwardandoutwardmovementsisgettingsmallerbetweenCalderdaleandmostneighbouringareas

• carusageforemploymentpurposesis20%higheramongstpeoplecommutingintooroutofCalderdalethanitisamongresidentsworkingwithintheDistrict.In20016%ofout-commutersusedthetrain

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• theincreaseincarusageamongCalderdaleresidentstravellingtoworkreflectsashiftawayfrombuses(down5%since1991);in2001,15%ofresidentsworkinginthedistrictusedabus,twicethelevelofout-commuters

• theFinanceandRelatedBusinesssectorhasthehighestpropensityforin-commuting,with32%ofemploymentinthissectoraccountedforbyin-commuters.Withrespecttoout-commuting,aroundonethirdofresidentsworkingintheTransport&Communications,FinanceandPublicAdministration,Education,Health&SocialWorksectorsworkoutsideCalderdale

• commutingishighestamongstmalesandthoseinManagerial,ProfessionalandTechnicaloccupations

• overall,between1991and2001therehasbeenanincreaseof3,000dailytripsbycarbydistrictresidentstravellingtowork.Thisdoesnottakeaccountofthosewhotravelthroughthedistrictortripsforleisure,shoppingandeducationalpurposes

• weekdaytrafficflowsinandoutofCalderdaleduringthemorningandeveningrushhoursinthefouryearsto2003showa4to5%increaseininwardmovementsandsmalldecreaseinoutwardmovements.Thismayreflecttheaboveshiftsbetweendifferenttypesoftransportandthespreadofjourneytimes

AreaProfiles

• akeyvariationinemploymentandcommutingpatternsindifferentpartsofthedistrictistheproportionoflocaljobsfilledbyresidentsofthesamearea.Thisrangesfrom15%inHalifaxand26%inBrighouseupto46%intheUpperValleyand59%inTodmorden

• theproportionofresidentscommutingoutfromCalderdalevariesfromaround40%inNorthEastCalderdaleandBrighouse,downto21-22%inHalifaxandNorthHalifax

• onlytwoareashaveanetinflowofcommutersfromoutsideCalderdale–Halifax(over3,000,mainlyfromotherpartsofWestYorkshire)andBrighouse(withthemainnetinflowcomingfromHuddersfield)

• thereissubstantialout-commutingfromtheUpperValleyandTodmordentoGreaterManchester,andfromBrighouseandEllandintoKirklees.MostareashavesignificantnumberscommutingtoLeeds,whilst20%ofemployedresidentsinNorthEastCalderdaleworkinBrighouse

• theManufacturingsectorisparticularlyimportantinBrighouse,theUpperValleyandNorthEastCalderdale;employmentinBankingandFinanceisdominatedbyHalifax(whereitaccountsfor34%ofallemployment),whilstemploymentinPublicAdministration,Education&HealthishighestinHalifax,NorthHalifaxandTodmorden

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• ManagersandProfessionals(SocialGradesA/B)haveaboveaveragerepresentationintheUpperValleyandNorthEastCalderdale,whilstNorthHalifaxhasthelowestproportionintheseGrades.Conversely,theproportionofresidentsinGradesC2(SkilledManual)andD(Semi-skilledandUnskilledManual)ishighestinNorthHalifaxandlowestinNorthEastCalderdaleandtheUpperValley.

• themedianhouseholdincomeishighestinNorthEastCalderdale,whereitis£3,500abovetheCalderdalefigure;inthisarea,30%ofhouseholdshaveanincomeinexcessof£40,000.

• NorthHalifaxhasamedianincomesubstantiallybelowtheCalderdalemedian,and30%ofhouseholdshaveanincomebelow£15,000perannum.HalifaxalsohasaverageincomessomewhatbelowtheDistrictfigure.

INTRODUCTION

Background

TopicReportsarepartofCalderdaleCouncil’ssetofpublicationsbasedmainlyonthe2001Census.ThefirstCensusdatabecameavailablein2003,andtheCouncilhassinceproducedarangeofreportsanddigestssummarisingthisdataandpresentingitinaformatsuitableforforwardplanningpurposes.

ThisReportonEmploymentandCommutingisthefourthintheseriesofTopicReports.The2001CensusisthekeysourceforthisReport,sincenootherdatasetcomparesinbothitscoverageandthedetailitprovides.MuchoftheCensusdatausedinthisReportistakenfromtheWorkplaceOrigin-DestinationStatistics,whichlinkthelocationofaresident’shomewiththelocationofhis/herworkplace.Thisdatawasthelasttobeprocessedandwaspublishedin2005.

InadditiontotheCensusWorkplacedata,theReportusessomeotherkeysources,includingtheAnnualBusinessInquiry(asurveyofbusinessemployment);theHouseholdSurveysundertakenbytheLearningandSkillsCouncilWestYorkshire;andtheAnnualSurveyofHoursandEarnings.Thereportprovidesthemostreliableandcomprehensivedataavailable,andisasup-to-dateaspossible.

PurposeoftheReport

TheobjectiveofthisReportistopresentdataonrecentchangesinthenatureofemploymentandtraveltoworkpatternswithinCalderdaleandamongstCalderdale’spopulation.Inparticular,itisintendedthatthiswillassist,first,inabetterunderstandingofCalderdale’spositioninthelocalandregionallabourmarkets;andsecond,thatitwillprovideabackgroundforanalysisofthedynamicsbehindcommutingintoandoutofCalderdale,andtheimplicationsthatthishasfortrafficandtransport.

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ReportStructure

Thereisanenormousamountofdataonemploymentthatisavailable,atdifferentgeographiesanddates,changingclassifications,andvariablereliability.

ItisrecognisedthatreaderswillhavedifferentlevelsofinformationneedsandforthisreasonmostofthedetaileddataispresentedinAppendices.Thestructureoftheremainderofthereportisasfollows:

Part1. OverviewofEmploymentTrends Thissectionprovidesabriefoverviewofthemaindevelopmentsinemployment,

lookingbothattheemploymentofCalderdaleresidentsandatemployment/jobslocatedinCalderdale.

Part2. Commuting Thissectionlooksatchangesincommuting,inparticularbetweenthe1991and

2001Census.Itthenexaminesrelatedtopicssuchasdistancetravelledtoworkandnumbersworkingfromhome.Italsoprovidesaprofileofin-commutersandout-commutersintermsofage,gender,industrialsector,occupationandqualifications,andcomparescommuterswiththeprofileofCalderdaleresidentsworkingwithinCalderdale.

Part3. AreaProfiles Forthepurposesoftheanalysisofemploymentandcommuting,Calderdalehas

beensplitintoeightareas.Foreach,abriefprofileisprovidedthatincludesamapofin-andout-commuting,andchartsshowingindustrialsectorofemployment,socialcomposition,andhouseholdincome.

Appendices A Employment Information B Area Profiles Data C Data Sources D Technical Note: Adjustments to the Data

FurtherInformationForfurtherinformation,forclarification,orfordetailsofotherCensuspublications,pleasecontactPetePhillips([email protected],01422393087)orDavidCant([email protected])

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TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS

Residents’EmploymentThisreferstotheemploymentofpeopleusuallyresidentinCalderdale(orwhateverareaisunderdiscussion).Notalloftheemployedresidentswillworkwithintheareaconcerned.

EmploymentinCalderdaleThisrelatestopeoplewhoworkwithinCalderdale,orjobsthatarelocatedwithinCalderdale(ortheareaunderdiscussion).Notallofthesepeoplewilllivewithintheareaconcerned.

ModalSplitThisreferstotheproportionofpeopletravellingbydifferenttransport“modes”(bus,car,foot,etc).

IndustrialSectorTheCensusprovidesdatafor15industrialsectors,althoughinsomeoutputtablesthesegroupshavebeenaggregated.TheAnnualBusinessInquiry(ABI)–whichisakeysourceofdataforemployment–providesmuchgreaterflexibilityandmoredetailedcategories,butthisReporthasusedthenineBroadIndustrialGroups.Thereis,unfortunately,notaperfectmatchbetweentheCensusandABIclassificationsofindustry.

Part-timeandFull-timeBoththe2001CensusandtheAnnualBusinessInquirydefinepart-timeworkingas30hoursorlessperweek.Inthe1991Census,full-timeorpart-timewaspartofthequestiononeconomicactivityandsowas“self-assessed”.

HouseholdIncomeDataonhouseholdincomeencompassesallincome,includingbenefits,andisagrossfigurebeforetaxandotherdeductions.

MeanandMedianTheMeanreferstothecalculationusuallyunderstoodasthe“average”.Forexample,foranyareatheMeanisthetotalofallhouseholdincomesdividedbythetotalnumberofhouseholds.TheMedianIncomeistheincomeofthehouseholdinthemiddle;forexample,iftherewere9householdsinanarea,theMedianwouldbetheincomeofthe5thhighest/5thlowesthousehold.IntermsofincometheMediangenerallyrepresentsamoremeaningfulpicturesincetheMeancanberaisedsubstantiallybyarelativelysmallnumberofhouseholdswithveryhighincomes.

QualificationsNVQLevel4isbroadlyequivalenttoDegreeLevelandintheCensusthiscategoryalso includesHNC,HND,andQualifiedTeacher.NVQLevel3isgenerallyregardedasbroadlyequivalenttoALevel.NVQLevel2isgenerallyregardedasbroadlyequivalenttoGCSE(GradeA-C)

DaytimePopulationThisisthetotalpopulation,pluspeoplewhoworkintheDistrictbutliveelsewhere,minuspeoplewholiveintheDistrictbutworkelsewhere.Itdoesnottakeaccountofotherdailypopulationmovements,forexampleforeducationorshoppingpurposes.

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Part 1

Overview of Employment Trends

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PART 1 OVERVIEW OF EMPLOYMENT TRENDSThissectionsummarisesthemostimportantchangesinemploymentpatternsinrecentyears.ItisimportanttokeepinmindthedistinctionbetweenEmploymentinCalderdaleandResidents’Employment.

EmploymentinCalderdalereferstothejobsandemploymentlocatedwithinCalderdale(manyofwhichmaybeundertakenbypeoplenotresidentinCalderdale).Residents’EmploymentconcernsthecharacteristicsofemploymentamongpeoplewholiveinCalderdale(manyofwhommayworkelsewhere).DetaileddataonEmploymentandEmploymentTrendsareprovidedinAppendixA.

Jobsandsectoralchanges

• therehasbeenasignificantgrowthinemploymentsincetheearly1990sinbothResidents’EmploymentandEmploymentinCalderdale

• theshareofManufacturingintotalemploymenthascontinuedtofall,andisnowunderonequarter.Itremainswellabovethenationalaverage.ThedeclinehasaffectedemploymentinCalderdalemorestronglythantheemploymentpatternofCalderdaleresidents

• theBankingandFinancesectorhasgrowncorrespondinglyandnowaccountsforaboutthesameemploymentasManufacturing,between20%and25%.Residents’EmploymentinthissectorislowerthanEmploymentinCalderdale,reflectingtheinfluenceofmajorfinancesectorbusinesseswithintheDistrict

• thetwootherbroadindustrialsectorswhichaccountforamajorshareofemploymentareDistribution,Wholesale,Retail,Hotels&Restaurants,andPublicAdministration,Health,Education&SocialCare.ForbothResidents’EmploymentandEmploymentinCalderdale,bothsectorsemployabout20%ofthetotal;theformerhasgrownbyseveralpercentoverthelastdecadeorsoandthelatterhaschangedlittle

Full-timeandpart-timeworking,genderdifferences

• amongCalderdaleResidents,therehasbeenacontinuedgradualshiftfromfull-timetopart-timeworking,thisgrowthfasteramongstmenthanwomen.Excludingstudentsinemployment,24%ofCalderdaleresidentswhoareemployedworkpart-time

• includingstudents,EmploymentinCalderdaleisnowabout30%part-time,closetothenationalaverage

• althoughwomennowaccountforalmosthalfoftotalemployment,womeninfull-timeemploymentnowaccountforalowerproportionofthetotalthantheydid8-12yearsago

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• withinCalderdale,employmentintheManufacturingsectorremainsmaledominated,asdoesConstruction;inPublicAdministration,Health,Education&SocialCare,womenaccountforaboutthreequartersoftheworkforce,andinBanking&Finance,morethan60%.Thispatternbroadlyreflectsthenationalposition

• asimilarpatternexistswithrespecttofull-timeandpart-timeworking.InManufacturingandConstruction,theCalderdaleworkforceisover90%full-time,whilstforservicesasawhole,thisfallsto62%(55%inPublicAdministration,Health,etc.)Thiscloselyreflectsthenationalpicture

Hoursofwork,incomesandqualifications

• 55%ofemployeesinCalderdalework38hoursormoreperweek,andtherehasbeenariseintheproportionworkingbetween16and30hoursperweek

• average(meanandmedian)hourlypayandgrossweeklypayratesforjobsinCalderdaleareconsistentlyaboveregionalaveragesbutbelownationalones.

