EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT. Four Basic Components of Emotions: 1.Stimuli that provoke a reaction...
-
Upload
harvey-nelson -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
1
Transcript of EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT. Four Basic Components of Emotions: 1.Stimuli that provoke a reaction...
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Four Basic Components of Emotions:
1. Stimuli that provoke a reaction
2. Feelings – Pos. or neg. conscious experiences of which we become aware
3. Physiological arousal
4. Behavioral response
Example:
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Sequence of Emotional Development:
Newborn
3 months
2 ½ - 6 months
8 – 10 months
Second year
Third year
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Functions of Emotions:
1. Adaptive function
2. Communication
3. Social relationships
4. Sociomoral development
5. Source of pleasure or pain
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Temperament: a person’s characteristic modes of responding emotionally and behaviorally to environmental events, including such attributes as activity level, irritability, fearfulness, and sociability.
Moderately heritable! Non-shared experiences affect later temperament.
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
New York Longitudinal Study: 40% Easy, 10% Difficult, 15% Slow-to-Warm-Up, rest showed unique patterns
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Attachment: a close emotional relationship between two persons characterized by….
1. Mutual affection
2. Frequent interaction and close proximity
3. Selectivity
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Infant characteristics promoting attachment:
1. “kewpie doll” appearance
2. Rooting, sucking, grasping reflexes
3. Smiling
4. Cooing, babbling
5. Crying
6. Synchronous movement
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Infant characteristics making attachments more difficult:
1. Physically unattractive
2. Weak reflexes
3. Irritable
4. Little pleasant vocalization
5. Irritating, shrill cry
6. Easily over stimulated
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Caregiver characteristics hindering attachment:
1. Maternal depression
2. Abused mother
3. Mother doesn’t want baby
4. Mother unable to take lead
5. Mother insensitive to infant
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Ecological Constraints on Attachment:
1. Several children
2. Poor marital relationship
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Theories of Attachment
Psychoanalytic Theory
Learning Theory
Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Ethological Theory
Summary of Evidence
1. Feeding not as critical as once believed.
2. Contact comfort & responsive interaction are important.
3. Timing is related to obj. perm.
4. Infants are active participants.
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Stranger Anxiety – Wary reaction to a stranger which occurs shortly after attachment to a primary caregiver.
Separation Anxiety – Wary or fretful reaction that infants and toddlers often display when separated from the person(s) to whom they are attached.
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Separation Anxiety
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Why Infants Fear Separation and Strangers
“Conditioned Anxiety” Hypothesis
- Separation
- Strangers
- Comments
Ethological Viewpoint
- Separation
- Strangers
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Why Infants Fear Separation and Strangers
Cognitive-Developmental Viewpoint
- Separation
- Strangers
Conclusion:
1. Child’s fear of losing warmth/security of caregiver
2. Apprehension of unfamiliar
3. Inability to fit into existing schemes.
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Types of Attachment
Secure Attachment
• Explores
• Distressed when separated
• Warmly greets mom
• Outgoing to strangers when mom is there
Insecure Attachment (Anxious/Resistant)
• Anxious
• Very distressed when separated
• Ambivalent on mom’s return
• Wary of strangers when mom is there
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Types of Attachment
Insecure Attachment (Anxious/Avoidant)
• Not interested in exploring
• Little distress when separated
• Avoids contact on return
• Not wary of stranger
Insecure Attachment (Disorganized/disoriented)
• Show mixture of other two types of insecure attachment
• Show approach/avoidance conflict when mom returns
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Explanations of Attachment Differences
Ainsworth’s Caregiving Hypothesis: quality of an infant’s attachment depends largely on the kind of attention the infant has received.
Secure attachment:
Insecure attachment (anxious/resistant):
Insecure attachment (anxious/avoidant):
Insecure attachment (disorganized/disoriented):
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Explanations of Attachment Differences
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Explanations of Attachment Differences
Kagan’s Temperament Hypothesis: quality of an infant’s attachment reflects individual differences in infant temperament. All other factors being equal, then:
Easy temperament:
Difficult temperament:
Slow-to-warm-up temperament:
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Explanations of Attachment Differences
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Explanations of Attachment Differences
Kagan’s Temperament Hypothesis: quality of an infant’s attachment reflects individual differences in infant temperament. All other factors being equal, then:
Easy temperament:
Difficult temperament:
Slow-to-warm-up temperament:
Who is correct? What is the evidence?
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Long-term Correlates of Attachment Quality
Securely attached toddlers and preschoolers tend to be:
1. Better problem solvers at age 2
2. More creative
3. More attractive playmates
4. Initiate play activities
5. Sensitive to others
6. Curious
7. Self-directed
8. Eager to learn
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Important Factors in Daycare & Attachment
• Quality of care
• Parental attitudes
• Two-parent or Single parent?
• Socioeconomic status (SES)
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Important Factors in Daycare & Attachment
Characteristics of High Quality Day Care:
1. Child-to-caregiver ratio
2. Caregivers warm/expressive/responsive
3. Little staff turnover
4. Age-appropriate curriculum
5. Administration willing/eager to confer with parents about child
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Daycare & Attachment
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The “Unattached” Infant
A. Harlow’s Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The “Unattached” Infant
A. Harlow’s Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys
1. Three months of Isolation
a. Characteristics displayed
b. Recovery?
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The “Unattached” Infant
A. Harlow’s Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys
1. Three months of Isolation
2. Six months of Isolation
a. Characteristics displayed
b. Recovery?
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The “Unattached” Infant
A. Harlow’s Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys
1. Three months of Isolation
2. Six months of Isolation
3. Twelve months of Isolation
a. Characteristics displayed
b. Recovery?
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The “Unattached” Infant
A. Harlow’s Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys
1. Three months of Isolation
2. Six months of Isolation
3. Twelve months of Isolation
4. Summary of this work
5. Later recovery
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The “Unattached” Infant
A. Harlow’s Studies of Socially-Deprived Monkeys
B. Early Social Deprivation in children
1. Characteristics of Infants
2. Characteristics of Toddlers/Older Children
3. How to Aid Recovery from Early Social Deprivation