Emotion - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Emotion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion[25/02/2012 17:45:00]

Emotion

Emotions

AffectionAngerAngstAnguishAnnoyanceAnxietyApathyArousalAweBoldnessBoredomContemptContentmentCuriosityDepressionDesireDespairDisappointmentDisgustDreadEcstasyEmbarrassmentEnvyEuphoriaExcitementFearFearlessnessFrustrationGratitudeGriefGuiltHappinessHatredHopeHorrorHostilityHurtHysteriaIndifferenceInterestJealousyJoyLoathing

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Emotion (disambiguation).

"Emotional" redirects here. For other uses, see Emotional (disambiguation).

Emotion is a complex psychophysiological experience of anindividual's state of mind as interacting with biochemical (internal) andenvironmental (external) influences. In humans, emotionfundamentally involves "physiological arousal, expressive behaviors,and conscious experience."[1] Emotion is associated with mood,temperament, personality, disposition, and motivation. Motivationsdirect and energize behavior, while emotions provide the affectivecomponent to motivation, positive or negative.[2]

No definitive taxonomy of emotions exists, though numeroustaxonomies have been proposed. Some categorizationsinclude:[citation needed]

"Cognitive" versus "non-cognitive" emotionsInstinctual emotions (from the amygdala), versus cognitiveemotions (from the prefrontal cortex).

A related distinction is between the emotion and the results of theemotion, principally behaviors and emotional expressions. Peopleoften behave in certain ways as a direct result of their emotionalstate, such as crying, fighting or fleeing. If one can have the emotionwithout a corresponding behavior, then we may consider the behaviornot to be essential to the emotion.[citation needed]

The JamesLange theory posits that emotional experience is largelydue to the experience of bodily changes. The "functionalist" approachto emotions (for example, Nico Frijda and Freitas-Magalhaes) holdsthat emotions have evolved for a particular function, such as to keepthe subject safe.[citation needed]

Contents [hide]

1 Etymology2 Classification3 Theories

3.1 Somatic theories3.2 Neurobiological theories3.3 Cognitive theories3.4 Situated perspective on emotion

4 Disciplinary approaches4.1 Evolutionary psychology4.2 Sociology4.3 Psychotherapy4.4 Computer science

5 Notable theorists

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LonelinessLoveLustMiseryPanicPassionPityPleasurePrideRageRegretRemorseSadnessSatisfactionShameShockShynessSorrowSufferingSurpriseTerrorWonderWorryZealZest (positivepsychology)

V T E

6 See also7 References

7.1 Notes7.2 Further reading

8 External links

The English word emotion is derived from the French word mouvoir.This is based on the Latin emovere, where e- (variant of ex-) means"without" and movere means "move."[3] The related term "motivation"is also derived from the word movere.

Main article: Emotion classification

There are basic and complex categories, where some basic emotionscan be modified in some way to form complex emotions (for example,Paul Ekman). In one model, the complex emotions could arise fromcultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions.Alternatively, analogous to the way primary colors combine, primaryemotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotionalexperience. For example interpersonal anger and disgust could blendto form contempt.[citation needed] Further to this, relationships existbetween basic emotions, such as having positive or negativeinfluences, with direct opposites existing. The contrasting andcategorization of emotions describes these relationships.

A distinction is then made between emotion episodes andemotional dispositions. Dispositions are also comparable tocharacter traits, where someone may be said to begenerally disposed to experience certain emotions, thoughabout different objects. For example an irritable person isgenerally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quicklythan others do. Finally, some theorists (for example, KlausScherer, 2005) place emotions within a more generalcategory of "affective states" where affective states canalso include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasureand pain, motivational states (for example, hunger orcuriosity), moods, dispositions and traits.[citation needed]

The neural correlates of hate have been investigated withan fMRI procedure. In this experiment, people had theirbrains scanned while viewing pictures of people theyhated. The results showed increased activity in the medialfrontal gyrus, right putamen, bilaterally in the premotorcortex, in the frontal pole, and bilaterally in the medial insula of the human brain. The researchersconcluded that there is a distinct pattern of brain activity that occurs when people are experiencinghatred (Zeki and Romaya, 2008).