• average(mean)householdincomeinCalderdalewas£29,800in2006,comparedtotheUKaverageof£32,300.ThemedianfigureforCalderdalewasapproximately£25,000,comparedtotheUKfigureof£27,100.

• Calderdaleresidentsaged16-74havequalificationlevels(Degree,2+ALevels,5+GCSEsatA-Cgrade)belowthenationalaverage.Amongsttheeconomicallyactive,alowerpercentagethanthenationalaveragehasNVQ4orabove.

Part 2

Commuting

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PART 2 COMMUTINGIntroduction

Thissectionexploresinformationoncommutingpatternsandthecharacteristicsofcommutersintoandoutofthedistrict.Comprehensivedataoncommutingcancurrentlyonlybeobtainedfromtheten-yearlyCensusofPopulation,whichmatchesrespondents’homeaddressestothoseoftheirplacesofwork.Theresultsofthe2001Census,whichhaverecentlybecomeavailable,aretheprimarysourceofinformationforthisanalysis.

Changesbetween1991and2001

Table1providestheaggregatefiguresforcommutingintoandoutofCalderdale.

Table1CommutingintoandoutofCalderdale

1991 2001%Change

(1991-2001)

ResidentsinEmployment 85330 88038 +3.2

ResidentsworkingoutsideDistrict(out-commuters)

20300 24711 +21.7

As%ofResidentsinEmployment 23.8 28.1 +4.3

EmploymentwithinCalderdale 81750 83269 +1.9

in-commuterstoCalderdale 16500 19942 +21.2

%ofEmploymentinCalderdale 20.2 23.9 +3.7

TotalIn-andOut-Commuting 36800 44653 +21.3

Netout-commuting 3800 4769 +25.5

DaytimePopulationaged16-74 n/a 131962 n/a

ResidentPopulationaged16-74 n/a 136731 n/a

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ThekeypointsshownbyTable1are:

• altogether,almost45,000peopletravelintooroutofCalderdaletowork

• morethanonequarterofresidentsinemploymentworkoutsidetheDistrict

• almostonequarterofpeopleinemploymentwithinCalderdaletravelfromotherareas

• almost5,000morepeopletraveloutofCalderdaletoworkthantravelin,confirmingthattheemploymentofresidentshasincreasedfasterthanemploymentwithinthedistrict

• between1991and2001,thenumberofpeoplecommutingoutofCalderdaleandintoCalderdalebothrosebyover20%

Source: ONS, Census 1991, 2001. © Crown Copyright The 1991 figures on in-and out-commuting have been adjusted from the raw data originally released. See Appendix D for explanation.

ItcanalsobeseenthatCalderdale’s“daytimepopulation”aged16-74issmallerthanitsresidentpopulationofthatage,reflectingnetout-commuting.However,thesefiguresdonottakeaccountofshoppingandotherpurposesforpeopletocometoorleaveCalderdale.ThemaindevelopmentsareillustratedinFigure1below.

Figure1ChangesinEmploymentandCommuting.1991-2001

Residents inEmployment

Employment in Calderdale

Out-Commuters

In-Commuting

Total Commuting(In- and Out-)

Net Out-Commuting(Commuting “Loss”)

% Change

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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Theimpactoftheabovemayincludethefollowing:

• thereareincreasingnumberstravellingduringtherushhourseveryday.ThefiguresquotedabovedonottakeaccountofallthecommutingtoworkwithinCalderdale,andallthecommutingthatpassesthroughCalderdale

• theimplicationsofthisforroadcongestionandcrowdedtrainsareevidentandvisiblewithknock-oneffectsonpeople’stimeandhealth,onfreighttransportandonlocalandwiderpollution.Inaddition,thedurationoftherushhourisgetting“stretched”inboththemorningandtheevening

• asanevergreaterproportionofemploymentinCalderdalecomesfromoutside,andlargernumbersofresidentsworkoutsidetheDistrict,thelinkbetweenthenatureoftheeconomyandthesocialcompositionofresidentsisreduced.ThiscanhaveimplicationsforthesortofretailingandotherbusinessesthatthetownsofCalderdalecansupport,andfortheotherfacilitiesrequiredbyresidents

• wherethereareclearsocialandincomecontrastsbetweenout-andin-commuters,therearelikelytobeimplicationsforthelevelsandnatureofhousingdemandandtheavailabilityofaffordablehousing

Source: calculated from ONS, Census 1991, 2001. © Crown Copyright

WorkingatorfromHome

Inparallelwiththegrowthincommuting,therehasbeenadramaticriseinnumbersworkingatorfromhome.Thisisnotasimpledefinition,sincesomepeoplemayworkathomemostoftheweekbutgotoworksomedays;othersmayworkfromhome(andsohavenoother“placeofwork”)buttravelalotintheirwork.Accordingly,thefiguresgivenbelowarethebestestimatesthatcanbeobtainedfromthe1991and2001Censuses.12%oftheworkforce(almostoneineight)noweitherworkfromhomeorhavenofixedplaceofwork

Table2WorkingfromHome

1991 2001

Number % Number %

Workingmainlyatorfromhome 3175 3.7 7703 8.7

Nofixedplaceofwork n/a n/a 2884 3.3

Source: ONS, Census 1991, 2001. © Crown Copyright

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DistanceTravelledtoWork

Accompanyingthegrowthincommuting,therehasalsobeenanincreaseindistancetravelledtowork.Table3providesfiguresforCalderdaleresidentsworkinginCalderdale,andforin-andout-commuters.Itshowsthat:

• commuterstravelledfargreaterdistancesthanCalderdaleresidentsworkingwithintheDistrict.Whilstnotasurprisingfinding,theTableshowstheimpactofcommutingondistances

• almosttwothirdsofallcommuterstravel10kilometresorfurther

• out-commuterstendtotravelfurtherthanin-commuters,with35%travellingfurtherthan20km(against28%ofin-commuters)

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DistanceTravelled

ResidentsWorkinginCalderdale

Out-Commuters

In-Commuters

AllThose

TravellingtoWork(i)

% % % %0.5km 61.7 74.1 6.5 11.0

5-10km 17.8 21.4 22.8 28.7

10-20km 3.7 4.4 36.0 32.8

20-30km 0.1 0.1 17.6 12.5

30kmsandover 0.0 0.0 17.1 15.1

Workingat/fromHomeorNoFixedWorkplace

16.7(ii)

Table3DistanceTravelledtoWork

Source: ONS, Census 2001. © Crown Copyright i. i.e. Excluding those working at or from home, or with no fixed workplace ii. This figure is different from that given in Table 2 because it is calculated only on the basis of Residents working within Calderdale.

Distance1991(i) 2001(ii)

% Number %0-5km 61.4 40647 52.6

5-10km 20.4 16895 21.9

10-20km 11.4 11245 14.6

20kmandover 6.8 8464 11.0

Table4ChangesinDistanceTravelledtoWorkbyCalderdaleResidents

Source: ONS, Census 1991, 2001. © Crown Copyright i. The 1991 Census figures omitted a substantial number for whom residence and/or workplace could not be identified. These have been allocated pro rata. ii. Figures exclude those working mainly at or from home, those with no fixed place of work, and those working offshore or outside the UK.

Theabovefiguresgosomewaytoexplainthechangesindistancetravelledtoworkbetween1991and2001byCalderdaleresidents,asshowninTable4below.

Thefigures,illustratedbelow,showthescaleofthechangeinthecourseofadecade,withtheproportionlivingwithin5kilometresofworkfallingby9%,whilsttheproportionwhoworkmorethan10kilometresfromhomehasrisentooveronequarter.Thesechangesaremuchmoresignificantfortravelvolumesthantheeffectofmoreresidentsworkingatorfromhome.

Figure2ChangeinDistanceTravelledtoWork,1991-2001

Source: calculated from ONS, Census 1991, 2001. © Crown Copyright

2001

1991

% share70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

0 - 5 kms 5 - 10 kms 10 - 20 kms Over 20 kms

Distance Travelled

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TheaveragedistancetravelledtoworkbyCalderdale residentsin2001was11.0kmscomparedto13.3kmsforEngland.(Thesefiguresexcludethoseworkingat/fromhome.)

Incomparison,theaveragedistancetravelledbyallpeopleworking in Calderdalein2001was8.0kms,ariseof2.6kms(48%)on1991.

Thesetwofiguresconfirmthatonaverageout-commutersfromCalderdaletravelsubstantiallyfurtherthanin-commutersintoCalderdale.

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Calderdale1991 2001 Change1991-2001

Number Number Number %

ToBradford 6571 7032 +461 +7.0

FromBradford 4006 4641 +635 +15.9

NetInflow/Outflow(+/-) - 2565 - 2391 - 174 * - 6.8 *

ToKirklees 5439 6237 +798 +14.7

FromKirklees 7819 8406 +587 +7.5

NetInflow/Outflow(+/-) + 2380 + 2169 - 211 * - 8.9 *

ToLeeds 3030 4361 +1331 +43.9

FromLeeds 1132 2063 +931 +82.2

NetInflow/Outflow(+/-) - 1898 - 2298 + 400 * + 21.1 *

ToWakefield 555 774 +219 +39.5

FromWakefield 368 627 +259 +70.4


ToGreaterManchester 2309 2873 +564 +24.4

FromGreaterManchester 1152 1334 +182 +15.8

NetInflow/Outflow(+/-) - 1157 - 1539 + 382 * + 33.0 *

ToRestofUK 2288 3177 +889 +38.9

FromRestofUK 1964 2871 +907 +46.2


Table5ChangesinCommuting:CalderdaletoandfromotherWestYorkshireDistricts,GreaterManchester,andtheRestoftheUK.

