Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found
description
Transcript of Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found
![Page 1: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found
Linda S. GottfredsonUniversity of Delaware, USA
International Society for Intelligence ResearchMelbourne, Australia December 12, 2013
12/12/2013
![Page 2: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Imagine
12/12/2013
![Page 3: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Miraculous?
12/12/2013
“If all 13-year-olds took the same 15-minute test (WASI), I could give you each child’s odds for all these adult outcomes without knowing anything else about them.”
– Drops out of high school, – Holds mostly unskilled jobs, skilled jobs vs. professional jobs– Performs those jobs well– Lives in poverty
AND– Can find a particular intersection on a map, or grams of carbohydrate per serving on a food label– Adheres to a medical treatment regimen for diabetes or other chronic illness– Dies prematurely
…that someone told you this.
Would you bet against this odds-maker? Don’t!
![Page 4: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Actual landscape of odds, by outcome and IQ*
12/12/2013
LowBelow
AverageAbove
High
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
High school dropoutLives in poverty
Uses food stampsWorks as professional/manager
Employed fulltime
Ability level
Outcomes
Odds(yes/no)
* Source of data: Gottfredson, 1997, p.118 (young adults) and p.116 (all adults)
50:50
Sample
![Page 5: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Now imagine
12/12/2013
![Page 6: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
…that this person also claims that:
12/12/2013
“With just one more piece of information, I can tell you how to improve the worst odds—without changing IQ and without leveling social resources.
AND
It would save thousands if not millions of lives, and millions if not billions of health care dollars.”
Miraculous? Credible??Yes, and g is the key!
![Page 7: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Lost treasure of g—a personal accountChronology
Today—g 30 years after rediscovery Yesterday—Dark Ages before rediscovery Tomorrow—Vast opportunities ahead
Unexpected lessons Complexity of everyday life Power of “inconsequential” effects
A story to remember
12/12/2013
![Page 8: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
g: 30 Years of Discovery
12/12/2013
![Page 9: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 9
Traits
gg rediscovered
(See notes for slide)
![Page 10: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 10
Traits
gg rediscovered
(See notes for slide)
![Page 11: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 11
Traits
gg rediscovered
(See notes for slide)
![Page 12: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 12
Traits
gg rediscovered
(See notes for slide)
![Page 13: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 13
Traits
gg rediscovered
(See notes for slide)
![Page 14: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 14
Traits
gg rediscovered
(See notes for slide)
![Page 15: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 15
Traits
gg rediscovered
(See notes for slide)
![Page 16: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 16
Traits
gg rediscovered
(See notes for slide)
![Page 17: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 17
Traits
gg rediscovered
![Page 18: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 18
Traits
gg rediscovered
![Page 19: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 19
Traits
gg rediscovered
![Page 20: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 20
Traits
gg rediscovered
![Page 21: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 21
Traits
gg rediscovered
![Page 22: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 22
Traits
gg rediscovered
Nomological network
![Page 23: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Human variation in g: Extraordinary phenomenon
• Recurring • Species-wide• General-use capacity• Shapes human institutions• Drives its own evolution
12/12/2013
g
![Page 24: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Dark Ages Before Rediscovery
12/12/2013
![Page 25: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Life outcomes
Evolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 25
g lost by 1970s
Performance
Social structure
Traits
IQ
XX
X
when I entered grad school
![Page 26: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
My 30 years, pre-PhD
12/12/2013
ThemesExplore, collect & classify Chase puzzles Feet on the ground Man from Mars
Penang Malaysia
19471977
![Page 27: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Life outcomes
12/12/2013 27
Social structure
Social inequality
1970sSociology• Difference=
inequality• Inequality is
neither natural nor moral
Social class hierarchy
![Page 28: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
12/12/2013 28
Social inequality
1970sSocial privilege is…
…socially reproduced
Social class hierarchy
![Page 29: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
12/12/2013 29
Social inequality
Performance
1970sSocial privilege is…
…socially reproduced
…socially inherited
Social class hierarchy
![Page 30: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
12/12/2013 30
1970sSocial privilege is…
Performance
…socially reproduced
…socially inherited
Manufactured differences
IQaspirations
…disguised as “merit”
Social class hierarchy
Social inequality
“everyone can do any job”
“doctors should work up from orderly”
![Page 31: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Sound eerily familiar?In USA: • Law—“No Child Left Behind” • Too-good-to-be-true science—“several weeks of N-
back training raised intelligence”
12/12/2013
![Page 32: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Needed: Shift in Focus
12/12/2013
Knowing g by what brings it forth—task complexity
![Page 33: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
My alternative explanation:* Higher intelligence has functional value
Required me to study attributes of jobs and tasks, not just people.