Theories about emotions stretch back at least as far as the stoics of ancient Greece, as well as Platoand Aristotle. We also see sophisticated theories in the works of philosophers such as RenDescartes,[4] Baruch Spinoza[5] and David Hume. Later theories of emotions tend to be informed byadvances in empirical research. Often theories are not mutually exclusive and many researchersincorporate multiple perspectives (theories) in their work.

Examples of basic emotions.

[edit]Etymology

[edit]Classification

[edit]Theories

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Somatic theories of emotion claim that bodily responses rather than judgements are essential toemotions. The first modern version of such theories comes from William James in the 1880s. Thetheory lost favor in the 20th century, but has regained popularity more recently due largely totheorists such as John Cacioppo, Antnio Damsio, Joseph E. LeDoux and Robert Zajonc who areable to appeal to neurological evidence.[citation needed]

Main article: JamesLange theory

William James, in the article "What is an Emotion?",[6] argued that emotional experience is largelydue to the experience of bodily changes. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similartheory at around the same time, so this position is known as the JamesLange theory. This theoryand its derivatives state that a changed situation leads to a changed bodily state. As James says "theperception of bodily changes as they occur is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sadbecause we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nortremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."[6]

This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state, a desired emotionis induced.[7] Such experiments also have therapeutic implications (for example, in laughter therapy,dance therapy). Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions: e.g."I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The JamesLange theory,conversely, asserts that first we react to a situation (running away and crying happen before theemotion), and then we interpret our actions into an emotional response. In this way, emotions serveto explain and organize our own actions to us.

The JamesLange theory has until 1953 been all but abandoned by most scholars. [8]

Tim Dalgleish (2004)[9] states the following:

The JamesLange theory has remained influential. Its main contribution is theemphasis it places on the embodiment of emotions, especially the argument thatchanges in the bodily concomitants of emotions can alter their experienced intensity.Most contemporary neuroscientists would endorse a modified JamesLange view inwhich bodily feedback modulates the experience of emotion." (p. 583)

The issue with the JamesLange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions andbeing a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued is stillquite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).

Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiologicalexplanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized inthe limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles,emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in whichneurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down thebrain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures, and postures.

For example, the emotion of love is proposed to be the expression of paleocircuits of the mammalianbrain (specifically, modules of the cingulate gyrus) which facilitate the care, feeding, and grooming ofoffspring. Paleocircuits are neural platforms for bodily expression configured before the advent ofcortical circuits for speech. They consist of pre-configured pathways or networks of nerve cells in theforebrain, brain stem and spinal cord.

The motor centers of reptiles react to sensory cues of vision, sound, touch, chemical, gravity, andmotion with pre-set body movements and programmed postures. With the arrival of night-activemammals, smell replaced vision as the dominant sense, and a different way of responding arosefrom the olfactory sense, which is proposed to have developed into mammalian emotion andemotional memory. The mammalian brain invested heavily in olfaction to succeed at night as reptilessleptone explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than inthe reptiles. These odor pathways gradually formed the neural blueprint for what was later to become

[edit]Somatic theories

[edit]JamesLange theory

[edit]Neurobiological theories

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our limbic brain.

Emotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention,motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering workby Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group ofstructures in the center of the brain called the limbic system, which includes the hypothalamus,cingulate cortex, hippocampi, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some ofthese limbic structures are not as directly related to emotion as others are, while some non-limbicstructures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance.