* This figure shows whether the net inflow/outflow has grown (+) or decreased (-)Source: ONS, Census 2001. © Crown Copyright

22

Table5showsthefollowingchangesintheoriginsanddestinationsofcommutingoutofandintoCalderdale:

• thereisanetoutflowofcommuterstoBradford,Leeds,Wakefield,GreaterManchester,andtheRestoftheUK

• incontrast,thereisasubstantialnetinflowfromKirklees

• forall6oftheareas/Districtsnamedabove,therehasbeenanincreaseincommutingbothtoandfromCalderdale

• however,theextentofthisincreasehasvariedgreatly.ThesmallestincreaseshavebeeninBradford(7%morecommutingtoBradfordand16%morefromBradford)andKirklees(15%and7.5%).ThelargestincreasehasbeencommutingtoorfromLeeds(up44%and82%respectively),withcommutingtoandfromWakefieldandtherestoftheUKalsohavinggrownrapidly

• despitetheoverallincreaseinnumberscommuting,inthecaseofBradford,WakefieldandtheRestoftheUK,thesizeofthenetoutflowhasactuallydecreased,suggestingatrendtowardsamorebalancedflow

• similarly,thenetinflowfromKirkleeshasfallen,againhintingatamoreevenflow

• thesizeofthenetlosstoLeedshasincreased,butlessrapidlythanthegrowthincommuting,againsuggestingaslightbalancingoftheflows

• onlywithrespecttoGreaterManchesterhasthenetoutflowincreasedmorerapidlythantheoverallchangeincommuting

ModeofTravel

CalderdaleResidentsinEmployment Non-Residents

WorkinginCalderdale*

Out-Commuters In-Commuters

% % %

Cardriver 56.1 77.8 79.4

Carpassenger 9.2 5.4 6.6

Bus 14.7 7.0 8.2

Train 0.6 6.0 1.9

Foot 16.4 1.5 1.6

Bicycle 1.1 0.4 0.6

Motorbike 0.9 1.0 1.1

Other 1.0 0.9 0.6

ModeofTravel

TheTablebelowshowsthemodeoftravelusedbypeopleinemployment,brokendowninto:

• CalderdaleresidentsworkinginCalderdale

• CalderdaleresidentscommutingoutofCalderdaletowork

• Non-residentscommutingintoCalderdaletowork

Table6Commuters:ModeofTravel

Source: ONS, Census 2001. © Crown Copyright * Figures for Calderdale residents working in Calderdale exclude those working mainly at or from home

23

TheTableshowstheverylargeimpactofcommuting,largelybecauseofthegreaterdistancesinvolved,onmodeoftravel.About20%fewerpeoplelivingandworkinginCalderdaleusethecartotraveltoworkthanisthecaseamongstcommuters,thedifferencebeingaccountedforalmostentirelybybustravelandgoingtoworkonfoot.Thesetwomodes,togetherwithbicycle,accountforaboutonethirdofjourneystoworkamongstthisgroup.

Amongstcommuters,Calderdaleresidentscommutingtootherareasaresubstantiallymorelikelytousethetrain(6.0%against1.9%).TheexplanationmayberelatedtogreatercongestioninvolvedintravellingintoBradford,ManchesterorLeedsinthemorning,thantravellingtotownsinCalderdalefromtheselocalities.

24

Table7showshowthemodeoftraveltoworkhaschangedfor:

• allCalderdaleresidentsinemployment

• allpeopleworkinginCalderdale

Figuresareprovidedonlyfortheaggregatedcategories.Thoseworkingfromhomeareexcludedfromthefigures,and1991figuresexcludedasubstantialnumberwhodidnotprovidemodeoftraveltowork.

ModeofTravel

CalderdaleResidentsinEmployment

AllPeopleworkinginCalderdale

1991 2001 1991 2001

% % % %

Cardriver 57.3 62.8 56.4 62.2

Carpassenger 8.3 8.1 8.3 8.6

Train 1.6 2.3 0.7 0.9

Bus 17.3 12.3 18.4 13.0

Foot 13.6 11.8 14.3 12.5

Cycle/Motorcycle 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.9

Other - 0.8 - 0.9

Table7ChangeinModeofTraveltoWork,1991-2001


TheTableshowsthat:

• bothforCalderdaleresidentsandforallworkingwithinCalderdale,therehasbeenacontinuedshifttowardstravellingtoworkinone’sowncar.

• thepercentageincreaseincardriversisalmostexactlymatchedbythedecreasedpercentageusingthebus.TherehasbeenasubstantialincreaseinthenumberofCalderdaleresidentsusingthetraintotraveltowork,amountingtoabout500people(a38%rise).However,itssharein2001remainsverysmall

• thepercentageusingbicycleormotorcycleremainsataboutthe1991level,around2%combined

• walkingtoworkhascontinuedtodecline.Thisislikelytobemoreasaresultofgreaterdistancestravelledtoworkthanreluctancetowalk

• perhapssurprisinglyinthecontextofgreatercongestion,therehasbeennoshifttowardstravellingtoworkasapassenger(whichcouldbeseenasanimperfectproxyforcar-sharing).

IndustrialSectorTheTablebelowshowstheratesofcommutingintoandoutofCalderdalefordifferentindustrialsectors.Itrevealsthefollowing:

• thereisasubstantialrangeofcommutingrates.Theproportionofemploymentindifferentsectorscomposedofin-commutersishighestintheFinance(32%)andManufacturing(26%)sectors

• thelowestratesare17%(Hotels&Restaurants)and18%(Transport,Storage&Communications)

• out-commutingratesarehighestforresidentsworkinginFinance;Transport,Storage&Communications;andPublicAdministration,Health,Education&SocialWork

• out-commutingratesarelowestintheHotels&Restaurantssector

ThesecharacteristicsreflecttrendsinemploymentgrowthwhichweresummarisedinPart1,alongwiththehigherincomelevelsinprofessionaloccupations(seealsofollowinginformationonOccupations).

Table10ProfileofCommutersbyIndustrialSector

Sector

ProportionofEmploymentinSectorprovidedby:

ProportionofResidents...

Calderdale In- Workingin CommutingResidents Commuters Calderdale out

% % % %

Manufacturing* 74 26 72 28

Transport,Storage&Communications

82 18 66 34

Construction 77 23 77 23

Wholesale&Retail 77 23 73 27

Hotels&Restaurants 83 17 89 11

Finance,RealEstate&RelatedBusiness

68 32 69 31

PublicAdmin,Education,Health&SocialWork

80 20 68 32

Other 83 17 79 21

Source: ONS, Census 1991, 2001. © Crown Copyright* including electricity, gas and water supply

26

27

OccupationIntermsofoccupation,Table11showsthat:

• commutingremainsmuchhigheramongManagers,Professionals,andAssociatedProfessional&TechnicalOccupations.Thesethreeoccupationalgroupsaccountfor55%ofout-commutersand53%ofin-commuters.

• peopleinPersonalService,Sales&CustomerService,Process,PlantandMachineOperatives,and“ElementaryOccupations”accountfor24%ofOut-Commutersand23%ofIn-Commuters,despiteaccountingfor40%ofresidentsworkingwithinCalderdale.

• ManagersandSkilledTradesaccountformorein-commutersthanout-commuters,whilstamongProfessionalandTechnicaloccupationsthereverseistrue.

Thecontrastsbetweencommutersandnon-commutersislikelytoreflectpayandthetrade-offbetweentimetakenandpay/careeradvancement.Therelativelysmalldifferencesbetweenin-andout-commutersmaybetheresultchieflyofthesectoralchangesdiscussedabove,withmanagersandskilledtradesbeinghighlyrepresentedinFinanceandManufacturingrespectively.

Table11ProfileofCommuters’Occupation

OccupationResidentsworking

inCalderdaleOut-

CommutersIn-

Commuters

% % %

Managers 12.2 20.5 22.3

Professional 7.9 16.9 14.5

Technical&AssociateProfessional

10.9 17.8 16.0

AdministrativeandSecretarial

12.9 11.5 11.3

SkilledTrades 13.8 9.2 12.6

PersonalService 8.8 3.7 2.9

SalesandCustomerService

7.3 5.4 4.7

Process,Plant&MachineOperatives

12.5 9.2 8.6

Elementary 13.7 5.8 7.1


Qualifications

QualificationLevel

ResidentsworkinginCalderdale

Out-Commuters

In-Commuters

% % %

NVQLevel2orabove 69.7 81.4 73.8



Table12ProfileofCommuterQualifications-2005

28

Source: Learning & Skills Council, Calderdale Household Survey, 2005

ThesurveyresultsfromtheLSCsuggestaverystrongcontrastinqualificationsbetweenCalderdaleresidentsworkinginCalderdale,in-commutersandout-commuters.Mostnotableistheveryhighqualificationlevelsofout-commuters,withalmost47%havinganNVQLevel4qualificationorabove,almostdoubletheproportionamongresidentsworkingwithintheDistrictandalsofarhigherthanthefigureforin-commuters.

TrafficandTravel

CarUse

Theriseinemployment,growthintherateanddistanceofcommuting,andincreasinguseofcartotraveltoworkhavecombinedtoproduceanincreaseofapproximately3,000inthenumberofCalderdaleresidentstravellingtoworkeachdayintheirowncarbetween1991and2001.Overthesameperiod,therehasbeenadecreaseinbususage,fortraveltowork,ofasimilarnumber,possiblyupto4,000.

JourneystoworkbyCalderdaleresidentsareonlypartofthetrafficpicture.Theaboveestimatesdonotincludein-commuterstoCalderdale,peoplecommutingthroughCalderdaletowork,ortheriseintravelaspartofwork,includingthemovementoffreight.

Inadditiontotraveltoworkandtravelinwork,thereareotherdevelopmentsthathavehadaverysubstantialeffectontheamountofjourneysmade,andtheamountofroadtraffic.Broadly,thesefallintothefollowingcategories:

• travelforleisurepurposes.Thishasbeenaffectedbytherapidgrowthincarownership,includingnumbersofhouseholdswithmorethan1carandnumbersofyoungpeopleowningorhavingaccesstocars.

• shopping.Growthinoutoftownshoppingandthereadinesstotravellongdistancestoshops.Carownershipanduseisdynamicallyrelatedtosuchdevelopments

• the“schoolrun”.Forarangeofreasons,numbersofchildrenbeingtakentoworkinacarhasrisenverysubstantiallyoverthelastdecade.

Ofthesethreedevelopments,thejourneytoschoolhashadthemostmarkedimpactonrushhourtraffic,inparticularthemorningrushhour.Althoughitispartlyalocalissue,thereisageneralimpactontrafficbeyondtheneighbourhoodofschools.

CarOwnership

DataonvehicleregistrationshowsthatthenumberofvehiclesregisteredinCalderdalehasrisenby60%since1979,toatotalof82,660in2002.Inthelasttenyears(1992-2002)theincreasehasbeen15%.

Thisnumberrepresentsanaverageofabout1vehicleperhousehold.The2001Censusshowedthat25%ofhouseholdsnowhavetwoormorecarsalthough31%ofhouseholdsdidnotownavehicle.

29

RushHourTraffic

TrafficsurveysprovidedataonweekdaytrafficflowsacrosstheDistrictboundaryonmajorroads.ComparisonsofthepeakflowintoandoutoftheDistrictin1999and2003areshownbelow:

Table13RushHourFlowsintoandoutofCalderdale*

TimePeriod1999

Number2003

NumberChange1999-2003

%

Morning8.00-9.00

In 11,350 11,800 +4.0

Out 10,610 10,430 -1.7

Total 21,960 22,230 +1.2

Evening17.00-18.00

In 11,440 11,980 +4.7

Out 11,060 10,960 -0.9

Total 22,500 22,940 +2.0

Source: CMBC Regeneration & Development Directorate, Transport Section * Main Roads only

CordonArea

Increaseintrafficflows(in-andout-flowscombined)1993-2003

Morningpeak(8am–9am) EveningPeak(5pm–6pm)

% %

Halifax +6.3 +6.8

Brighouse&Rastrick +22.6 +17.1

SowerbyBridge +46.1 +41.9

Table14Changesintrafficflows1993–2003

Source: CMBC Regeneration & Development Directorate, Transport Section

30

TheTableshowsfairlymoderatechangesoverthe4yearperiod,withincreasesinthenumberofvehiclescomingintoCalderdalebutdecreasesinthosegoingout.Thisreinforcestheearlierobservationthatout-commutersarenowsomewhatlesscar-dependentthanin-commuters,andmayreflectthegreatercongestionorotherdifficulties(suchasparking)inthedestinationsofout-commuters.(Thedata,ofcourse,relatesonlytothespecifiedrushhoursandwillnotreflectmovementsstartingbeforeorafterthesehours.)

Cordonsurveysmeasuretheamountoftraffictravellingintooroutofatownonanumberofkeyroutes.TheTablebelowshowsthechangesinthepeakhourflowsforHalifax,BrighouseandSowerbyBridge.

ThemuchslowerincreaseintheHalifaxpeakflowsmaybeindicativeoftheimpactofcongestion,andmaysuggesteitherarelativeshifttoothermodesorincreasingspreadingoftherushhourflowsoutsidethetwopeakhoursmeasuredhere.

