EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR IN ARCHITECTURAL …

EMPIRICALANALYSISOFBEHAVIORINARCHITECTURALSETTINGS

PrincipalInvestigator:LauraBrunik

GraduateStudentatNDSU(NorthDakotaStateUniversity)[email protected]

511140thAveNEHamLake,MN55304

USINGDARTFISHANDJMPSOFTWARETOMEASUREMOVEMENT

EMPIRICALANALYSISOFBEHAVIORINARCHITECTURALSETTINGS:USINGDARTFISHANDJMPSOFTWARETOMEASUREMOVEMENT

“Architecturecangetpeopletalking.Itcancalmchildrenintheclassroom,makepassivepeoplemoreactive,andshapecorporateculture.Itcanalsoencouragepeopletofindnewpathsanddiscovernew

aspectsoftheircity—andofthemselves.”KimHerforthNielsen

Understandingwhetherthemeresightofarchitecturecancreatebehavioralresponsesornotiscriticalto

anarchitect.Ifanarchitectknowswhatintentionalresponsetheywantfromtheinhabitantsoftheir

design,thentheycoulddecidefromavarietyofdesignoptionsdependingonthesensoryresponsesfor

eachtypeofspace.Thestrategytofindingoutifarchitecturecaninfluencebehavioristoassesshowthe

usersactuallyrespondandbehaveinparticularenvironments.Sensoryresponsesgenerallyinvolvecolor,

odor,illumination,vibration,etc.andareusuallylearnedresponsesbasedonculture.Inthiscontext,the

philosophicalframeworkforresearchissimplyempirical.Theresearchanalysisisdonetodetermineif

thereisarelationshipbetweenspaceandhowitmayinfluenceaperson’senergyandactivitylevel.

Studyingchildrenintheirchildcarecenterisagoodpropositionbecausechildrenaresilladaptingto

cultureandwecangettotherootofbehavioralresponses.Eventuallytheinformationfoundwillbeused

inathesisasatooltoevaluatewhetherarchitecturecanassistinamultipurposehealthandwellness

livingcenter.Thiscenterwillpromotespiritualwellnessaswellaslosingweightandmaintaininghealth.

Last printed 12/18/2010 9:42:00 AM of 23

INTRODUCTION

Canpeopleinteractandcommunicatewitharchitecture?Understandingthecontextofabuildingandthe

peoplewhoinhabitthestructuremayofferupadialoguethatgenerallypersistslongaftertheentire

constructionisfinalized.Thisiswhydesigningwithintentionisimportant.Investigatingasiteandasking

questionsabouttheinhabitantsofthesite,architectscanfindthenarrativethebuildingshouldtell.

Architectureisstorytelling,andthestorybecomesaprogressiveconcept.Architecture,caninfact,shapethe

world,ifwecanmakeitshapebehavior.

Obesityasaresearchmotivation

Obesityisthelastsociallyacceptableformofdiscrimination.Obesepeople,withpersonalexperiences,have

saidthattheyfeelinvisible;peopledonotlookthemintheeyethesamewaytheywouldwithathinperson,

andprofessionalcolleagues,inmostinstances,donottakethemasseriously.Thisinturnbecomesan

emotionalbattle.Foodindulgenceisperpetualandbecomesuncontrollableaslifeconfrontsthemwithdaily

conflict.Slowly,theweightwillgainandthedisorderoftenbecomesinvisibletotheovereater.

Itisimportanttorecognizethisbecauseobeseparentsaremorelikelytohaveobesechildren.Childrenare

veryresponsivetothelifestylesandhabitsoftheirparents.Childrenwillfollowthesamedietaryandexercise

habitsoftheirparentsandiftheymakepoorlifestylechoicesitencouragestheirchildrentofollowthesame

attitudesandbehaviors.Thesebehaviorsleadtoobesityaschildrenthatwillstaywiththemintoadulthood

andwilleventuallyrunanotherviciouscycle.

Itisimportanttoaddressobesity,asfamilymatterssothatboththeadultandchildarenotdevaluingthe

importanceofahealthy,activelifestyle.Evaluatingchildrenintheirenvironmentswillhelpadults,especially

familymembers,toaddressproblemsthatcontributetoobesity.