In 2011, Lvheim proposed a direct relation between specific combinations of the levels of the signalsubstances dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin and eight basic emotions. A model waspresented where the signal substances forms the axes of a coordinate system, and the eight basicemotions according to Silvan Tomkins are placed in the eight corners. Anger is, according to themodel, for example produced by the combination of low serotonin, high dopamine and highnoradrenaline.[10]

There is ample evidence that the left prefrontal cortex isactivated by stimuli that cause positive approach.[11] Ifattractive stimuli can selectively activate a region of thebrain, then logically the converse should hold, thatselective activation of that region of the brain should causea stimulus to be judged more positively. This wasdemonstrated for moderately attractive visual stimuli[12]

and replicated and extended to include negative stimuli.[13]

Two neurobiological models of emotion in the prefrontalcortex made opposing predictions. The Valence Modelpredicted that anger, a negative emotion, would activate the right prefrontal cortex. The DirectionModel predicted that anger, an approach emotion, would activate the left prefrontal cortex. Thesecond model was supported.[14]

This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is betterdescribed as moving away (Direction Model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance(Movement Model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (Action Tendency Model). Support for theAction Tendency Model (passivity related to right prefrontal activity) comes from research onshyness[15] and research on behavioral inhibition.[16] Research that tested the competing hypothesesgenerated by all four models also supported the Action Tendency Model.[17][18]

Another neurological approach distinguishes two classes of emotion. "Classical" emotions includinglove, anger and fear, are evoked by appraisal of scenarios fed by environmental stimuli via distancereceptors in the eyes, nose and ears.[19] "Homeostatic"[20] or "primordial"[21] emotions are feelingssuch as pain, hunger, thirst and fatigue, evoked by internal body states, communicated to the centralnervous system by interoceptors, which motivate behavior aimed at maintaining the body's internalmilieu at its ideal state.[22] These demanding sensations that capture conscious attention arecoordinated from the lower or basal regions of the brain and impact diverse regions of the brain,including the frontal lobes.[21]

Several theories argue that cognitive activityin the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughtsisnecessary for an emotion to occur. This, argued by Richard Lazarus, is necessary to capture the factthat emotions are about something or have intentionality. Such cognitive activity may be conscious orunconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.

An influential theory here is that of Lazarus: emotion is a disturbance that occurs in the followingorder: 1.) Cognitive appraisalThe individual assesses the event cognitively, which cues the

Lvheim Cube of emotion

[edit]Prefrontal cortex

[edit]Homeostatic/primordial emotion

[edit]Cognitive theories



emotion. 2.) Physiological changesThe cognitive reaction starts biological changes such asincreased heart rate or pituitary adrenal response. 3.) ActionThe individual feels the emotion andchooses how to react. For example: Jenny sees a snake. 1.) Jenny cognitively assesses the snake inher presence, which triggers fear. 2.) Her heart begins to race faster. Adrenaline pumps through herblood stream. 3.) Jenny screams and runs away. Lazarus stressed that the quality and intensity ofemotions are controlled through cognitive processes. These processes underlie coping strategies thatform the emotional reaction by altering the relationship between the person and the environment.

George Mandler provided an extensive theoretical and empirical discussion of emotion as influencedby cognition, consciousness, and the autonomic nervous system in two books (Mind and Emotion,1975, and Mind and Body: Psychology of Emotion and Stress, 1984)

There are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgements,evaluations, or thoughts is necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophicalexponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life,1993). The theory proposed by Nico Frijda where appraisal leads to action tendencies is anotherexample.

It has also been suggested that emotions (affect heuristics, feelings and gut-feeling reactions) areoften used as shortcuts to process information and influence behavior.[23] The affect infusion model(AIM) is a theoretical model developed by Joseph Forgas in the early 1990s that attempts to explainhow emotion and mood interact with one's ability to process information.

A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theoryis neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes themeaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized bycognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessaryfor such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of theemotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are heldto be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relationbetween the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found inphilosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.

This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano(1996), that looks at the causes, structures, and consequences of emotional experience (especially inwork contexts). This theory suggests that emotions are influenced and caused by events which inturn influence attitudes and behaviors. This theoretical frame also emphasizes time in that humanbeings experience what they call emotion episodesa "series of emotional states extended over timeand organized around an underlying theme." This theory has been utilized by numerous researchersto better understand emotion from a communicative lens, and was reviewed further by Howard M.Weiss and Daniel J. Beal in their article, "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" published inResearch on Emotion in Organizations in 2005.