Part 3

Area Profiles

31

Thefollowingpagesprovideshortprofilesofthe8areasintowhichCalderdalehasbeendividedforthepurposeoffurtheranalysisofcommuting.Eachprofilecomprises:

* amapshowingthemaintownsandthecommutingflowsintoandoutofthearea

* graphicsillustratingthesectoralbreakdownofemploymentinthearea;thesocialclassofresidents,andthepatternsofhouseholdincome.

InadditiontotheseProfiles,asetoftablesshowingdataforeacharea,togetherwithCalderdaleasawhole,isprovidedinAppendixB.

Summary

PART 3 AREA PROFILES

BRIGHOUSE

Thisarea,whichincludesRastrick,providesahighproportionofCalderdale’semployment.Onlyonequarterofthetotalnumberemployedlivewithinthearea.WhilstthelargestpartoftheworkforcecomesfromotherpartsofCalderdale,thereisasubstantialnetinflowfromHuddersfield.Overall,Brighousehasanetinflowofcommuters.

EmploymentinBrighouseisdominatedbyManufacturing,whichaccountsforover39%ofthetotal(comparedto22.5%forCalderdaleandunder15%forEngland).TheDistribution,Hotels&Restaurantssectorisalsolarge,whilstBankingandPublicAdministrationarerelativelysmall.

ArelativelyhighproportionofresidentsaredefinedasSocialGradeA/B(SeniorManagement/Professional)

Theareashowsrelativelyhighhouseholdincomes,with21%havinganincomeofunder£15,000whilst27%haveahouseholdincomeinexcessof£40,000.ThemedianincomeisabovetheCalderdalefigure.

ELLAND

ThisareaincludesGreetland&Stainland.Approximatelyonethirdoftheworkforceliveinthearea.ThereisasubstantialcommutingoutflowtootherpartsofCalderdale,anetoutflowtoLeedsandBradford,butaninflowfromKirkleesandWakefield.DespiteemploymentcentressuchasLowfields,thereisasignificantoveralloutflowofcommuters.

Manufacturingaccountsforonethirdofemployment,wellabovetheDistrictaverage.TheConstructionindustryisalsolarge,whilstBankingandPublicAdministrationarerelativelysmall.

TheproportionofresidentsinthedifferentSocialGradesisveryclosetotheCalderdaleaverages.

Almostonequarterofhouseholdshaveincomesbelow£15,000,slightlybelowtheCalderdaleaverage.Theproportionwithanincomeinexcessof£50,000ishigherthantheDistrictaverage.ThemedianincomeisslightlyabovethatofCalderdaleasawhole.

33

HALIFAX

TheHalifaxarea(includingKingX,Boothtown,Skircoat,Siddal,SouthowramandWarley)accountsforthelargestnumberofemployeesinCalderdale,withalmost35,000peopleworkinginthearea.Only15%ofthisworkforcelivesinthearea,whilstalmosttwothirdscomefromotherpartsofCalderdale.Halifaxisamajorcommutingdestination,withfarmorepeoplecommutingintoHalifaxthancommutingout.

TheBanking,FinanceandInsurancesectoremploysmorethanonethirdofallpeopleworkinginHalifax,farabovetheDistrictaverage.PublicAdministrationisalsorelativelylarge,whiletheManufacturingSectorissmall.

WhilsttheproportioninSocialGradesA/BandC1(OtherNon-Manual)fallsbelowtheCalderdaleaverage,GradesD(Semi-skilledandUnskilledManual)andE(Unemployed/OnBenefit)aresomewhatover-represented.

27%ofHalifaxhouseholdshaveanincomebelow£15,000,comparedtoaDistrictfigureof24%,whileonly21%haveahouseholdincomeabove£40,000.Themedianincomeof£23,500issignificantlybelowtheCalderdalefigureof£25,000.

NORTHEASTCALDERDALE

Withinthisarea(includingNorthowram,Shelf,Claremount,BailiffBridgeandHipperholme)over6,000peopleareemployed.TheareaandotherpartsofCalderdaleeachaccountfor36%ofthisemployment,andthereisalargenetoutflowofcommuters,withalmost8,000residentstravellingtoworkinotherpartsofCalderdaleorWestYorkshire,comparedto3,700commutingin.

TheManufacturingsectorisverylarge;at42%thehighestproportionofall8Areas,andtheBanking&Financesectorcorrespondinglysmall.

AhighproportionofresidentsfallintoSocialGradesA/BandC1,withaverylowpercentageinGradeD(Semi-skilledandUnskilledManual).

Only20%ofhouseholdincomesfallbelow£15,000,whilst30%haveincomeinexcessof£40,000.Themedianhouseholdincomeis£3,500abovetheCalderdalemedian.

NORTHHALIFAX

Thisareahasahighnetoutflowofcommuters,withthenumbercommutingoutoftheareamorethandoublethenumberofin-commuters.OfthoseemployedinNorthHalifax,36%areresidentsofthearea.

ThesectoralbreakdownofemploymentisgenerallyclosetotheDistrictpattern,althoughDistribution,Hotelsetcisunder-representedandPublicAdministrationover-represented.

TherearerelativelylownumbersofresidentsinSocialGradeA/B(SeniorManagement/Professional)andhighnumbersinC2(SkilledManual)andD(Semi-skilledandUnskilledManual).

Theareaischaracterisedbyrelativelylowhouseholdincomes,with30%havingincomesbelow£15,000andonly16%above£40,000.Themedianincomeisthelowestofthe8areasandis£3,500belowthatofCalderdale.

34

35

RIPPONDEN&SOWERBYBRIDGE

Arelativelyhighproportionofthe6,700peopleemployedinthisareaareresidenthere(42%),andthereisasubstantialnetoutflowofcommuters,chieflytootherpartsofCalderdale.

Intermsofsector,themaindifferencefromCalderdaleisthesmallsizeoftheBanking&Financesector.

SocialGradesA/Baresomewhatover-representedamongRipponden&SowerbyBridgeresidents,whilsttheproportionsinGradesDandEareslightlybelowaverage.

Householdincomesaregenerallyhigheronaverage,with22%onincomesbelow£15,000and28%havingincomesover£40,000.Themedianincomeis£2,000abovetheCalderdalefigure.

TODMORDEN

TheTodmordenareahasthehighestproportion(59%)ofresidentsemployedintheareawheretheylive.Thereisalsoasubstantialnetoutflowofcommuters,bothtoCalderdaleandWestYorkshireandtoGreaterManchesterandtheNorthWest.

Distribution,Hotels&Restaurants,andPublicAdministrationareover-representedinTodmorden,andthereisarelativelylowpercentageworkinginBanking&Finance.

TheproportionsinGradeA/BarebelowaveragewhilstGradeDisover-representedamongstresidentsofTodmorden.

IncomesarebroadlysimilartoCalderdaleasawhole,althoughrelativelyfewhaveincomesabove£50,000.Themedianincomeisjust£500belowtheCalderdalefigure.

UPPERVALLEY

TheUpperValleyarea(excludingTodmorden)alsohasarelativelyhighproportionofitsemploymentaccountedforbyresidentsofthearea(46%).Thereissubstantialnetoutflowofcommuters,tootherpartsofCalderdale,aswellastotherestofWestYorkshireandGreaterManchester.

TheproportionofemploymentaccountedforbyManufacturingis41%,secondonlytoNorthEastCalderdale.TheBanking&Financesectorisrelativelysmall,providingonly9%ofemployment.

SocialGradesA/Bareheavilyover-representedamongUpperValleyresidents(25%comparedtotheDistrictfigureof20%),whilstGradeDissignificantlyunder-represented.

AveragehouseholdincomesaresomewhathigherthanCalderdaleasawhole;fewerthan23%areonincomesbelow£15,000and25%onincomesabove£40,000(theCalderdalefiguresbeing24%and23.4%respectively).ThemedianincomeisalittleabovetheCalderdalefigure.

Brighouse AreaTheareacoversBrighouseandRastrickfollowingthe2001wardboundaries.Only26%oftheworkforceliveinthearea,theremaindercommutinginfromotherpartsofthedistrict(35%),Huddersfield(16%),otherpartsofWestYorkshire(19%),andotherareas(4%).Commutingpatterns

10118 peoplework in the area, of whom2600 live here

3394

Other parts ofCalderdale

3518

1351

1241

1000

667

1616Huddersfield

665Bradford

Otherareas

36

Manufacturing

Construction

Distribution, hotels and restaurants

Transport and communications

Banking, finance and insurance

Public admin, education, health

Others

39%

4%14%

11%

3%

26%3%

Source: Data from 2001 Census of Population © Crown Copyright Map extract is © Crown Copyright. All Rights Reserved (Calderdale MBC) (100023069) (2005)

Source: Annual Business Inquiry 2001

EmploymentbySectorMajorprivateemployersincludeAvocetHardwareLtdandHWArchitectural(architecturalhardwareandironmongery),UVModular(motorvehiclebodiesandtrailers)andCPGroup(tilemanufactureanddistribution).

37

SocialGradeofResidents

TheproportionofSocialGradeAandBlivingintheareais3pointsabovetheCalderdaleaverageand1pointabovethefigureforEngland.Theemploymentprofilesuggestsabouthalfthisgroupworkoutsidethearea.IncontrasttheproportioninGradeDissignificantlybelowtheCalderdalefigure,andtheareaisanetimporterofthisgradeforemployment.

ThisareahasasignificantnumberofhouseholdswithincomesabovetheCalderdaleaverage.Boththegroupofhouseholdswhoseincomeisabove£50,000andthegroupwithincomefrom£40,000to£50,000haveahigherpercentagefigurethantheCalderdalemean.Correspondingly,thereareproportionatelyfewerhouseholdswithincomesbelow£15,000.Themedianfigureforthisareais£27,000,abovethatof£25,000forCalderdale.

HouseholdIncome

Grade A and B Higher/Intermediate Managerial, Admin and Professional

Grade C1 Supervisory, Clerical and Junior Managerial, Admin and Professional

Grade C2 Skilled Manual

Grade D Semi and Unskilled Manual

Grade E Lowest Grade State Benefits Unemployed

23 (20)%15 (16)%

17 (19)%

15 (16)% 30 (28)%

Source: 2001 Census - Calderdale % in brackets

Below 10K £10K - 15K £40K - 50K Over £50K

Brighouse Calderdale

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

% o

f ho

useh

old

s

Source: Paycheck 2006

4989

3446

1712

Leeds andBradford

Other areasof Calderdale

1097

Kirklees andWakefield

1464

Total workforce: 9149of whom 2834 live here

561

38

Elland AreaThisareacoversthe2001wardsofEllandandGreetland&Stainland.9149peopleworkinthearea,31%comingfromtheareaitself,38%fromotherpartsofCalderdale,25%fromotherpartsofWestYorkshire,and6%fromotherareas.CommutingPatterns


Manufacturing

Construction





Others

33%

3%15%

16%

5%

19%

9%


EmploymentbySectorThereisaconcentrationofindustryattheLowfieldsBusinessPark,withgoodaccesstothemotorwaynetworkfromtheA629atJunction24onM62.

39







21 (20)%15 (16)%

19 (19)%

17 (16)% 28 (28)%


AlthoughthesocialgradeproportionsofthewholeareareflectthoseofCalderdale,therearesignificantdifferenceswithinthearea.InEllandward,thereareonly16%ingradesAandB,whereasGreetland&StainlandiswellabovetheCalderdaleaveragewith26%.Attheotherendofthescale,GreetlandandStainlandhasonly11.3%inGradeE,thelowestinCalderdale.Elland,with17%,isjustabovetheCalderdaleaverage.

HouseholdIncome

ComparingtheareaasawholewithCalderdale,incomelevelsarebroadlysimilar,althoughthereareslightlymorehouseholdsinthehigherincomegroupsandslightlyfewerinthelowerincomegroups.ThemedianfortheareaisonlyslightlyhigherthantheCalderdaledistrict(£25,500forEllandcomparedwith£25,000forCalderdale).