Themaintreatmentforobesityconsistsofdietingandphysicalexercise.Dietprogramsmayproduceweight

lossovertheshortterm,butmaintainingthisweightlossisfrequentlydifficultandoftenrequiresmaking

exerciseandalowercaloriedietapermanentpartofaperson’slifestyle.Acombinationofdietingand

exerciseappearstoworkbetterthaneitheronealone.Successratesoflong‐termweightlossmaintenance

withlifestylechangesarelowrangingfrom2–20%.Collaboratingsupportfromfamilyandfriendswillbe

essentialinaweightreductionprogram.Itisimportanttoestablishanutritiousroutinethatfeedsoneoften

sohungerisnotahauntingprogram.Mostpeopledon’trealizethatevenmodestweightlossimprovesyour


health.Droppingpoundsslowlyandsteadilywillincreaseyourchancesofkeepingtheweightoff.Lifelong

commitmentsthereforerequiretime,effort,andpatience.Remindingyourselfaboutyourpositiveprocessis

alsoanessentialkeytomentalsuccess.

Exerciseisamajormoodlifter,agreatwaytoburnenergy,andawaytostrengthenyourbones.Furthermore,

itredirectsanddiminishesstress,fillswastedtime,andreplacescravingandrelievestheoverwhelmingguilt

ofabuse,neglectanddominationbyfood.Exerciseisalsoagreattoolformanaginghighbloodpressure,heart

disease,ordiabetes.Exerciseworkstoraisethemetabolismasmusclesgrow,thencaloriesburnandfat

diminishes.Heartyactivityalsoincreasesthepowerofyourheartandlungs.Backedwithagooddiet,exercise

consistentlycorrectsahormonalsystemthateccentric.

Withmanagingobesechildren,theyneedtohaveathoroughmedicalevaluationbyapediatricianorfamily

physiciantoconsiderthepossibilityofaphysicalcause.Intheabsenceofaphysicaldisorder,theonlywayto

loseweightistoreducethenumberofcaloriesbeingeatenandtoincreasethechildoradolescent’slevelof

physicalactivity.Lastingweightlosscanonlyoccurwhenthereisself‐motivation.Sinceobesityoftenaffects

morethanonefamilymember,makinghealthyeatingandregularexerciseafamilyactivitycanimprovethe

chancesofsuccessfulweightcontrolforthechildoradolescent.

Exerciseingeneralshouldbeperformeddaily,andshouldnotbeforceduponsomeone.Architectureshould

thereforeimpactit’sinhabitantstohelpthembemotivatedtobeandstayactive,reducingtheproblemsthat

contributeto,andfollowfrom,obesity.

Childrenhavemanyoptionsforstayinghealthy,theyshouldavoidastationarylifestylebyincreasingtheir

activitylevel,performaerobicexerciseforatleast30minutesaday,threetimesaweek,increasetheir

physicalactivitysimplybywalking,climbingstairsinsteadofusinganelevatororescalator,ect.Childrenmay

alsotalktotheirhealthcareproviderbeforestartinganexerciseprogramandtheyshouldembracethe

delightoffulfillmentandthethrillofsuccess.


Contributingtowellness

Wellnessisgenerallyusedtomeanahealthybalanceofthemind,bodyandspiritthatresultsinanoverall

feelingofwellbeing(wikipedia).Thisisdifferentthanthetermforhealthywhichisastateofthiswellbeing

freefromdisease(princeton).WellnesshasbeendefinedbytheWisconsin‐basedNationalWellnessInstitute

asanactiveprocessofbecomingawareofandmakingchoicestowardamoresuccessfulexistence.Thisis

consistentwithashiftinfocusawayfromillnessinviewinghumanhealth,typicalofcontextswheretheterm

wellnessisused.Inotherwords,wellnessisaviewofhealththatemphasizesthestateoftheentirebeingand

itsongoingdevelopment.

Wellnesscanalsobedescribedas“theconstant,consciouspursuitoflivinglifetoitsfullestpotential.”

“We are all a little off-balance in that we are not perfect. And not all that appears to be misbehavior

is misbehavior or needs analysis -- Nothing work, planning, discipline and healthy pride can’t fix.”