In the CannonBard theory, Walter Bradford Cannon argued against the dominance of the JamesLange theory regarding the physiological aspects of emotions in the second edition of BodilyChanges in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage. Where James argued that emotional behavior oftenprecedes or defines the emotion, Cannon and Bard argued that the emotion arises first and thenstimulates typical behavior.

Another cognitive theory is the SingerSchachter theory. This is based on experiments purportedlyshowing that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the samephysiological state with an injection of adrenaline. Subjects were observed to express either anger oramusement depending on whether another person in the situation displayed that emotion. Hence, thecombination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline ora placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's(2004) Gut Reactions.

[edit]Perceptual theory

[edit]Affective events theory

[edit]CannonBard theory

[edit]Two-factor theory



A recent version of the cognitive theory regards emotions more broadly as the synchronization ofmany different bodily and cognitive components. Emotions are identified with the overall processwhereby low-level cognitive appraisals, in particular the processing of relevance, trigger bodilyreactions, behaviors, feelings, and actions.

A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino ,emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion,drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology.[24] This theory is markedly different from bothcognitivist and neo-Jamesian theories of emotion, both of which see emotion as a purely internalprocess, with the environment only acting as a stimulus to the emotion. In contrast, a situationistperspective on emotion views emotion as the product of an organism investigating its environment,and observing the responses of other organisms. Emotion stimulates the evolution of socialrelationships, acting as a signal to mediate the behavior of other organisms. In some contexts, theexpression of emotion (both voluntary and involuntary) could be seen as strategic moves in thetransactions between different organisms. The situated perspective on emotion states that conceptualthought is not an inherent part of emotion, since emotion is an action-oriented form of skillfulengagement with the world. Griffiths and Scarantino suggested that this perspective on emotion couldbe helpful in understanding phobias, as well as the emotions of infants and animals.

Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role ofemotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions areexamined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursingstudies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans.Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processesand behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. Inneuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study theneural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study ofpersonality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaningof sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning are examined.

Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and socialinteractions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, socialpatterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars useethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of humanactivities; some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field ofcommunication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions inorganizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus onemotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor.The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet,[25] an e-mail distribution list representing a network ofacademics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion inorganizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members fromacross the globe.

In economics, the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goodsand services, emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics, in order to assess therole of emotions on purchase decision-making and risk perception. In criminology, a social scienceapproach to the study of crime, scholars often draw on behavioral sciences, sociology, andpsychology; emotions are examined in criminology issues such as anomie theory and studies of"toughness," aggressive behavior, and hooliganism. In law, which underpins civil obedience, politics,economics and society, evidence about people's emotions is often raised in tort law claims forcompensation and in criminal law prosecutions against alleged lawbreakers (as evidence of thedefendant's state of mind during trials, sentencing, and parole hearings). In political science,emotions are examined in a number of sub-fields, such as the analysis of voter decision-making.

In philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example,sensoryemotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see

[edit]Component process model

[edit]Situated perspective on emotion

[edit]Disciplinary approaches



also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret andanalyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents isone of the tools of interpretation. In literature and film-making, the expression of emotion is thecornerstone of genres such as drama, melodrama, and romance. In communication studies, scholarsstudy the role that emotion plays in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is alsostudied in non-human animals in ethology, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific studyof animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties toecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example, aggression) in anumber of unrelated animals.