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

% o

f ho

useh

old

s

CalderdaleElland



40

Halifax AreaTheHalifaxareacoversthe2001wardsofStJohns,Skircoat,TownandWarley.15%oftheworkforceliveinthearea,62%comefromotherpartsofCalderdale,19%fromotherWestYorkshiredistricts,andtheremaindercomefromotherpartsoftheUK.CommutingPatterns

34215 people work in the area of whom 4981 live here

Other partsof Calderdale

Other parts ofWest Yorkshire

9293

6363

3127

21360


Manufacturing

Construction





Others

14%5%

24%

18%

2%

34%

3%


EmploymentbySectorMajorprivateemployersincludeHBOS(Halifaxplc),NestleUKLtdandMcVitie’sCakeCo.

41







18 (20)%19 (16)%

20 (19)%

16 (16)%

27 (28)%


ThemostsignificantdifferencebetweenthisareaandCalderdaledistrictasawholeisthatthereare3percentagepointsofhouseholdsinGradeE.The2001wardsofTownandStJohnshadover20%ofhouseholdsinthiscategory,greaterthananywhereelseinthedistrict.Incontrast,Skircoatwardhadover30%inGradeA,showingthistobeanareaofcontrastingsocialgroupsandprosperity.

HouseholdIncome

% o

f ho

useh

old

s


CalderdaleHalifax

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0


Thehouseholdincomesdatashowssignificantproportionsofhouseholdswithincomesbelow£15,000(27%comparedtoCalderdale’s24%).Attheotherendofthescale,21%haveanincomeofabove£40,000.Themedianfigureof£23,500issignificantlybelowtheCalderdalefigureof£25,000.

42

North East Calderdale AreaThisareacoversthe2001wardsofHipperholme&LightcliffeandNorthowram&Shelf.36%oftheworkforceliveinthearea,36%travelfromotherpartsofCalderdale,24%fromotherdistrictsofWestYorkshireand4%fromotherpartsofthecountry.CommutingPatterns


Other areas ofWest Yorkshire

3833

1484

4047

2263

6235 people work in thearea of whom 2266 live here and 3969 travel in


Manufacturing

Construction





Others

42%

4%

20%

10%

2%

17% 5%


EmploymentbySectorMajorprivateemployersincludeCrosslee(domesticelectricalappliances),InterfaceEuropeLtd(carpetsandrugs),QCSupplies(distributionofofficesupplies)andDysonInsulation(contractoranddistributor).

43







26 (20)%14 (16)%

13 (19)%

14 (16)%33 (28)%


HouseholdIncome

20181614121086420

% o

f ho

useh

old

s


CalderdaleNorth East Calderdale


ThisareadivergesmostfromtheCalderdaleaverageintermsoftheSocialGradeofitsresidents.GradesA,B,C1andDhavesignificantlydifferentproportionsfromthedistrictaverage.AsignificantproportionofthoseinGradesA,BandC1traveloutoftheareatowork.

Therearesignificantdifferencesintheproportionsofhouseholdsonhighandlowincomes,comparedtotheCalderdalefigures.Thisisparticularlynoticeableattheextremes–only9.5%ofhouseholdshaveincomesbelow£10,000,comparedtoCalderdale’s12%.Similarly,18.5%ofhouseholdshaveincomesover£50,000comparedwith14%forthewholeofCalderdale.Themedianfigurefortheareaof£28,500iswellabovetheCalderdalefigureof£25,000,showingthereareconsiderablenumbersofhouseholdsearninghigherthanaverageincomes.

44

North Halifax AreaTheNorthHalifaxareacoversIllingworth,MixendenandOvendenandfollowsthe2001wardboundaries.6,445peoplewereemployedintheareain2001,35.6%comingfromthisarea,46.8%fromotherpartsofCalderdale,and17.6%fromotherareas.CommutingPatterns

7543

3013

1004

1139

910

456

6445 people work in the area of whom

2294 live here


Other West Yorkshire areas

Bradford


Manufacturing

Construction





Others

28%

3%

26%

12%

5%

22%4%


EmploymentbySectorMajorprivateemployersareSiddal&Hilton(wiremanufactureandhealthcareproducts)andGowerFurniture,bothlocatedatHolmfield.

45







12 (20)%18 (16)%

26 (19)%

19 (16)%

25 (28)%


TherearesignificantdifferencesbetweentheproportionofresidentsindifferentsocialgradesinthisareacomparedtoCalderdaleasawhole.ThemostsignificantdifferencesarethelowproportionofthoseinGradeAandBandtherelativelyhighproportioninGradeD.

HouseholdIncome

Thisareahasrelativelyhighproportionsofhouseholdsinthelowerincomegroups,andcorrespondinglyfewerinthehigherincomegroups,thanCalderdaleasawhole.Over30%ofhouseholdsinthisareahaveincomesbelow£15,000,comparedto24%inCalderdaledistrict.Themedianincomeis£3,500belowthatforCalderdale–thelowestoftheeightareasusedinthisstudy.


16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

CalderdaleNorth Halifax


46

Ripponden and Sowerby Bridge AreaThisareacoversthe2001wardsofRyburnandSowerbyBridge.Ofthe6656peoplewhoworkinthearea,41.5%livehere,42.5%travelinfromotherpartsofCalderdale,and13.5%comefromotherareasofWestYorkshire,ManchesterandtheNorthWest.CommutingPatterns


Other WestYorkshire Areas

North Westand Greater Manchester

5411

2834

1670

630

189

717

6656 people work in the area of whom 2760 live here and

3896 travel in


Manufacturing

Construction





Others

31%

5%

20%

21%

6%10%

7%


EmploymentbySectorLargeprivateemployersincludeJLALtd(commerciallaundryequipmentdistributor)andAflexHoseLtd.

47







22 (20)%15 (16)%

17 (19)%

17 (16)%29 (28)%

ThereareonlyslightdifferencesbetweenthesocialprofileofthisareaandtheCalderdaledistrictprofile.However,withintheareathereareconsiderabledifferences.Forexample,inSowerbyBridgeonly16%ofhouseholdsareinGradesAandB,comparedto28%inRyburnward.

HouseholdIncome


Thehouseholdincomedatashowsthatthereisahigherproportionofhouseholdswithincomesover£40,000thaninCalderdaledistrict.Themedianfigureof£27,000is£2,000abovethatforCalderdale.

% o

f ho

useh

old

s


18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Ripponden and Sowerby Bridge Calderdale


48

Todmorden AreaJustunder3,200peopleworkintheTodmordenarea,asdefinedbythe2001wardboundary.59%oftheworkforceliveinthearea,themostself-containedinCalderdale;25%comefromotherpartsofCalderdale;12%fromGreaterManchesterandtheNorthWest.CommutingPatterns


and West Yorkshire

Greater Manchester

North West

409

215

171

712

1460

872


Manufacturing

Construction





Others

27%

6%

26%

8%

2% 27%

4%


EmploymentbySector27%workinmanufacturing,almostdoublethenationalfigureof14%;only8%workinbanking,financeandinsurance,wellbelowthedistrict’s23%.MajorprivateemployersincludeWeirMinerals(pumpandcastingmanufacture)andtwofurnituremanufacturers,JamesHSutcliffe&SonsandWhite&NewtonLtd.

49







18 (20)%16 (16)%

21 (19)%

17 (16)%

28 (28)%


TherearenooutstandingdifferencesbetweenthesocialgradeoftheresidentsofthisareacomparedtotherestofCalderdale.ThereisalowerproportionofthoseinGradesAandB,butaslightlyhigherproportioninGradeD.HouseholdIncome

Thehouseholdincomesdatashowsthattheproportionofhouseholdswithincomesbelow£15,000isveryclosetothatforthewholeofCalderdale,butattheotherendofthescale,onlyabout12%ofhouseholdshaveanincomeofabove£50,000,comparedto14%forCalderdale.Themedianfigureof£24,500isveryclosetotheCalderdalevalueof£25,000.

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

% o

f ho

useh

old

s


CalderdaleTodmorden


50

Upper Valley AreaTheUpperValleyareacoversthe2001wardsofCalderValleyandLuddendenfoot.46%oftheworkforceliveinthearea,37%comefromotherpartsofCalderdale(excludingTodmorden)andWestYorkshire,15%travelintotheareafromthewest,andtheremaindercomefromotherpartsoftheUK.CommutingPatterns

7389 work in the area of whom 3431 live here

1923 1090

5177

2743

Todmorden, North West and Greater Manchester

Other parts of Calderdale and West Yorkshire


Manufacturing

Construction





Others

41%

4%

16%

9%

3%

23% 4%


EmploymentbySectorMajorprivateemployersincludeMSILtd(garageequipment),Sweet&Maxwell(legalservices),ValeUpholstery(chairandseatmanufacturer)andVTL(motorindustrypartsmanufacture).

51







25 (20)%15 (16)%

14 (19)%

16 (16)% 30 (28)%


Therearesignificantdifferencesintwogroups,GradeAandB–25%comparedto20%inCalderdale;andGradeD–14%comparedto19%inCalderdale.Theothergroupsareclosertotheareaaverage.HouseholdIncome

Therearesignificantdifferencesintheproportionsateitherendoftheincomescale–2%fewerhouseholdsonincomesbelow£10,000comparedtoCalderdale,2%moreonincomesover£50,000.ThemedianfigureisslightlyabovetheCalderdalefigure,indicatinganevenspreadofincomesoverthevariousgroups.

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

% o

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old

s


CalderdaleUpper Valley


53

Appendix A

Employment Information

APPENDIX A EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION

Contents Page

1. EmploymentinCalderdaleWorkplaceEmployment 56Sectoralchange 57Genderandfull-time/part-timeworking 58Sector,genderandfull-time/part-timeworking 59Qualificationsoftheworkforce 61Employeeearnings 62

2.Residents’Employment Totalandsectoralemployment 63Gendersplitandfull-time/part-timeworking 63Earnings 65HouseholdIncomes 66Qualifications 67

Tables TableA1 TotalEmploymentwithinCalderdale 56 TableA2 SectoralBreakdownofEmployment 57 TableA3 GenderandFull-Time/Part-TimeWorking 58 TableA4 GenderandEmploymentbysector:2003 59 TableA5 PartandFull-TimeEmploymentbysector 60 TableA6 QualificationsofpeopleworkinginCalderdale 61 TableA7 EarningsofFull-TimeWorkers 62 TableA8 CalderdaleresidentsinEmployment 63 TableA9 Residents’Employment:gender,Part-time,Full-time 64 TableA10HoursworkedbyCalderdaleresidents 64 TableA11ComparativeEarningsofCalderdaleResidents-2005 65 TableA12HouseholdIncomes–2006 66 TableA13QualificationsofCalderdaleResidents 67

Figures FigureA1 EmploymentinCalderdale:1998-2004 56 FigureA2 Changesinsectoralbreakdown:1993-2003 57

55

56

1. EmploymentinCalderdaleWorkplaceEmployment

ThissectionpresentsdatarelatingtoemploymentwithinCalderdale,thatis,jobslocatedinCalderdale(asdistinctfromtheemploymentprofileofCalderdaleResidents).

TheTablebelowshowsworkplaceemploymentfiguresinCalderdale,showingchangesovertimebutalsocomparisonsbetweenthetwoinformationsources(AnnualBusinessInquiryandCensusofPopulation).

Source: 1991 1995 1999 2001 2003 2004(p)

ABI 74100 76300 82200 78800 80800 83400

Census 81750 83269

TableA1TotalEmploymentwithinCalderdale

Sources: ONS, Annual Business Inquiry. The figure for 2004 is provisional. Figures for 1991 and 1995 are taken from its predecessor, the Census of Employment. Census of Population 1991 and 2001

Note: The Annual Business Inquiry/Census of Employment data is affected by changes in methodology over the period shown, and also by problems arising from errors in self-completion and sampling error.

TheoverallpictureisofariseinemploymentinCalderdaleoverthelastdecade.