-Dave Draper


ArchitectureandEnvironmentalPsychology

Environmentalpsychologyisaninterdisciplinaryfieldfocusedontheinterplaybetweenhumansandtheir

surroundings.Thefielddefinesthetermenvironmentbroadly,encompassingnaturalenvironments,social

settings,builtenvironments,learningenvironments,andinformationalenvironments.Sincethebeginningof

environmentalpsychology,thefieldhasbeencommittedtoprioritizingresearchaimingtosolvecomplex

environmentalproblemsinthepursuitofindividualwellbeingwithalargersociety.Whensolvingproblems

withahuman‐environmentinteraction,amodelmustbeusetopredicttheenvironmentalconditionsthata

humanwillbehaveinadecentandcreativemanner.Thismodelprovidesassistanceindesigning,managing

andprotectingtorestoreenvironmentsthatenhancereasonablebehaviorandpredictoutcomes.The

researchinherentlyexplorescomplexsettingssuchastheeffectofenvironmentalstressonhuman

performance,thecharacteristicsofrestorativeenvironments,humaninformationprocessing,andthe

promotionofdurableconservationbehavior.Geographers,economists,geographers,policy‐makers,

sociologists,anthropologists,educators,andproductdevelopersallhavediscoveredandparticipatedinthis

field.Although“environmentalpsychology”isarguablythebest‐knownandmostcomprehensivedescription

ofthefield,itisalsoknownashumanfactorsscience,cognitiveergonomics,environmentalsocialsciences,

architecturalpsychology,socio‐architecture,ecologicalpsychology,eco‐psychology,behavioralgeography,

environment‐behaviorstudies,person‐environmentstudies,environmentalsociology,socialecology,and

environmentaldesignresearch.Itisthelinkbetweenthepersonandthebuiltenvironment.


BACKGROUNDINFORMATION

TheGreekswerethefirsttorecognizeobesityasamedicaldisorder.Hippocrateswrote“Corpulenceisnot

onlyadiseaseitself,buttheharbingerofothers”.TheIndiansurgeonSushruta(6thcenturyBCE)related

obesitytodiabetesandheartdisorders.Herecommendedphysicalworktohelpcureitanditssideeffects.In

the1950s,increasingwealthinthedevelopedworlddecreasedchildmortality,butasbodyweightincreased

heartandkidneydiseasebecamemorecommon.Duringthistimeperiodinsurancecompaniesrealizedthe

connectionbetweenweightandlifeexpectancy,andincreasedpremiumsfortheobese.

Manyculturesthroughouthistoryhaveviewedobesityastheresultofacharacterflaw.Theobesusorfat

characterinGreekcomedywasagluttonandfigureofmockery.DuringChristiantimesfoodwasviewedasa

gatewaytothesinsofslothandlust.InmodernWesternculture,excessweightisoftenregardedas

unattractive,andobesityiscommonlyassociatedwithvariousnegativestereotypes.Peopleofallagescan

facesocialstigmatization,andmaybetargetedbybulliesorshunnedbytheirpeers.Obesityisonceagaina

reasonfordiscrimination.

TheproblemofchildhoodobesityintheUnitedStateshasgrownconsiderablyinrecentyears.

Between16and33percentofchildrenandadolescentsareobese.Obesityisamongtheeasiest

medicalconditionstorecognizebutmostdifficulttotreat.Unhealthyweightgainduetopoordiet

andlackofexerciseisresponsibleforover300,000deathseachyear.Theannualcosttosocietyfor

obesityisestimatedatnearly$100billion.Overweightchildrenaremuchmorelikelytobecome

overweightadultsunlesstheyadoptandmaintainhealthierpatternsofeatingandexercise.

EvolutionaryFactors

Duringthecourseofhumanevolution,intermittentfoodshortagesandanactivelifestylewouldhavebeen

thenorm.People,whodidnothavethegenetictraittoallowforfataccumulation,werebettersuitedto

survive.Peoplewhodidnothavetheabilitytostorefatorhavethechancetoeatmorethanwhatwasneeded

fordaytodaymetabolism,typicallydiedduringthesefoodshortagesandlongwinters.Therefore,thepeople

whodieddidnotpassontheirgeneticstothenextgeneration.Conversely,ourancestorswhowereableto

eatmorethanwhatwasneededfordaytodayneedsgrewfatanddidsurviveperiodsoffoodshortage,

passingthegenetictraitforobesityontothesubsequentsurvivinggenerations.Thisiswhy,atodayhuman,

havingsurvivedthemanygenerationsofpreviousancestors,indeedhaveageneticpredispositionforobesity.


ArchitectureandEnvironmentalPsychology

Theoriginsofthisfieldofstudyareunknown,however,WillyHellpachissaidtobethefirsttomention

“EnvironmentalPsychology”.Oneofhisbooks,Geopsychediscussestopicssuchashowthesunandthemoon

affecthumanactivity,theimpactofextremeenvironments,andtheeffectsofcolorandform.