Specifically--What in a job requires the exercise of g?
What makes some more “g loaded” than others?
12/12/2013*Alternative to social privilege theory
![Page 34: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Key finding #1: Occupational hierarchy is cognitive
• Same worldwide• Mean worker IQs track jobs’ cognitive complexity • Job complexity hierarchy evolved as work tasks clustered (into occupations) by g loading to fit human variation in g
12/12/2013
![Page 35: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Correlation with factor
Learn and recall relevant information Reason and make judgments Deal with unexpected situations Identify problem situations quickly React swiftly when unexpected problems occur Apply common sense to solve problems Learn new procedures quickly Be alert & quick to understand things *Job analysis by Arvey (1986)
.75 .71.69 .69
.67
.66
.66
.55
Key finding #2: “Judgment & Reasoning Factor” among jobs* Complexity factor among jobs is mirror image of g factor among people
Workers must:
12/12/2013
![Page 36: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
12/12/2013 36
Life outcomes
Social structure
Traits
Performance
Tasks
g
+
So, g loading is the flip side of g
g loadings
![Page 37: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Key finding #3: The Complexity Dynamic
• Tasks that are more complex– put a bigger premium on learning-reasoning
ability– lead to bigger differences in task performance
12/12/2013
Gaps
Gains
AA B
B
A BMore complex
task
Performance level
![Page 38: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
But how could a general intelligence ever evolve?
What adaptive challenges could possibly have been so general, so non-specific, to evolve such a content-free, domain-general ability??
12/12/2013
![Page 39: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 39
Performance
Traits
g
Tasksinnovation
New
haz
ards
Key finding #4: Power of cumulating
“inconsequential” effects
![Page 40: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 40
Traits
g
Task complexity
Key finding #5: Life’s complexity turns the
wheel of g
![Page 41: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
4112/12/2013
Complexity of everyday life, today
![Page 42: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Typical life outcomes along IQ continuum
12/12/2013
![Page 43: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
4312/12/2013
LowBelow
AverageAbove
High
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
High school dropoutLives in poverty
Uses food stampsWorks as professional/manager
Employed fulltime
Ability level
Outcomes
Odds(yes/no)
* Source of data: Gottfredson, 1997, p.118 (young adults) and p.116 (all adults)
50:50
Sample
Landscape of cognitive error on everyday tasks*
Recall this
![Page 44: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
4412/12/2013
Examples of everyday tasks*
*Items on 1993 National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS)
Level 1Level 2
Level 3Level 4
Level 5Your child is 11 years old and weighs 85 pounds. How
many 80 mg tablets can you give in 24-hr period?
![Page 45: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Column1 1200 20
0
20
40
60
80
100
3
121
54
Ability level
Error rate (%)
2 3 4 5
Landscape of cognitive error on everyday tasks*
*Source of data: National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS), ages 16-65., Kirsch et al. (1993)12/12/2013
Difficulty level (sample literacy tasks)
Interpret brief phrase in long article Calculate discount on bill paid early Write letter explaining error in bill Total the costs on order form Find meeting time on form
![Page 46: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Column1 1200 20
0
20
40
60
80
100
12
34
5 (highest)
Taskcomplexity
3
121
54
Ability level
Error rate (%)
2 3 4 5
Cognitive risk
Cognitive burden
Cognitive resources
23% 28% 31% 15% 3% % of adults:
*Source of data: National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS), ages 16-65., Kirsch et al. (1993)12/12/2013
47% 33% 16% 4% ~0% % of adults ages 60+:
Landscape of cognitive error on everyday tasks*
![Page 47: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Opportunities—An Example
12/12/2013
![Page 48: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Current (g-blind) “solutions” to challenges in health care
• Political: race-class disparities in health– Equalize access to care [it actually increases disparities]– Teach health providers to be more culturally sensitive – Redistribute wealth to keep social disadvantage from “getting
under the skin”
• Practical: patient non-adherence to treatment– Give patients more information
“Déjà vu all over again”12/12/2013
![Page 49: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Current projectIncrease cognitive accessibility of DSM*
• Analyze the “job” of diabetes• Focus on most critical tasks• Target instruction to ability level• Feedback & follow-up
12/12/2013 *DSM = diabetes self-management
![Page 50: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Human face of diabetes self-management
12/12/2013
![Page 51: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Job analyst’s view: The patient’s job description
• Learn about diabetes in general (At “entry’)– Physiological process– Interdependence of diet, exercise, meds– Symptoms & corrective action– Consequences of poor control
• Apply knowledge to own case (Daily, Hourly)– Implement appropriate regimen – Continuously monitor physical signs – Diagnose problems in timely manner– Adjust food, exercise, meds in timely and appropriate manner
• Coordinate with relevant parties (Frequently)– Negotiate changes in activities with family, friends, job – Enlist/capitalize on social support– Communicate status and needs to practitioners
• Update knowledge & adjust regimen (Occasionally)– When other chronic conditions or disabilities develop– When new treatments are ordered– When life circumstances change
• Conditions of work—24/7, no days off, no retirement
Self-management
Training
12/12/2013
![Page 52: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Good performance requires good judgment
IT IS NOT mechanically following a recipe IT IS keeping a complex system under control in often unpredictable circumstances
(like accident prevention process) Coordinate a regimen having multiple interacting elements Adjust parts as needed to maintain good control of system buffeted by many other factors Anticipate lag time between (in)action and system response Monitor advance “hidden” indicators (blood glucose) to prevent system veering badly out
of control Decide appropriate type and timing of corrective action if system veering off-track Monitor/control other shocks to system (infection, emotional stress) Coordinate regimen with other daily activities Plan ahead (meals, meds, etc.)