FigureA1showsthechangesoverthemorerecentperiod,since1998.ItsuggestsasignificantdipinemploymentwithinCalderdalefrom1999to2001,followedbysteadygrowthupto2003.The2004figureshowsastrongrisealthoughthisisaprovisionalfigureandshouldbetreatedwithcaution.

FigureA1EmploymentinCalderdale:Trends1998-2004

Number

Year

84000

83000

82000

81000

80000

79000

78000

77000

76000 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

57

TableA2providesfiguresonthesectoraldistributionofemploymentwithinCalderdale.

TableA2SectoralBreakdownofEmploymentwithinCalderdale

SectoralChange

Sector1993

%

1995

%

1998

%

2001

%

2003

%

Manufacturing 33.9 31.2 27.6 25.4 22.2

Construction 3.6 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.7

Distribution,hotels&restaurants 17.8 17.6 19.2 19.2 21.4

Transport&communications 3.1 3.5 3.2 3.5 3.8

Banking,finance,etc 16.6 21.3 22.2 23.0 22.7

Publicadministration,educ,health 21.1 20.0 19.8 20.6 20.6

Other(mainlyOtherServices) 4.0 3.1 4.4 4.6 5.6

Source: ONS, Annual Business Inquiry. Figures for 1993 and 1995 taken from its predecessor, the Census of Employment.

FigureA2ChangesinSectoralBreakdown,1993-2003

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% 1993 1998 2003

Manufacturing Distribution, Hotels & Resturarant

Banking & Finance Public Admin, Health & Education

Other

Source: ONS, Annual Business Inquiry; Census of Employment

TableA2showsthefollowingtrends:

• Manufacturingemploymenthasdecreasedfromoveronethirdofallemploymenttounderonequarterin2003,althoughitscontributionremainsfarabovethenationalaverage

• Banking,financeandrelatedserviceshaverisenfromunder17%ofemploymentto23%andarenowthesinglelargestsector

• TheDistribution,hotelsandrestaurantssectorgrewrapidlybetween1995and2003

ThesechangesareillustratedinFigureA2below.

58

GenderandFull-time/Part-timeWorking

TheTablebelowshowschangesinthecompositionofemploymentwithinCalderdalebygenderandfull-timeorpart-timestatus.

TableA3GenderandFull-time/Part-timeWorking

Gender&Full/Part-time

Calderdale England20031995 2001 2003

% % % %

Full-time 76 67 69.6 68.2

Part-time 24 33 30.4 31.8

Male 52 49 50.9 50.7

Female 48 51 49.1 49.3

MaleFull-time 49 44 44.8 42.8

FemaleFull-time 28 23 24.8 25.4

MalePart-time 4 6 6.2 7.9

FemalePart-time 20 27 24.2 23.9

Source: ONS, Annual Business Inquiry. Figures for 1991 and 1995 taken from its predecessor, the annual Census of Employment.

TheTableshowsthefollowingtrends:

• agrowingparitybetweenmenandwomeninemploymentinCalderdale.Femaleemploymentactuallyexceededmaleemploymentforthefirsttimein2001,althoughdatafor2003doesnotrepeatthis

• arapidandcontinuingincreaseintheproportionofemploymentthatispart-time

•asignificantriseinthepercentageoftotalemploymentaccountedforbymalepart-timeworking,toover6%

• rapidgrowthoffemalepart-timeworkingbetween1995and2001–andacorrespondingfallintheproportionaccountedforbymalefull-timeworking.However,inbothcasesthisdevelopmentappearstohavebeenreversedbetween2001and2003

• In2003Calderdalehadalowerrateofpart-timeworkingthanthenationalaverage.Malefull-timestaffcomprisedalargershareofemploymentintheareathanthenationalaverage,andmalepart-timeworkingwaslowerthanthenationalaverage.Forwomen,thereversewastrue,withpart-timeworkingslightlyaboveaverageandfull-timeworkingbelownationalrates.

59

Sector,GenderandFull-time/Part-timeWorkingThegenderandfull-timeorpart-timecompositionoftheworkforcevariesenormouslyacrossthedifferentsectors.Tables4and5show,respectively,thepercentagemale&femaleandthepercentagefull-timeandpart-time,forthelargestsectorsonly.TheTablesalsoshowtheEnglandfiguresforcomparison.

TableA4showsthatmanufacturingemploymentcontinuestobeoverwhelminglymale,inCalderdaleandnationally.InCalderdale,theproportionofmanufacturingemploymentaccountedforbymenhasinfactrisensubstantiallyinrecentyears,from67%in1989to71%in1995.Whilstsurprisinginthecontextofthegeneralgrowthinfemaleemployment,itislikelythatthisistheresultprincipallyofthedeclineintextileindustries,whichtraditionallyhadhighfemaleemploymentinCalderdale.

Themaleshareofconstructionemploymenthasalsorisen,from79%in1989and82%in1995tothe2001figureof86%,whichisclosetothenationalaverage.Thereisnoobviousexplanationforthisdevelopment.

Serviceemployment,whichhasexpandedenormouslyoverthelastdecades,remainsprimarilyfemale.Inparticular,theBanking&FinanceandPublicAdministration,Health&SocialCaresectorsareveryheavilydependentonwomen.

InCalderdale,theproportionofserviceemploymentaccountedforbywomenhasremainedlargelystablesince1989.However,itisnotablethatthisproportionismarkedlyhigherthanthenationalpicture,wheremenaccountfor45%ofserviceemployment.ThiscanbeexplainedbytherelativelylargemanufacturingsectorinCalderdale,whichaccountsformoremaleemployment.

TheBankingandFinancesectorinCalderdaleshowsaverydifferentgenderprofilefromthenationalfigures.Nationally,overhalfofthissectorismale,whilstinCalderdale62%isfemale.

TableA4GenderCompositionofEmployment,bySector-2003

Sector%Male %Female

Calderdale England Calderdale England

AllSectors 51 51 49 49

Manufacturing 77 74 23 26


AllServices 41 45 59 55

Distribution, Hotels & Restaurants 50 48 50 52

Banking, Finance, etc. 38 53 62 47

Public Admin, Health, etc 26 28 74 72

Source: Annual Business Inquiry, 2003

60

TableA5showsthat:

• part-timeemployment,bothinCalderdaleandnationally,isoverwhelminglyconcentratedintheServicesector.InCalderdale,38%ofallServicesectoremployeesarepart-time(comparedto37%nationally),risingto45%inPublicAdministration,EducationandHealth

• ManufacturingandConstructionarepredominantlypreservesoffull-timeemployment

• thepart-time/full-timeprofileofBanking&FinanceinCalderdalediffersconsiderablyfromEngland(asitdoeswithrelationtothegendersplit),withmorepart-timeworkinginCalderdale

• thelevelofpart-timeemploymentinManufacturingandConstructionisactuallylowerthanin1989.Thesimultaneousoverallgrowthinpart-timeemploymentcanonlybeexplainedthereforebytheincreaseinservicesectoremployment,withinwhichthereisfargreaterpart-timeworking

TableA5Part-timeandFull-timeEmployment,bySector-2003

Sector%Full-time %Part-time

Calderdale England Calderdale England

AllSectors 70 68 30 32

Manufacturing 91 92 9 8


AllServices 62 63 38 37

Distribution, Hotels & Restaurants 56 53 44 47

Banking, Finance, etc. 70 76 30 24

Public Admin, Health, etc 55 57 45 43

Source: Annual Business Inquiry, 2003

61

QualificationsofWorkforceinCalderdale

ThereislimitedinformationavailableaboutqualificationlevelsamongtheworkforceemployedwithinCalderdale.ThistopicisnotincludedintheCensusandtheonlysourceistheHouseholdSurveysconductedbytheLearningandSkillsCouncilWestYorkshire,whichonlycoverpeopleresidentinWestYorkshire.Nevertheless,thesesurveysprovideausefulguideastheyachievesamplecoverageofover1,000;andWestYorkshire(includingCalderdaleitself)istheresidenceof95%ofthepeopleworkingwithinCalderdale.

Figuresfor2002and2005areshownbelow.

TableA6QualificationsofPeopleWorkinginCalderdale

QualificationLevel2002 2005

% %

NVQ2orabove 71.5 70.7



Source: Learning & Skills Council West Yorkshire; Calderdale in Depth, 2004; Calderdale Household Survey, 2005

Ascanbeseen,overallqualificationlevelsatNVQ2+orNVQ3+havefallen,butNVQ4+haverisensignificantly.

Analysisofqualificationlevelsbetweenin-commuters,out-commutersandthoseresidingandworkingwithinCalderdaleisprovidedinthemainbodyofthereport,inthesectiononCommuting.

62

EmployeeEarningsinCalderdale

TableA7showsearningsofpeopleinemploymentinCalderdale,comparedtoLeeds,regionalandnationalfigures.

TableA7EarningsofFull-timeWorkers

YearCalderdale Leeds Yorkshire&

HumberEngland

Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean

1998 311 361 310 358 314 352 335 400

2001 365 436 353 423 346 397 382 459

2005 417 497 425 519 399 467 436 526

GrossWeeklyPay(£)

YearCalderdale Leeds Yorkshire&

HumberEngland


1998 7.76 9.14 7.50 9.05 7.47 8.74 8.16 10.02

2001 9.20 11.44 8.82 10.77 8.31 9.93 9.34 11.59

2005 10.72 13.28 10.82 13.22 9.85 11.81 10.85 13.40

HourlyPay(£)(excludingOvertime)

Source: New Earnings Survey; Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings

Thesurveysofhoursandearningshavearelativelysmallsamplesizeandthefiguresshouldberegardedasindicativeratherthandefinitive.Nevertheless,thefigurestakenover3differentyearsshowCalderdale’spayratestobeconsistentlywellbelowthenationalaverage,butconsistentlyabovetheregionalaverage.

Moresurprisingly,intermsofhourlypayrates,CalderdalerateshavegenerallybeenabovethoseforLeedsbothintermsofthemeanfigureandthemedian.However,the2005(and2004)figuresindicatethatLeedshourlyandgrossweeklypayratesarenowabovethoseofCalderdale.Nevertheless,CalderdaleratesremainhigherthanotherpartsofWestYorkshire

63

2. Residents’Employment

ThissectionprovidesaprofileofCalderdaleResidentswhoareinemployment.SincenotalloftheseworkwithintheDistrict,thecharacteristicsaredistinctfromthatofemploymentwithinCalderdale.

TotalandSectoralEmployment

ThelatestcomprehensiveandreliabledataontheemploymentofCalderdaleresidentscomesfromthe2001Census.

TheTablebelowshowstheemploymentofCalderdaleresidentsbothintotalandbysectorin1991and2001.

TableA8CalderdaleResidentsinEmployment

Sector

1991 2001 %Change

No % No % BySector

Proportionoftotal

Total 85330 88038 +3.2

Manufacturing 23216 27.2 19828 22.5 -14.6 -4.7

Construction 5071 5.9 5426 6.2 +7.0 +0.3

Finance&BusinessServices 10001 11.7 15677 17.8 +56.8 +6.1

PublicAdmin,Health,Education,SocialCare

n/a n/a 20536 23.3 n/a n/a

Distribution,Retail,Transport,Communications,Catering

20164 23.6 21520 24.4 +0.7 +0.8


StrictcomparisonsbetweentheabovefiguresandTablesA1andA2arenotpossibleduetodifferentcategoriesbeingused.However,thefiguresshowapatternverysimilartothatshownbytheAnnualBusinessInquiryfiguresonworkplaceemployment:astrongfallinresidentsengagedinmanufacturing,andalargeriseintheFinanceandrelatedBusinessservicessector,bothinactualnumbersandincontributiontototalemployment.

GenderSplitandFull-time/Part-timeWorking

TableA9showsemploymentofresidentsintermsofgenderandfull-time/part-time,fromthe2001Census.

