EMOTIONAL LEARNING & MEMORY
Transcript of EMOTIONAL LEARNING & MEMORY
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E M O T I O N A L L E A R N I N G &
M E M O R Y
L E A R N I N G & M E M O RY
A R L O C L A R K - F O O S
MR Scan:
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PUBLIC EMOTIONAL EVENTS
• Presidential Assassinations (and attempts)
• Natural Disasters (e.g., Tsunami or Earthquake)
• Resignation of Margaret Thatcher
• Attack on Pearl Harbor
• O.J. Simpson Verdict
• Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster
• Death of Princess Diana
• Death of Osama Bin Laden
• Attack on World Trade Center
How much can you recall?
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PUBLIC EMOTIONAL EVENTS
Colegrove (1899)
Abraham Lincoln’s assassination (1865): A very public event
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9/11 FLASHBULB
• The evening of 9/10…
• Discovery memory
• Fact memory
• Rehearsals
• More later…
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ORDINARY EVENTS
Can you recall details of any specific cars you passed on the way to the
campus today?
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EMOTION
• Three Components
– Physiological responses
– Overt Behaviors
– Conscious Feelings
• Fear Responses
• Paul Ekman’s Faces
• Does Culture play any role?
Ekman & Friesen (2003)
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AUTONOMIC AROUSAL
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
– Stress Hormones
• Epinepherine (adrenaline)
• Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)
– Similar response for pleasurable and unpleasant situations?
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WILLIAM JAMES & CARL LANGE
• Conscious Feelings of Emotion & Physiological Responses
– Which comes first?
– Somatic Theories of Emotion (e.g., Damasio’s Somatic Marker Hyp.)
– Making angry faces or Putting on a happy face
• Rating jokes with chopsticks in your mouth (Strack et al., 1988)
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THE PROBLEM WITH RUNNERS AND SEX
• Walter Cannon and Philip Bard (1927)
– Which comes first now?
• Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer (1962)
– “High Bridge”
– Scary Movies
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EMOTIONAL ANIMALS
• Tina the Elephant, Chimpanzee Baby Showers, and Killer Whales
– Physiological Responses, Overt Behaviors, Conscious Feelings?
– Tickling and laughing animals
• Tickling as reinforcement
• Vocalizations (Simonet et al., 2005) and Brain Activation (Meyer et al, 2007)
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FEAR CONDITIONING
• Freezing, why?
– Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)\
• US, UR, CS, CR
– Emotional Learning is…
• Fast
• Long Lasting
• Hard to Forget/Extinguish
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FEAR CONDITIONING
• LeDoux et al. (1990)
1. Familiarize/habituate to environment
2. CS + US
3. Test cue and context
Learn Cue
Without
Context:
Eliminate
Familiarization
Phase
Learn Context
Without Cue:
Eliminate
CS-US
Contingency
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SINGLE- AND MULTI-TRIAL LEARNING
• Claparède (1911): Korsakoff’s Disease
– “sometimes people hide needles in their hands”
• Damasio et al. (1985): Boswell
– Hospital staff favorites
• Johnson et al. (1985): Bio sketches
– Amnesiacs could still recall who was a “bad guy”
• Tranel & Damasio (1985): Prosopagnosia
– SCR vs. Recognition: Family vs. Strangers
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CONDITIONED ESCAPE
• Negative Reinforcement
SD (Shock) R (Lever) O (Escape)
• Even Better…Conditioned Avoidance
– Shouldn’t this extinguish?
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LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
• Seligman’s
– Avoidance Paradigm
• Prior Exposure to Inescapable Shock
• Transfer CS (tone) US (shock) to the Avoidance Paradigm
– Remove Wall, Bait Chamber, Experimenter Encouragement
– Depression?
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MERE EXPOSURE HYPOTHESIS
• Zajonc (1968)
– ‘Turkish’ words (e.g., jandara, ikitaf)
– Also for Chinese caligraphy
– Also for rapidly (1msec) presented shapes (Kunst-Wilson & Zajonc, 1980)
• Word Frequency
(Kučera & Francis, 1967)
• Ratings of positivity
– Good (more common/positive) vs. Better (less common/positive)
Long Short Above Below
785 212 296 145
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STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL
• Rehearsal?
• Cahill & McGaugh (1995)
– Arousing Story Content
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EPISODIC MEMORY
• Paired-Associates (Kleinsmith & Kaplan, 1963)
– Numbers and Words
• Love, Kiss, Vomit, Rape
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MOOD CONGRUENCY
• Music and Word- Autobiographical Memory Associations
– Eich et al. (1994)
– Advertising?
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FLASHBULB MEMORIES
• Brown & Kulik (1977)
– Six categories of remembered info.
– Discovery vs. Fact memory
• McCloskey vs. Bohannon
– indirect rehearsals
• Pillemer (1998)
– High Subjective Confidence
WhereInterrupted
Events
Source Did After
Others
ReactionsMy Reactions
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FLASHBULB MEMORIES
• Bohannon on the role of rehearsals and affect
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FLASHBULB MEMORIES
• Schmolk et al. (2000)
– Californians and the O.J. Simpson verdict
– Tested at 3 days, 15 months, & 32 months
– Long-term accuracy related to intensity of emotional reaction
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FLASHBULB MEMORIES
• FBs are…Long lasting, vivid, largely accurate
• Ulrich Neisser’s Flashbulb Memory
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WEAPON FOCUS(A CASE OF AN EMOTION AND MEMORY TRADE-OFF)
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WEAPON FOCUS
• Was there an animal in the background?
– What color?