TheendofWorldWarIIbroughtaboutahigherdemandfordevelopmentsinthefieldofsocialpsychology

particularlyintheareasofattitudechange,small‐groupprocesses,andintergroupconflict.Thisdemand

causedpsychologiststobeginapplyingsocialpsychologytheoriestoanumberofsocialissuessuchas

prejudice,war,andpeace.Itwasthoughtthatiftheseproblemswereaddressed,underlyingnotionsand

principleswouldsurface.

Althoughthistimeperiodwascrucialtothedevelopmentofthefield,themethodologiesusedtocarryoutthe

studieswerequestionable.Atthetime,studieswerebeingconductedinalaboratorysetting,whichcaused

somedoubtastotheirvalidityintherealworld.Consequently,environmentalpsychologistsbegantoconduct

studiesoutsideofthelaboratory,enablingthefieldtocontinuetoprogress.Todayenvironmentalpsychology

isbeingappliedtomanydifferentareassuchasarchitectureanddesign,TVprograms,andadvertisements.

TheearliestnoteworthydiscoveriesinthefieldofenvironmentalpsychologycanbedatedbacktoRoger

Barkerwhocreatedthefieldofecologicalpsychology.FoundinghisresearchstationinOskaloosa,Kansasin

1947,hisfieldobservationsexpandedintothetheorythatsocialsettingsinfluencebehavior.Empiricaldata

gatheredinOskaloosafrom1947to1972helpedhimdeveloptheconceptofthe“behaviorsetting”tohelp

explaintherelationshipbetweentheindividualandtheimmediateenvironment.Thiswasfurtherexploredin

hisworkwithPaulGumpinthebookBigSchool,SmallSchool:HighSchoolSizeandStudentBehavior.Oneof

thefirstinsightfulexplanationsonwhygroupstendtobelesssatisfyingfortheirmembersastheyincreasein

size,theirstudiesillustratedthatlargeschoolshadasimilarnumberofbehaviorsettingstothatofsmall

schools.Thisresultedinthestudents’abilitytopresumemanydifferentrolesinsmallschools(e.g.beinthe

schoolbandandtheschoolfootballteam)butinlargerschoolstherewasapropensitytodeliberateovertheir

socialchoices.Barkerpreferredfieldworkanddirectobservationratherthancontrolledexperiments.Someof

theminute‐by‐minuteobservationsofKansanchildrenfrommorningtonight,jotteddownbyyoungand

maternalgraduatestudents,maybethemostintimateandpoignantdocumentsinsocialscience.Barker

spenthiscareerexpandingonwhathecalledecologicalpsychology,identifyingthesebehaviorsettings,and

publishingaccountssuchasOneBoy’sDay(1952)andMidwestandItsChildren(1955.)


DartfishHistory

Dartfishstartedin1999whenitwasknownasVideoFinish™(nowknownasSimulCam™).Thissmallstart‐up,

eventuallybecamewellknownit2001foritsinnovativedigitalimageenhancementsinthesportsbroadcast

world.Dartfishisnowrecognizedforitsbreakthroughintrainingapplicationsforsports,education,

healthcare,andmore.Itiscutting‐edgeforsportstrainingandhasbecomeverypopularwithitsInternet

content.TheDartfishmissionis“Byprovidingcutting‐edgevideoandenrichmentfunctionalitiesineasy‐to‐use

applications,Dartfishmakesthepowerofvideoaccessibleandsetsthedefactovideostandardacross

industrieslikesports,education,healthcareandnewmedia.”

NDSUCenterforChildDevelopment

AccordingtotheNDSUwebsite,theCenterforChildDevelopmentisoperatedasaneducationandresearch

facilityfortheDepartmentofChildDevelopmentandFamilyScienceintheNDSUCollegeofHuman

DevelopmentandEducation,andasaservicetoNDSUfacultyandstaff.TheCenterislicensedbytheNorth

DakotaDepartmentofHumanServicesandisaccreditedbytheNationalAssociationfortheEducationof

YoungChildren.Thisassociation“recognizeshigh‐qualityearlychildhoodprogramsthatprovideasafeand

nurturingenvironment,whilepromotingthephysical,social,emotionalandintellectualdevelopmentofyoung

children.”