Main article: Evolution of emotion

Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory wereinitiated in the late 19th century with Charles Darwin'sbook The Expression of the Emotions in Man andAnimals.[26] Darwin's original thesis was that emotionsevolved via natural selection and therefore have cross-culturally universal counterparts. Furthermore, animalsundergo emotions comparable to our own (see emotion inanimals). In the early 1970s, Paul Ekman and colleaguesbegan a line of research that suggests that manyemotions are universal.[2] He found evidence that humansshare at least five basic emotions: fear, sadness,happiness, anger, and disgust.[2] Other research in thisarea focuses on physical displays of emotion includingbody language of animals and humans (see affectdisplay). The increased potential in neuroimaging has alsoallowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of thebrain. Important neurological advances were derived fromthese perspectives in the 1990s by, for example, JosephE. LeDoux and Antnio Damsio.

Social emotions evidently evolved to motivate socialbehaviors that were adaptive in the ancestral environment.[2] For example, spite seems to workagainst the individual but it can establish an individual's reputation as someone to be feared.[2]Shame and pride can motivate behaviors that help one maintain one's standing in a community, andself-esteem is one's estimate of one's status.[2][27]

Main article: Sociology of emotions

We try to regulate our emotions to fit in with the norms of the situation, based on manysometimesconflictingdemands upon us which originate from various entities studied by sociology on a microlevelsuch as social roles and "feeling rules" the everyday social interactions and situations areshaped byand, on a macro level, by social institutions, discourses, ideologies, etc. For example,(post-)modern marriage is, on one hand, based on the emotion of love and on the other hand thevery emotion is to be worked on and regulated by it. The sociology of emotions also focuses ongeneral attitude changes in a population. Emotional appeals are commonly found in advertising,health campaigns and political messages. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaignsand political campaign advertising emphasizing the fear of terrorism.

Depending on the particular school's general emphasis either on cognitive components of emotion,physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components ofemotion,[28] different schools of psychotherapy approach human emotions differently. Cognitivelyoriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as rational emotive behaviortherapy. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components

[29]

[edit]Evolutionary psychology

Illustration from Charles Darwin's TheExpression of the Emotions in Man andAnimals.

[edit]Sociology

[edit]Psychotherapy



(like in contemporary Gestalt therapy).

Main article: Affective computing

In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has beenaimed at developing devices that recognize human affect display and model emotions.[30] Incomputer science, affective computing is a branch of the study and development of artificialintelligence that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, andprocess human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer sciences, psychology, andcognitive science.[31] While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to earlyphilosophical enquiries into emotion,[6] the more modern branch of computer science originated withRosalind Picard's 1995 paper[32] on affective computing.[33][34] Detecting emotional informationbegins with passive sensors which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior withoutinterpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotionsin others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed toexhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions.Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns.The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors andsensors.

In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (18421910) and CarlLange (18341900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote abouteducational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy ofpragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developedthe JamesLange theory , a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states thatwithin human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous systemcreates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and drynessof the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiologicalchanges, rather than being their cause.

Some of the most influential theorists on emotion from the 20th century have died in the last decade.They include Magda B. Arnold (19032002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisaltheory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (19222002), an American psychologist who specialized inemotion and stress, especially in relation to cognition; Herbert Simon (19162001), who includedemotions into decision making and artificial intelligence; Robert Plutchik (19282006), an Americanpsychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion; Robert Zajonc (19232008) aPolishAmerican social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as socialfacilitation. In addition, an American philosopher, Robert C. Solomon (19422007), contributed to thetheories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as What Is An Emotion?: Classic andContemporary Readings (Oxford, 2003).

Influential theorists who are still active include psychologists, neurologists, and philosophers including:

Lisa Feldman Barrett Social philosopher and psychologist specializing in affective science andhuman emotion.John Cacioppo from the University of Chicago, founding father with Gary Berntson of socialneuroscience.Antnio Damsio (born 1944) Portuguese behavioral neurologist and neuroscientist who worksin the USRichard Davidson (born 1951) American psychologist and neuroscientist; pioneer in affectiveneuroscience.Paul Ekman (born 1934) Psychologist specializing in study of emotions and their relation tofacial expressionsBarbara Fredrickson Social psychologist who specializes in emotions and positive psychology.Nico Frijda (born 1927) Dutch psychologist who specializes in human emotions, especially facial