For the expected For the unexpected and unpredictable
Prioritize conflicting demands on time and behavior
12/12/2013
![Page 53: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Occupational hierarchy
• Cognitive complexity
12/12/2013
Diabetes?
![Page 54: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Sample guidance today
“Adjust insulin dose for number of carbohydrates in meal”
12/12/2013
Knowledge & mental calculations required??
![Page 55: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
•One piece of info •Simple match•But lots of irrelevant info Caution!
Can train people to do this task, butnot all possible tasks like it
12/12/2013
Task #1—Underline sentence saying how often to give medicineSample health literacy item—how simple?
![Page 56: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Task #1—Underline sentence saying how often to give medicine
NALS levels 1 2 3 4 5LITERACY SCORES: 100 200 250 300 350 400 500
Mean = 272
•One piece of info •Simple match•But lots of irrelevant info
#1239
Not so simple for many people…
12/12/2013
![Page 57: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Column1 1200 20
0
20
40
60
80
100
12
34
5 (highest)
Taskcomplexity
3
121
54
Ability level
Error rate (%)
2 3 4 5
Cognitive risk
Cognitive burden
Cognitive resources
23% 28% 31% 15% 3% % of adults:
*Source of data: National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS), ages 16-65., Kirsch et al. (1993)12/12/2013
47% 33% 16% 4% ~0% % of adults ages 60+:
Need an epidemiology of patient error
![Page 58: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
Column1 1200 20
0
20
40
60
80
100
12
34
5 (highest)
Taskcomplexity
3
121
54
Ability level
Error rate (%)
2 3 4 5
Cognitive risk
Cognitive burden
Cognitive resources
*Source of data: National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS), ages 16-65., Kirsch et al. (1993)12/12/2013
Change the job (not person) strategies
Reduce/limitSupplement
when critical tasks complex
![Page 59: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Stories of Synergy in Research on g
12/12/2013
Synergy – Interaction of parts has bigger
effect than the sum of parts
![Page 60: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
Example: 1986
12/12/2013
Created synergy
• Panel of illustrious authors
• Peer-reviewed journal
• Mailed 6000 copies to top researchers
Instant impact
![Page 61: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
6112/12/2013
“It is the position of AAIDD that intellectual functioning (as defined [by Mainstream
Science on Intelligence, 1997]) is best conceptualized
and captured by a general factor of intelligence, g” (p.
34).
AAIDD* Manual, 11th ed., 2010
Example: 1997
*AAIDD = Amer. Assoc. of Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities
![Page 62: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 62
Traits
g
Nomological network grows
![Page 63: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Performance
Life outcomes
Social structureEvolution
Genes
Brain
12/12/2013 63
Traits
g
Many others
ISIRShoulders I’ve stood on
Robert Plomin
Thomas Bouchard, Jr.
Douglas Detterman
Arthur Jensen
Richard HaierDavid Lubinski
Julian Stanley
Rosalind Arden
Lloyd Humphreys
Robert Gordon
John Carroll
Frank Schmidt
![Page 64: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
To our young members
12/12/2013
Go find some good shoulders to stand on!
![Page 65: Empirical Treasure, Lost and Found](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062305/568166dc550346895ddb05b0/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
Thank you.
12/12/2013