TheCenterforChildDevelopment’sphilosophyis“…thatchildrenlearninanenvironmentthatsupportstheir

successwhilebeingrespectfulofeachchild’slearningstyle.Theenvironmentprovidesopportunitiesfor

languageacquisitionandfostersthedevelopmentoftrustsochildrenfeelsafeandencouragedtoexplore,

discoverandplay.Teacherslistentochildren,encourageindependence,self‐controldevelopteaching

strategiestopromotepositiveoutcomesforallchildren.Patentinvolvementisalwayswelcomeinthecenter

topromoteastronghome‐centerpartnership.Thisvaluedpartnershipprovidescontinuityofcareand

educationforeachchild.”


OBJECTIVESThepurposeoftheresearchistocollectdataaboutsubjectsusingaspace,andanalyzethedatatoseeif

architecturalspaceaffectstheiractivitylevel.Thesubjectsinthiscontextarepreschoolchildrenfromthe

NDSUchildcarecenter.Severalreasonsforchosingtostudychildrenarethatchildrenarenotinfluencedby

theculturalconnotationsofcolorsandhowtheymakeyoufeel,childrenaresmallinsizesoawholebuilding

doesnotneedtobeconstructedtotesttheirreactions,andchildrenindaycarefacilitiesareeasytoobserve.

Theyhave“freedomforactivity.”Gettingtotherootofhumans’initialresponsesofactivitylevels,indifferent

spaces,underdifferentconditionsisessential.

Thedesirableoutcomeistoeventuallybeabletodeterminewhattypesofphysicalenvironmentswillhelpus,

unconsciously,leadtoomoreefficientandhealthierlives.


DISCUSSIONOFPROCEDUREThetacticsthatarenecessarytomeasurethebehaviorbasedonactivitylevelsistoevaluatetheamountof

movementofeachindividual,morespecifically,thedistanceinmovement,andthefrequency.Therearemany

reasonswhyapersonmaybeenergeticsotokeeptheresearchcontrolled,consistencyinthedailyactivitiesis

crucial,aswellasanalyzingtherecordingsdailytofindtheaverageamountofmovementwithineachstudy.

WiththehelpofDartfishsoftware,analyzingrecordedvideos,andthenevaluatingthedistancesmovedby

eachobjectinthevideowillbeeffortless.Dartfishallowstheusertopickmultiplesynchronizationpointsand

tofollowthemthroughoutatimeframe.Thiswillalloweachindividualtobefollowedinthevideoanalysisfor

measuringthedistancestraveled.

Thestrategyinfindingoutifarchitecturecaninfluencebehavioristoassesshowtheusersactuallyrespond

andbehaveinparticularenvironments.Studyingthepresenceorabsenceofdistractionwithinaspace,

lightinglevels,numberofsubjectsinthespace,temperatureofthespace,soundlevelsinthespace,andhow

itwillaffectbehavioraresuchmainfactors.Theanalysisbeginswithonlyafewsmallvariables,sothatthe

correctskillswilldevelopwiththescientificprocessandnewtechnologies.Duringthefirstweekopenspaces

versusenclosedspaces(measuredbyamountofobjectsinthespace)arestudied.Thenduringacertaintime

oftheday,suchasplaytime,acameraissetuptorecordtheactivityinthespace,thenthefindingsare

reviewedonthecomputerprogramtomarkthedistanceseachsubjecttraveled.Videodatawillberecorded

everydayforaweek.Thecomputerprogramhelpstoanalyzethesubjectsintheroomandrecordthedistance

eachonetraveled.Afterallthedataisanalyzedtheaveragedistancetraveledforthatparticularvariableis

found.Duringthesecondweekthechoicetostudydifferentlightinglevelsaremeasuredwithalightmeter.

Thesameplaytimeandcameraissetup,andthesamedatagatheringprocedureisfollowed.Duringthethird

weeksthesamestudyisfollowedwithdifferenttemperaturesintheroom,measuredwithatemperature

gage.Thechildrenarenotmovedfromtheiroriginalenvironments.Theobservationroomsinthedaycare

facilityareused,sothatthechildrenstillhaveanormaldaywithintheirchildcarecenter.

Participantsinthisstudyareminors(preschoolage3‐6),andtheprojectisconductedinclass,withaboutno

morethan20or30subjects.Theparticipantsandtheirparentsarecontactedbye‐mail,printoutsor

personallycontactedbyLauraBrunikortheirsupervisor.Withthesubjectsbeingminors,parent/guardian

consentformsaresentouttoeachindividual.Iftheychosenottoparticipatetheyaresentinaseparate

room,astheygoabouttheirdailyactivities.Theresearchdoesnotinterrupteducationalactivities.