– Johnson & Scott (1976)
• Weapon vs. No Weapon Group
• Bloody letter opener
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PAUSE FOR SLIDESHOW…
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EMOTIONAL FOCUS: A TRADE-OFF
Central DetailsPeripheral Details
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FEAR CONDITIONING AND PHOBIAS
• Freud, Hans, and a fallen Horse
– Unconscious anxiety about father/mother and fear of castration (Freud)
– Conditioned fear of horses (Eichenbaum)
CS (HORSE) US (FALLING ANIMAL/HURT)
CR (FEAR/PHOBIA) UR (FEAR/STARTLE)
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FEAR CONDITIONING AND PHOBIAS• Mineka et al. (1984)
– Rhesus Monkey & Mom
• Conditioning a fear of snakes
– Transactive memory (Wegner, 1985)
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FEAR CONDITIONING AND PHOBIAS
• Davis et al. (1994): Fear-Potentiated Startle Reflex
– Relaxed vs. Nervous
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YOU NEGATIVE NANCY!
• Conditioned Place Preference
No response required for reinforcement
Maybe they just
like lights?
counterbalancing
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H I S T O R I C A L V I E W S O F B R A I N A N D E M O T I O N
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PAPEZ CIRCUIT (1937)
• Two Pathways
– Higher Order (thought) vs. Lower Order (feeling)
– Limbic Lobe
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AMYGDALA
• Nuclei
– Central
– Basal/Basolateral
– Lateral
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JOSEPH LEDOUX’SAMYGDALOIDS
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JOSÉ DELGADO(1974)
Electrode implantation in the amygdalaDr. José Delgado, Director of Neuropsychiatry Yale University
Medical School Congressional Record, No. 26, Vol. 118 February 24,
1974
"We need a program of psychosurgery for political control of our
society. The purpose is physical control of the mind. Everyone who
deviates from the given norm can be surgically mutilated.”
"The individual may think that the most important reality is his own
existence, but this is only his personal point of view. This lacks
historical perspective. Man does not have the right to develop his
own mind. This kind of liberal orientation has great appeal. We must
electronically control the brain. Someday armies and generals will
be controlled by electric stimulation of the brain.“
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TICKLING THE ALMOND
• Species-typical defensive/emotional reactions
– Cats
– Rabbits
– Humans
Two-Factor Theory
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EMOTION EXPRESSION
• Kluver-Bucy disorder (1937): Temporal Lesions
– psychic blindness
• Adolphs et al. (1994, 1995): S.M. (Urbach-Wiethe)
– Difficulty recognizing fear, anger, and surprise
– Perceived fear as emotional, not fearful
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ADOLPHS ET AL. (1994)
S.M. (Urbach-Wiethe)
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ADOLPHS ET AL. (1995)
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BREITER ET AL. (1996)
• Amygdala activation and happy/fearful faces
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SOMMERVILLE ET AL. (2000)
• Amygdala activation and happy faces too!
Important for processing emotion, how about remembering it?
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FEAR CONDITIONING …AGAIN
• Phillips & LeDoux (1992)
What is happening in the amygdala?
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FEAR CONDITIONING CIRCUIT
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FEAR CONDITIONING CIRCUIT WITH AUDITORY CS
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EMOTIONAL VS. COGNITIVE MEMORY• Bechara et al. (1995): SCR and Recognition
Amygdala
Damage
(Urbach-Wiethe)
Hippocampal
Damage
Amygdala and
Hippocampal
Damage
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Direct ~ 12ms
Indirect ~ 19ms
LeDoux’s Two-Factor
THALAMIC AND CORTICAL INPUT
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LATERAL ALMOND RESPONDS TO SCARY ALMONDS
• Lateral Nucelus and Learning (LTP)
• Optogenetics
– Replacing CS with Stimulation of Inputs to LN(e.g., Nabavi et al., 2014)
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AMYGDALA AND EXPLICIT MEMORY• Cahill et al. (1996)
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BASOLATERAL NUCLEUS
• Cahill & McGaugh (1998)
– Arousing story memory and amygdala damage
– Norepinephrine/propranolol
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CENTRAL NUCLEUS
Stress Hormones
Blood brain barrier and (Nor)epinipherine
1. Fear
2. ANS
3. Adrenal Gland
4. Brainstem
5. Basolateral (waves)
6. Cortex/Hippo/Basal
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STEP-THROUGH INHIBITORY AVOIDANCE
• McGaugh et al. (1996): Basolateral Nucleus
– Glucocorticoids and Vagus Nerve
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NEVER FORGET!
• Gold & van Buskirk (1975)
Taste Aversions
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• Phillips & LeDoux (1992)
EMOTIONAL CONTEXT
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EMOTIONAL VS. COGNITIVE MEMORY (A REMINDER)• Bechara et al. (1995): SCR and Recognition
Amygdala
Damage
(Urbach-Wiethe)
Hippocampal
Damage
Amygdala and
Hippocampal
Damage
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A DOUBLE DISSOCIATION
• McDonald & White (1993)
– Win-Shift
• Hippocampus Dmg: Bad
– CPP (Positive)
• Amygdala Damage: Bad
– Win-Stay
• Striatum Damage: Bad
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REMEMBERING BY THE SEAT OF YOUR PANTS
• Goldinger & Hansen (2005)
– Thalamic input to LN?
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PFC AND THETWO-FACTOR THEORY
• Frontal patients
– Disruption of emotion/mood
– Frontal Lobotomy
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PFC AND THETWO-FACTOR THEORY
• Frontal patients
– Disruption of emotion/mood
– Frontal Lobotomy
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PFC AND THETWO-FACTOR THEORY
– Reading Emotion (Williams et al., 2001)
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DON’T LET IT GET YOU DOWN.