TheTableshowssomecleardifferencesfromtheworkplacefiguresavailablefor2001fromtheAnnualBusinessInquiry.Thelattershowedonethirdoftheworkplaceemployeesworkingpart-time,whilsttheCensussuggeststhatamongCalderdaleresidentsthefigureisonlyabout1in4.Thereisalsoadifferenceinthegenderfindings,whichislikelytoreflectthefull-timeandpart-timesplit,withtheworkplacefiguresshowingslightlymorewomenthanmeninemployment,whilstamongCalderdaleresidentsinemployment,over53%aremale.

TableA9ResidentsEmployment:Gender,Part-time/Full-time

Gender&Full/Part-time

CalderdaleResidentsinEmployment

1991 2001(i)

% %

Full-time 78.2 76.2

Part-time 21.8 23.8

Male 51.8 53.3

Female 48.2 46.7

MaleFull-time 49.7 48.6

FemaleFull-time 28.5 26.1

MalePart-time 2.0 4.7

FemalePart-time 19.7 20.6

Source: ONS, Census 1991, 2001. © Crown Copyright i. Note that the 2001 figures exclude students

Comparisonwith1991Censusfiguresshowsthat:

• amongCalderdale’sresidents,part-timeemploymenthascontinuedtogrowsignificantly

• thepercentageofCalderdaleresidentsinemploymentwhoarefemalehasfallen,aftergrowingrapidlybefore1991,entirelycomposedofadeclineintheshareoffemalefull-timeworking

• theshareofmalepart-timeworkingamongstCalderdaleresidentshasrisensharply,continuingatrendvisiblebefore1991.

TableA10providesfurtherdetailsonhoursworked,with1991comparisonswhereapplicable.

TableA10HoursWorkedbyCalderdaleResidents

Year0-15 16-30 31-37 38ormore MaleAv FemaleAv

% % % % No No

2001 7.3 18.020.2 54.5

41.8 31.174.7

1991 8.0 15.4 76.7 n/a n/a

Source: Census 1991, 2001. © Crown Copyright Note: 1991 figures calculated after extracting those who “Did Not State”

Thepercentageworking15hoursorlesshasfallenslightly,andthepercentageworkingmorethan30hourshasfallensignificantly,whilsttherehasbeenamarkedriseinthepercentageworkingbetween16and30hoursaweek.

64

65

Earnings

ThefiguresbelowshowthepayandearningsofCalderdaleresidentsinfull-timeemployment,incontrasttoTableA7abovewhichgavefiguresforpeopleworkinginCalderdale.Thelatterareshowninitalicsontherowbelowforcomparison.

ComparablefiguresaregivenforLeeds,YorkshireandtheHumber,andEngland.

TableA11ComparativeEarningsofCalderdaleResidents-2005

GrossWeeklyPay(£)

Residents/EmployeesinCalderdale

Calderdale Leeds Yorkshire&Humber

England


Residents 400 467 411 484 400 469 438 528

Employees in C’dale 417 497 425 519 399 467 436 526

HourlyPay(£)(excudingOvertime)

Residents/EmployeesinCalderdale

Calderdale Leeds Yorkshire&Humber

England


Residents 10.14 11.95 10.28 12.27 9.83 11.82 10.88 13.44

Employees in C’dale 10.72 13.28 10.82 13.22 9.85 11.81 10.85 13.40

Source: New Earnings Survey; Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings.

TheTableshowsthat:

• HourlyPayandGrossWeeklyPayofCalderdaleresidentsarelowerthantheLeedsandEnglandfigures(bothmedianandmean)

• hourlypayofCalderdaleresidentsiswellabovetheregionalaverages(bothmedianandmean),althoughthegrossweeklymedianpayisthesameastheregionalfigureandconsiderablylowerthantheEnglandaverage

• mean(average)ratesareaboutthesameasLeedsandhigherthantheYorkshireandHumbersideaveragebutwellbelowthenationalfigure

• bothmeanandmedianfiguresforCalderdaleresidentsarebelowthoseforpeopleworkinginCalderdale(showninitalics)

• medianfiguresasapercentageofmeanfiguresareslightlylowerinCalderdalethaninLeedsandYorkshire&Humberside.ThisindicatesthatincomeinequalitymaybehigheramongstCalderdaleresidentsthantheregionalaverage.

66

HouseholdIncomes

Incomedataisavailableonlybyplaceofresidence.Datafor2006isshownintheTablebelow.Itincludesincomesfromallsources

TableA12HouseholdIncomes-2006

IncomeGrouping Calderdale

Average(Mean)Income 29,800

MedianIncome(approximate) 25,000

HouseholdswithIncomelessthan£10,000pa 10,090

12.0%

HouseholdswithIncomelessthan£20,000pa 31,480

37.5%

HouseholdswithIncomegreaterthan£50,000pa 11711

14.0%

Source: CACI, “PayCheck”, 2006

Theaverage(mean)incomeiscalculatedbytakingtotalhouseholdincomesdividedbythetotalnumberofhouseholds.Itcanbeinfluencedbyrelativelysmallnumbersofhighincomehouseholdsandisthereforenotnecessarilyagoodrepresentationofthepositionofmosthouseholds.Calderdale’saverage(mean)householdincomeinearly2006wasalmost£30,000,comparedtoaUKfigureof£32,300.

Inmanyrespectsamoremeaningfulfigureisthemedian(see“TerminologyandDefinitions”sectionforexplanation).Themedianhouseholdincomeof£25,000compareswithaUKmedianincomeof£27,100.

ThemedianincomeinCalderdaleis16%belowtheaverage(mean)income,indicatingthatarelativelysmallnumberofhighincomesraisetheaverage(mean)incomefigurefarabovetheincomesofmosthouseholdsintheDistrict.

Theotherfiguresreinforcethispoint–approximately1in8householdshasanincomeonlyone-thirdoftheaverage,andmorethan1in3haveanincomeonlytwo-thirdsoftheaverage.

67

QualificationsofCalderdaleResidents

DataonqualificationsofCalderdaleresidentsisavailablefromthe2001CensusandfromtheLabourForceSurvey.Bothsetsofdataindicatethatintermsofhigherlevelqualifications,Calderdaleisbelowthenationalaverage.

TableA13QualificationsofCalderdaleResidents

ResidentCategoryandQualificationCalderdale WestYorkshire England

% % %

i.Aged16-74withDegreeorequivalent(a)(2001) 17.1 16.8 19.9

ii.Aged16-74with2“A”levelsorequivalent(b)(2001)

6.8 8.1 8.3

iii.Aged16-74with5+GCSEs(A-C)(c)(2001) 19.1 17.4 19.4

iv.EconomicallyactivewithNVQ4+(2004/05) 27.8 26.3 29.3

v.EconomicallyactivewithNVQ3(2004/05) 23.9 20.6 19.4

vi.ResidentsinemploymentwithNVQ4+(2005) 31.7 27.4 n/a

vii.ResidentsinemploymentwithNVQ3(2005) 19.9 17.7 n/a

viii.ResidentsinemploymentwithNVQ2(2005) 22.1 20.9 n/a

Source: I, ii and iii from ONS, Census 2001. © Crown Copyright iv and v from Labour Force Survey, 4-quarter averages vi, vii and viii from LSC, “Calderdale Household Survey, 2005””

a. Includes NVQ 4/5, HNC, HND b. Includes NVQ 3, Advanced GNVQ c. Includes NVQ 2 and Intermediate, ‘O’ Levels

Whilstthefiguresdonotcomparefavourablywiththenationalones,CalderdaleexceedstheWestYorkshireaverageformostmeasures:

• the2001Censusshowedthatintermsoftheproportionofthe16-74populationwithafirstdegreeorabove,or2+“A”levels,CalderdalewassignificantlybelowtheEnglandaverage,whilstforGCSEsitwasslightlylowerthantheEnglandfigure

• incomparisontoWestYorkshire,Calderdalehadsubstantiallymorepeopleaged16-74with5+GCSEs(orequivalent),slightlymorewithadegree(orequivalent),butfewerwith2+“A”Levels(orequivalent)

• morerecentdatafromtheLabourForceSurveyconfirmsthatintermsofNVQ4/5,HNCorHND,Calderdalefallsbelowthenationalfigure,butabovetheWestYorkshirefigure;forNVQLevel3,Calderdale’sfiguresareabovethenationalandWestYorkshire

• recenthouseholdsurveysofCalderdaleandWestYorkshireundertakenbytheLSCin2005confirmthat,amongresidentsinemployment,CalderdalehashigherNVQqualificationsthantheWestYorkshireaverage

69

Appendix B

Area Profile Data

71

APPENDIX B AREA PROFILE DATA

Contents

Page

TableB1DestinationsofOut-Commuters,2001 72TableB2EmploymentinAreabyIndustrialSector,2001 73 TableB3HouseholdIncomes,2006 74TableB4SocialGradeofCalderdaleResidents,2001 75TableB5OccupationsofCalderdaleResidents,2001 76

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TableB1DestinationsofOut-Commuters,2001

Area

NumberandPercentageofEmployedResidentsCommutingto..

Bradford Kirklees Leeds Wakefield GreaterManchester

&NorthWest

RestofUK AllOut-Commuters

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Brighouse 1000 10.1 1517 15.4 759 7.7 126 1.3 176 1.8 290 2.9 3868 39.2

Elland 589 5.3 1327 12.0 508 4.6 137 1.2 343 3.1 335 3.0 3239 29.3

Halifax 1230 6.7 929 5.1 839 4.6 129 0.7 350 1.9 481 2.6 3958 21.7

NorthEastCalderdale 2123 20.0 811 7.6 769 7.2 130 1.2 164 1.5 317 3.0 4314 40.6

NorthHalifax 1004 8.1 570 4.6 484 3.9 85 0.7 155 1.3 240 1.9 2538 20.5

RippondenandSowerbyBridge

538 5.0 581 5.4 468 4.3 83 0.8 630 5.8 348 3.2 264824.5

Todmorden 94 2.1 97 2.1 79 1.7 6 0.1 1121 24.6 123 2.7 1520 33.4

UpperValley 550 5.1 405 3.8 451 4.2 68 0.6 1342 12.4 268 2.5 3084 28.6

Calderdale 7128 8.1 6237 7.1 4357 4.9 764 0.9 4281 4.8 2402 2.7 25169 28.5

Source: Census 2001. © Crown Copyright

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Area

%ofArea’sEmploymentin..

Manufacturing Construction Distribution,Hotels&

Restaurants

Transport&Communications

Banking,FinanceandInsurance

PublicAd-ministration,Education&

Health

Other*

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Brighouse 3,782 39.4 248 2.6 2,520 26.2 272 2.8 1,010 10.5 1,354 14.1 424 4.4

Elland 2,835 32.7 807 9.3 1,613 18.6 429 4.9 1,424 16.4 1,281 14.8 284 3.3

Halifax 4,917 13.8 643 1.8 6,302 17.6 1,191 3.3 12,632 35.4 8,398 23.5 1644 4.6

NorthEastCalderdale 2,313 42.2 288 5.3 919 16.8 106 1.9 524 9.6 1,090 19.9 239 4.4

NorthHalifax 1,581 27.3 266 4.6 721 12.4 211 3.6 1,295 22.4 1,519 26.2 199 3.4


1,520 30.9 300 6.1 1,032 21.0 361 7.3 493 10.0 977 19.9 230 4.7

Todmorden 668 26.9 88 3.5 638 27.5 59 2.4 196 7.9 649 26.1 142 5.7

UpperValley 2,468 40.8 259 4.3 1,389 22.9 178 2.9 556 9.2 979 16.2 225 3.7

Calderdale 20,004 25.5 2,899 3.7 15,163 19.3 2,771 3.5 18,122 23.1 16,248 20.7 3,389 4.3

TableB2EmploymentinAreabyIndustrialSector,2001

Source: Census 2001. © Crown Copyright* Other is mainly Other Services but also includes Agriculture, Forestry, Energy and Water

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TableB3HouseholdIncomes,2006

Area

MEANHouseholdIncome

MEDIANHouse-holdIncome

%ofHouseholdswithHouseholdIncome...