Theparentssignaconsentformplacedbythesupervisorofthedaycarefacilityineachchild'smailbox.The

parentsreceivethiswhentheypicktheirchildupfromdaycare,andthendropitoffinayellowenvelope

outsidethedoor.

Theresearchdoesnotincludepotentialrisks.However,adjustingtemperaturelevelspossiblycontributeto

sicknesses.Therefore,temperaturesareconsistentlyintherangeof68to74degreesFahrenheit,because

accordingtotheX‐Celhomeenergy

(http://www.xcelenergy.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/docs/60_Ways.pdf)thesetemperaturesare

recommendedforcomfortableliving(alongwithsavingenergy).ItisalsoaNDlicensingrequirement.Theonly

discomfortthattheresearcharisesisthefactthatvideorecordingisusedfortheanalysis.Thedaycare

supervisorsenforcenormalsafetyprocedurestoensurethattherisksstaynomorethanminimal,andcorrect

emergencyandsafetyresponseproceduresarealwaystakenasnormal(thesameasNDSUenforces).

Allinformationcollectediskeptprivate.Videorecordingsofchildreninteractingintheirenvironmentare

collectedforanalysisbytheresearchteam.Thechild/legalwardisreferredtobyacode(suchasChildA,B,C,

etc).Namesarenotstoredindatafilesandneverappearinanyreportaboutthestudy.Informationisnot

sharedwiththechildren,theteacher,oranyotherschoolpersonnel.NDSUandtheprincipalinvestigatorown

dataandrecordscreatedbytheproject.Videorecording,isnecessarytomeasurethedistanceachildtravels

duringplaytimeorcertainotheractivitiesduringtheday.Afterthedatatheisanalyzed,graphswithsubjects

A,B,C,Etcshowthedistancethateachsubjecttraveled.Thevideoisonlyusedtocollectdataonthedistance

eachsubjecttravelled.Thedataisstoredonapersonalcomputeranddeletedoncethedatahasbeen

analyzed,italsohaspasswordauthentication.Thereisnosensitivedata,butinthecaseofunanticipated

abusecaughtoncamera,obligationtoreportitwouldbedone.


CalendarofEvents(Subjectedtopossiblychange) LightingLevels

First5days:ArtificialLighting/NonaturalLight

6‐10days:NaturalLighting

SoundLevels(nolyricsareused)

11‐15days:classicalmusic/relaxingmusic

16‐20days:Band/rhythmandbeat

TypesofSpaces

21‐25days:OpenSpaces(Morespacethantoys)vs.SmallerSpaces(Moretoysthanspace)

Inthisparticularareaofstudythechildrenarenotlimitedtotheirtoys.Thespaceswillare

setupthiswayandareseenhowthechildrenreacttoeachspace.Althoughitisnotencouraged,

theymaymovetoysaroundanditisjustbenotedasafactorinthestudy.Therearealsotwo

cameras(fromdifferentangles)studyingeachspace.Thesamechildcareproceduresrunasnormal.

TemperatureofSpaces(thisisonlybestudiedwithextratime)

26‐30days:Temperaturesetto68(nocooler)

31‐35days:Temperaturesetto74(nowarmer)

Note:Thisstudyisorganizedindaysinsteadofweeksincaseofabsenceoftheresearcherorinitial

startdatenotcorrespondingwiththefirstdayoftheweek.


Software&Equipment

• Dartfish• Camera• Tripod• Computersystemrequirements• Microsoftexcel• JMP• Multi‐usemeter(forlight,sound,etc.)

Thefirstthingtoconsiderbeforeusingthesoftwareistomakesurealltheequipmentiscorrect.Acamerais

themostessential,followedbyatripod,andexternaldevisetoholdvideofiles.Itisalsoimportanttomake

surethatthecomputermeetsalltherequirementsforthesoftware.

Inordertoseehowfarasubjectorpointinavideohastraveled,Dartfishfollowscertainpixelsthroughthe

videoframes.Italsocalculatesthedistancebasedonareferencepoint.Areferencepointmustbeusedinthe

videorecordingaswellasasteadycamera.Dartfishisabletographthedistancesandimporttheinformation

intoanexcelformat,andthenintovisualgraphswiththeJMPsoftware.


ThefollowinginformationisprovidedbyDartfish,Chapter5,AnalyzingPerformance

Toloadclipsintoananalysis

1. ActivateavacantvideodisplayscreenA,B,CorDinSingle‐screenmodeordisplaytherequired

numbervideodisplayscreensinSplit‐screenmode.