[edit]Computer science

[edit]Notable theorists



Wikiversity has learningmaterials about Emotion

expressionsPeter Goldie British philosopher who specializes in ethics, aesthetics, emotion, mood andcharacterArlie Russell Hochschild (born 1940) American sociologist whose central contribution was inforging a link between the subcutaneous flow of emotion in social life and the larger trends setloose by modern capitalism within organizations.Joseph E. LeDoux (born 1949) American neuroscientist who studies the biologicalunderpinnings of memory and emotion, especially the mechanisms of fearGeorge Mandler (born 1924) - American psychologist who wrote influential books on cognition andemotionJaak Panksepp (born 1943) Estonian-born American psychologist, psychobiologist andneuroscientist; pioneer in affective neuroscience.Jesse Prinz American philosopher who specializes in emotion, moral psychology, aesthetics andconsciousnessKlaus Scherer (born 1943) Swiss psychologist and director of the Swiss Center for AffectiveSciences in Geneva; he specializes in the psychology of emotionRonald de Sousa (born 1940) EnglishCanadian philosopher who specializes in the philosophyof emotions, philosophy of mind and philosophy of biology.

AffectmeasuresAffectiveComputingAffectiveforecastingAffectiveneuroscienceAffectivescienceCyberEmotionsEmotion

classificationEmotion inanimalsEmotions andcultureEmotion andmemoryEmotionalexpressionFeelingFuzzy-tracetheory

Sex andemotionSociology ofemotionsSocialneuroscienceSomaticmarkershypothesisAffectivescience#MeasuEmotions

1. ^ Myers, David G. (2004) "Theories ofEmotion." Psychology: Seventh Edition, NewYork, NY: Worth Publishers, p. 500.

2. ^ a b c d e f Gaulin, Steven J. C. and Donald H.McBurney. Evolutionary Psychology. PrenticeHall. 2003. ISBN 13: 9780131115293, Chapter6, p 121-142.

3. ^ Emotional Competency discussion ofemotion

4. ^ See Philip Fisher (1999) Wonder, TheRainbow and the Aesthetics of RareExperiences for an introduction

5. ^ See for instance Antonio Damasio (2005)Looking for Spinoza.

6. ^ a b c James, William. 1884. "What Is an

consciousness. Oxford University Press. p. 10.ISBN 9780199203147.

20. ^ Craig , A.D. (Bud) (2003). "Interoception:The sense of the physiological condition of thebody" . Current Opinion in Neurobiology 13(4): 500505. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00090-4 . PMID 12965300 .

21. ^ a b Derek A. Denton (8 June 2006). Theprimordial emotions: the dawning ofconsciousness. Oxford University Press. p. 7.ISBN 9780199203147.

22. ^ Craig , A.D. (Bud) (2008). "Interoceptionand emotion: A neuroanatomicalperspective" . In Lewis, M.; Haviland-Jones,J.M.; Feldman Barrett, L.. Handbook of Emotion

[edit]See also

[edit]References

[edit]Notes



Emotion?" Mind. 9, no. 34: 188-205.7. ^ Laird, James, Feelings: the Perception of

Self, Oxford University Press8. ^ jstor.com , Cornelius L. Golightly, The

JamesLange Theory: A Logical Post-Mortem.9. ^ Dalgleish, T. (2004). The emotional brain.

Nature: Perspectives, 5, 58289.10. ^ Lvheim H. A new three-dimensional model

for emotions and monoamineneurotransmitters. Med Hypotheses (2011),Epub ahead of print.doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.11.016 PMID22153577

11. ^ Kringelbach, M.L.; O'Doherty, J.O.; Rolls,E.T.; & Andrews, C. (2003). Activation of thehuman orbitofrontal cortex to a liquid foodstimulus is correlated with its subjectivepleasantness. Cerebral Cortex, 13, 10641071.