Below£10k £10k-15k £40k-50k Over£50k

£ £ % % % %

Brighouse 31,670 27,000 10.4 10.7 10.7 16.0

Elland 30,480 25,500 11.4 11.6 10.0 14.8

Halifax 28,060 23,500 13.4 13.4 8.7 11.8

NorthEastCalderdale 33,410 28,500 9.6 9.9 11.4 18.5

NorthHalifax 25,600 21,500 15.1 15.0 7.4 8.8

RippondenandSowerbyBridge 32,100 27,000 10.9 11.1 10.5 17.0

Todmorden 28,880 24,500 12.0 12.1 9.5 12.3

UpperValley 30,580 25,500 11.4 11.6 10.1 14.8

Calderdale 29,820 25,000 12.0 12.1 9.6 14.0

Source: estimated by Calderdale MBC from CACI Paycheck data 2006. See Appendix C - Technical Note on Data Sources.

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TableB4SocialGradeofResidents,2001


Area

GradeA/B–Professionalsand

Managers

GradeC1-AllOther

Non-Manual

GradeC2–SkilledManual

Workers

GradeD–Semi-skilledandUnskilled

ManualWorkers

GradeE–OnBenefit/

Unemployed

% % % % %

Brighouse 23.0 29.4 14.7 17.5 15.4

Elland 20.7 27.5 17.4 19.2 15.2

Halifax 18.2 26.8 15.8 20.4 18.9

NorthEastCalderdale 26.0 32.4 14.3 13.1 14.2

NorthHalifax 12.4 24.6 19.0 25.8 18.2

RippondenandSowerbyBridge 22.3 28.6 16.6 17.4 15.0

Todmorden 18.2 28.6 16.8 20.9 15.5

UpperValley 25.4 29.6 15.9 14.0 15.1

Calderdale 20.3 28.1 16.3 18.9 16.4

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TableB5OccupationsofCalderdaleResidents2001(Occupation of Workplace Employment 2001)


AreaManagers&

SeniorOfficials

ProfessionalAssocProf&Technical

Admin&Secretarial

SkilledTrades

PersonalService

Sales&Customer

Service

Process,Plant&

MachineOperatives

Elementary

% % % % % % % % %

Brighouse16 10 13 13 11 7 7 11 12

(15) (8) (11) (10) (15) (6) (8) (12) (16)

Elland15 9 12 13 13 7 7 12 12

(15) (8) (10) (10) (17) (7) (5) (14) (13)

Halifax13 10 13 12 12 7 7 13 12

(14) (10) (15) (17) (9) (7) (8) (10) (11)

NorthEastCalderdale18 11 15 15 11 7 6 8 9

(15) (9) (11) (9) (18) (8) (4) (14) (12)

NorthHalifax10 5 10 12 14 9 8 16 16

(12) (11) (9) (9) (19) (10) (7) (11) (13)


16 11 13 12 12 7 6 12 11

(15) (12) (9) (10) (16) (7) (5) (13) (12)

Todmorden13 11 12 10 15 9 6 12 13

(15) (7) (9) (9) (16) (10) (8) (10) (15)

UpperValley16 16 15 10 13 7 5 9 8

(15) (10) (12) (8) (19) (9) (5) (13) (11)

Calderdale14 10 13 13 13 7 7 12 12

(14) (9) (12) (12) (14) (7) (7) (12) (12)

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Appendix C

Data Sources

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APPENDIX C DATA SOURCES

AnnualBusinessInquiry(ABI)

TheAnnualBusinessInquiry,conductedbytheOfficeforNationalStatistics.ThissupercededtheAnnualEmploymentSurvey.Itprovidesveryhigh,often100%,coverageoflargeemployersandlargesamplesofsmalleremployers.Itprovidesinformationaboutemploymentworkplaces,andaboutemploymentattheseplaces–gender,part-timeandfull-time,occupations,industrialsector.

Itsmajorproblemsappeartoderivefromerrorsincompletion,anderrorsincodingofindustryandplace.Theseparticularlyaffectlargecompanieswithseveralmajoroffices,orwhoseownership/headofficeshavechanged.Also,thereappearstohavebeensomediscontinuitybetweentheCensusofEmploymentandtheAnnualBusinessInquiry,withthelattershowinghigheremploymenttotalsthantheCensusofEmployment.

TheCensus

ThecorepurposeoftheCensusofPopulationistogatherdataonresidentsonCensusday.Itprovidesthemostdetailedandcomprehensivedataavailableonpeople’seconomicactivity,qualifications,employment,occupation,hoursworked,traveltowork,etc..ThisdataisnotcomparablewiththeAnnualBusinessInquirydata,whichisbasedonworkplaceasdistinctfromresidence.However,Censusformsarealsoprocessedtoprovidedataontheworkplaceofpeople,frominformationtheyhaveprovided.Thisprovidestheonlynear-100%dataavailableonpatternsoftraveltowork,includingmodes,purposesanddistances.Thekeylimitationisthatthisdataisonlyavailableevery10years,andthattheresidencebaseddataisnotavailableuntil2/3yearsaftertheCensusdate,andtheworkplacedataisevenlater.

CensusdatasuffersfromsomeofthesameproblemsastheAnnualBusinessInquiry,inthatitdependsforitsaccuracyandcompletenessonpeoplefillingitinfullyandcarefully.In1991,wheresomeone’sworkplace/destinationwasmissingorcouldnotbedeciphered,thedatawasexcludedfromtheCensusTraveltoWorkfigures,withtheresultthatofabout85,000Calderdaleresidentsinemployment,around7,000didnothaveanidentifiabledestination.Bycontrast,the2001Censushasimputedmissingrecordstoensurethatitprovidesdataforallpeopleemployed.

Additionalproblemshaveariseninthe2001Censusduetotheadjustmentmethodusedtoensureconfidentialityandthatno-onecanbeidentifiedthroughtheCensusdata.Themethodusedhasrepeatedlyledtosomewhatdifferenttotalsbeingavailable,accordingtohowtheyhavebeenderivedintheCensusanalysis.Althoughthiscanleadtosomeconfusionandraisequestionsaboutwhethererrorshavebeenmade,thedifferencesarenotofamagnitudetoalterthemessageemergingfromCensusdata.

Toallowcomparabilitybetween1991and2001,ithasbeennecessarytomakeassumptionsaboutthe1991missingrecords–seeAppendixD.

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LSCHouseholdSurvey

TheLearning&SkillsCouncilWestYorkshirecommissionslargehouseholdsurveysthatprovidedetailedinformationonoccupation,qualifications,in-worktraining,etc..RecentsurveyscoveringCalderdalehaveachievedresponsesfromabout1,000people,givingagoodlevelofaccuracy.

LabourForceSurvey(LFS)

TheLabourForceSurveyisarollingsurveyconductedbyacombinationofinitialvisitandregularphonecalls,witharollingpanel.ItenablesGovernmenttoproduceestimatesofeconomicactivitylevels,full-timeandpart-timeemployment,andILO-compliant(non-claimant)estimatesofunemploymentlevelsandrates.

ThemajorproblemoftheLFSisthat,foradistrictofCalderdale’ssize,thesampleistoosmalltoproviderobustdata.

HouseholdIncomeData

DataonhouseholdincomeistakenfromacommercialdatabaseentitledPaycheck,producedbyCACILtd,aleadingmarketanalysisconsultancy.Householdincomefiguresaregrossfiguresinclusiveofincomefromallsources(employment,benefits,pensionsetc.).

ThedataproducedbyCACIarebaseduponmarketresearchstatisticsgeneratedfromawiderangeof“lifestyle”surveys(bymailshottohouseholds/individuals,orwithpurchases/guarantees).ThesearecombinedwiththelatestdatafromtheCensusandpopulationestimates,andwithgeodemographicclassifications,andthenweightedinlinewiththeFamilyExpenditureSurvey.Modellingtheresultsenablesderivationofestimatedincomeranges,aswellasmean,medianandmodalincomes,downtounitpostcodelevel.

Foreachpostcode,Paycheckprovidesamedianincomewithina£5,000range(themedianincomeistheincomeofthemiddlerankingrecord).Forthepurposeofthisreport,moreprecisefigureshavebeenestimatedbyaggregatingthepostcodesandhouseholdnumbersindifferentmedianranges.Thedistributionofhouseholdsinthe£5,000rangebelowandabovethemedianwasthenanalysed,toenablearoughestimateoftheactualmedianincome.

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Appendix D

Technical Note:Adjustments to

the Data

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APPENDIX D TECHNICAL NOTE:

Adjustments to the Data

TheIssue

1. In1991therewereasubstantialnumberofCalderdaleresidentsinemploymentforwhomnoworkplacecouldbeidentified.Equally,therewasalargenumberofpeopleworkinginCalderdaleforwhomnooriginwasavailable.

2. Thereasonsforthisarelikelytoinclude:

*sectionnotcompletedonCensusform

*indecipherableaddressesonCensusform

*wrongpostcodes

*confusionaboutpeopleworkingindifferentlocations

*confusionaboutworkingfromnofixedlocation.

3. Inthe2001Census,therearenomissingrecords;routineshavebeenundertakentoensureallpeopleinworkhaveaworklocation.

4. Therefore, to derive accurate figures on the changes in commuting, and changes in the origins and destinations, it is necessary to make an estimate of the 1991 figures that adjusts for the missing records.

Assumptions

5. Theadjustedfigureshavebeenderivedonthebasisofthefollowingassumptions:

i. theunstatedandunidentifiedrecordswillapplyinequalproportiontopeopleworking fromhome,workingoutsidetheirhomeDistrict,orworkingwithintheirhomeDistrict

ii. therateofmissingrecordsaffectsalldestinationsinproportiontothepublished Censusoutput

Calculations6. 1991SpecialWorkplaceStatistics(SWS)showedthat–excluding Unstated/Unidentified records-23.76%ofCalderdaleresidentsinemploymentworkedoutsidetheDistrict.

ApplyingthisratetothetotalnumberofCalderdaleresidentsinemployment(85330)gives thefollowingfigure:

residentsworkingoutsidetheDistrictin1991 20270

sincethisisanestimatedfigure,thisisroundedto 20300

Thisrepresentsagrossingupofoutflowsof8.99%

7. TheSWSalsoshowedthat–excluding Unstated/Unidentified records–20.14%ofthe CalderdaleworkforcecamefromoutsidetheDistrict.

ApplyingthisratetothetotalnumberofpeopleemployedwithinCalderdale(81,750)gives thefollowingfigure

employeesworkingwithinCalderdalewholiveoutsidetheDistrict 16459

sincethisisanestimatedfigure,thisisroundedto 16500

Thisrepresentsagrossingupofinflowsof9.71%

8. Inlinewiththeassumptionunder5.ii.,allDestinationfigureshaveconsequentlybeen grossedupby8.99%

9. Inlinewiththeassumptionunder5.ii.,allOriginfigureshavebeengrossedupby9.71%

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Reports available from the Chief Executive’s Office

providing statistics about the District

Census 2001

Key Statistics Report

Standard Tables Report

Ward Profile Report (2001 Ward Areas)

2004 Ward Digest (2004 Ward Areas)

Ward Profiles (2004 Ward Areas)

Briefing Papers

Areas of High Needs in Calderdale – 2004

Social and Economic Trends in Calderdale – 2004

Topic Reports

Children and Young People

Older Persons

Ethnic Minority Groups

Employment and Commuting in Calderdale

Profiles and Fact Sheets

Calderdale Profile

Summary Information about the District

Population Fact Sheet

Households Fact Sheet

Employment Fact Sheet

Unemployment Fact Sheets – District and Ward levels

Deprivation Fact Sheet

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manual was established during 2003/04 and should be used as a guide by all staff to

www.calderdale.gov.uk

Town Hall Halifax HX1 1UJ Telephone: 01422 393129 Fax: 01422 393136 Email: [email protected]

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