2. DoubleclickeachclipintheItemsListoftheTrayoftheLibrary

3. Youcanalsodrag&dropaclipontoanyvideodisplayscreen.Thisoffersgreaterflexibilityover

whichvideodisplayisused.Thismethodcanbeusedtoreplaceapreviouslyloadedclip.

Playingclips

Onceaclipisloadedyouhavetheabilitytocontroltheplayback(play/pause,stop,frame‐by‐frame,

etc.).Thiscanbedonebyusingtheplaybackcontrolsbuttonsandthetimelineunderneaththevideoscreen.

Drawingonthevideo

TheAnalyzerallowsyoutodrawshapesandaddtextontopofaclip’simages.Usequalitative

drawings(e.g.lines,circles,rectangles,etc.)tohighlightdetails.Quantitativetools(angles,measurements,

etc.)canbeusedtoextractstatisticsfromthevideo.

Toaddadrawing

1. Displaytheframeofvideotowhichyouwishtoaddshapesand/ortext.Todothis,youcandrag

theplayheadandusetheframe‐by‐framebuttons.

2. Selectadrawingtool


3. Positionthemousecursorontheimageatthepointwhereyouwanttostartdrawing

4. Leftclick,holdandmovethemousetotheendpoint

5. Releasethemousebutton

Tomeasuredistances,proceedasfollows:

1. Right‐clickontheTimebuttonandselectDistancefromthecontextmenu.

2. Click,holdandmovethemousecursortodrawthereferencedistance(theonewiththedashed

line)

3. Right‐clickonthereferencedistanceandselectsetasreference…fromthecontextmenu.

4. Enterthesizeofthereferenceobject.

5. SelecttheDistancetoolagainanddrawthedistance.Itwillbecomputedbasedonthelinelength

andreferencevalue.

Toactivatetheautomatictracking

1. Positiontheplayheadatthebeginningoftheperformance

2. Drawashapeonthevideo

3. Right‐clickontheshapeandselectTrackinginthecontextmenu

4. Selecttheobjectspeedfromthecontextsubmenu(thisdefineshowfarfromthelastpositionDartfish

willsearchthevideoimageforsimilarlycolored/shapedobjects).

5. Clicktheimagetodeselecttheobject.

Usingtheautomatictracking

Tostarttracking,simplyplaythevideo.ThedrawingcolorchangestogreenindicatingthatDartfishhasstarted

totracktheobject.Atanymoment,youcanpauseplaying;


• Ifyouobservethatthetrackingis“lost”(e.g.whentheobjectgetsoccluded).Inthiscase,manually

repositionthedrawingontothetrackedobjectandcontinueplaying.

• Iftheobjectdisappearsfromthefieldofview.Inthiscase,right‐clickonthedrawingandselect

SuspendTrackingfromthecontextmenu.Dartfishstopstrackingfromthisposition(thedrawingcolor

changestored.)

Usingthedatatable

TheDataTabledrawingtoolenablesyoutocollecttime‐dependentdatarelatedtotheactioninyourvideo.

Forexample,atdifferenttimeinstancesyoucanmanuallyenterthedistanceanathletehasrunsofar,justas

youwouldinanExcelspreadsheet.Then,thedatatabletoolcancompute(anddisplay)automaticallythe

averageoverallspeedoftheintervalspeedoftheathlete.Itisalsopossibletolinkanotherdrawingtoolsuch

asanangleorameasuringtooltoacolumnofadatatable,todisplayandstoretheevolutionofthe

correspondingquantity(angle/length)overtime.

1. Holdctrlandselectyourtrackdrawingandreferencepoint.Right‐clickandselectseconddrawing

followsfirst.

2. Thenctrlselectthedatatable.


FINDINGS

MultipleVariableswereformulatedearlyintheprocessandwereanissueforcertain

parents.Choosingtoeliminatevariablesandconcentratingonjustonewasthesolution.

Therefore,theresearchcontinuedbystudyingonlynaturallightversusartificiallight.

LightingLevels

First5days:NaturalLighting

6‐10days:ArtificialLighting/NonaturalLight

Manylessonswerelearnedthroughouttheresearchprocess.

1. Determinehowthesoftwareoperatesbeforeexplainingyourresearch,there

maybefactorsintheresearchthatthesoftwarerequires.

2. Makingsurethechildcaredepartmentwasuptodatewithallpreparations.

3. Communicationshouldbewellestablishedwiththechildcaredepartment

becausetheirsuggestionsmaybeimportanttoyourresearchprocess.This

shouldbedoneBEFOREtheIRBprotocolissubmitted.

4. IfyousubmittheIRBprotocolfirstthenyoumustgothroughtheprocess

overagainifthereareanychanges,andtherewillbechangesifthechildcare

departmentisn’tparalleltoyourresearchmaterial.

5. TimemaybeessentialinthisresearchandsubmittingtheIRBprotocol

multipletimesmaysetyouback.

6. Studyingthesoftwareisalsoimportant.Dartfishshowedthatacameramust

notmovedandareferencepointisneeded.


7. Givingpermissionslipstoparentsshouldbedoneatthebeginningofthe

weekandduethedaybeforethelast.Thisallowstheparentsanextradayif

theyhaveforgotten.Also,makeextracopies.

8. Themostimportantthingtoremember,unfortunately,isthateventhough

yougavetheparentsanextraday,youshouldexpectuptoaweekforlate

slips.

Someobservationsweremadewiththestudy.Flawsinthesetupwerediscovered.Dartfish

doesnotcalculatedepthfordistance,andtherewasnocontrolforkeepingthechildrenintheir

spaceforthesameamountoftimeeveryday.Otherobservationswerethatthechildrenmight

havebeenmoreactiveordrawntothespaceiftherewereothersaroundthem.Thespeedat

whichtheytraveledwasalsoafactor,andthexcelfilesshouldthattheaveragespeedatwhich

theytraveledwasgreaterinthevariableofnaturallighting.

RESULTSOverall,over35videoswerecollected,converted,combined,andanalyzed,producingover53

excelsspreadsheetsthatwerealso,combinedandanalyzedandasaresearchjourneythe

resultsarecurrentlyinconclusive.Withagreatdealoftrialanderrorandnewtechnical

equipmenttolearnandexperimentwith,timewasafragiledevice.Foreachhourandahalfof

videorecorded,therewere2hourstoanalyzeandrecordthedata.Thenthisprocessis

repeatedforeachindividualkidineachvideo.Thetimelineonlyallowedforonechildtobe

analyzed,therefore,thereareonlyresultsforsubjectAbelow.


CONCLUSIONTheresultsfordistancetraveledaregreaterinchildAwithartificiallight,howeverthisisnotbe

accuratebecausethetimemeasuredthatwewasinthespacewasmorethanthenaturallight.

Theresearchwoulddrawbetterresultsiftherecordingsweredoneinplanviewinsteadofa

perspective,thiswouldeliminatingtheproblemwithestimatingthedistanceindepthinthe

Dartfishsoftware.Resultswouldalsoimproveifthetimemeasuredwerethesame,orif

averageswereconcluded.Themoretimethechildwasallowedinthespace,themoredistance

hewouldconjureup.Also,eachchildshouldstillbeanalyzedandthentheaveragedistances

shouldbefoundbetweenallsubjectsforamoreaccuratereading.


REFERENCES

RendezvouswiththeU:HowArchitectureShapesBehavior,

©2009RegentsoftheUniversityofMinnesota.Allrightsreserved.

LastmodifiedonJanuary9,2009

https://events.umn.edu/Rendezvous‐with‐the‐U‐lecture‐How‐Architecture‐Shapes‐Behavior‐

006132.htm3xn,Approach,Strandgade73http://www.3xn.dk/Dartfish,AboutUshttp://www.dartfish.com/en/about‐us/index.htmDartfish,MediaGalleryhttp://www.dartfish.com/en/media‐gallery/product‐documentation/index.htmNDSUCenterforChildDevelopmenthttp://www.ndsu.edu/hdfs/center_for_child_development/

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSNDSUCenterforChildDevelopmentLiaison:GanapathyMahalingamProfessorandHeadoftheAIADepartmentofNDSU(NorthDakotaStateUniversity)[email protected],ND58102


� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ��

Laura N. Brunik 511 140th Ave NE Ham Lake, MN 55304 [email protected] 763-412-5484 “I think there’s much more to know as the world expands.” Betsy Bermingham, NDSU Associate English Professor “The purpose of the Wellness Center is to support the academic mission of NDSU by providing an environment where students may learn behaviors conducive to creating healthy lifestyles. Wellness, which is about making healthy lifestyle choices regarding mind, body, and spirit, is the common thread of the Center’s programs and services.” Wallman Wellness Center Mission Statement �

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