12. ^ Drake, R.A. (1987). Effects of gazemanipulation on aesthetic judgments:Hemisphere priming of affect. ActaPsychologica, 65, 9199.

13. ^ Merckelbach, H.; & van Oppen, P. (1989).Effects of gaze manipulation on subjectiveevaluation of neutral and phobia-relevantstimuli: A comment on Drake's (1987) 'Effectsof gaze manipulation on aesthetic judgments:Hemisphere priming of affect.' ActaPsychologica, 70, 147151.

14. ^ Harmon-Jones, E.; Vaughn-Scott, K.; Mohr,S.; Sigelman, J.; & Harmon-Jones, C. (2004).The effect of manipulated sympathy and angeron left and right frontal cortical activity.Emotion, 4, 95101.

15. ^ Schmidt, L.A. (1999). Frontal brain electricalactivity in shyness and sociability.Psychological Science, 10, 316320.

16. ^ Garavan, H.; Ross, T.J.; & Stein, E.A. (1999).Right hemispheric dominance of inhibitorycontrol: An event-related functional MRI study.Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences, 96, 83018306.

17. ^ Drake, R.A.; & Myers, L.R. (2006). Visualattention, emotion, and action tendency:Feeling active or passive. Cognition andEmotion, 20, 608622.

18. ^ Wacker, J.; Chavanon, M.-L.; Leue, A.; &Stemmler, G. (2008). Is running away right?The behavioral activationbehavioral inhibitionmodel of anterior asymmetry. Emotion, 8, 232249.

19. ^ Derek A. Denton (8 June 2006). Theprimordial emotions: the dawning of

(3 ed.). New York: The Guildford Press.pp. 272288. ISBN 978-1-59385-650-2.Retrieved 6 September 2009.

23. ^ see the HeuristicSystematic Model, or HSM,(Chaiken, Liberman, & Eagly, 1989) underattitude change. Also see the index entry for"Emotion" in "Beyond Rationality: The Searchfor Wisdom in a Troubled Time" by Kenneth R.Hammond and in "Fooled by Randomness: TheHidden Role of Chance in Life and in theMarkets" by Nassim Nicholas Taleb.

24. ^ Griffiths, Paul Edmund and Scarantino,Andrea (2005) Emotions in the wild: Thesituated perspective on emotion.

25. ^ EmoNet26. ^ Darwin, Charles (1872). The Expression of

Emotions in Man and Animals. Note: This bookwas originally published in 1872, but has beenreprinted many times thereafter by differentpublishers

27. ^ Wright, Robert. Moral animal.28. ^ Freitas-Magalhes, A., & Castro, E. (2009).

Facial Expression: The effect of the smile in theTreatment of Depression. Empirical Study withPortuguese Subjects. In A. Freitas-Magalhes(Ed.), Emotional Expression: The Brain andThe Face (pp. 127140). Porto: UniversityFernando Pessoa Press. ISBN 978-989-643-034-4

29. ^ On Emotion an article from ManchesterGestalt Centre website

30. ^ Fellous, Armony & LeDoux, 200231. ^ Tao, Jianhua; Tieniu Tan (2005). "LNCS".

Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction.3784. Springer. pp. 981995.doi:10.1007/11573548 .

32. ^ "Affective Computing" MIT TechnicalReport #321 (Abstract ), 1995

33. ^ Kleine-Cosack, Christian (October 2006)."Recognition and Simulation of Emotions"(PDF). Archived from the original on May 28,2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008. "Theintroduction of emotion to computer sciencewas done by Pickard (sic) who created the fieldof affective computing."

34. ^ Diamond, David (December 2003). "The LoveMachine; Building computers that care." .Wired. Retrieved May 13, 2008. "RosalindPicard, a genial MIT professor, is the field'sgodmother; her 1997 book, AffectiveComputing, triggered an explosion of interest inthe emotional side of computers and theirusers."

[edit]Further reading



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Look up emotion in Wiktionary,the free dictionary.

Dana Sugu & Amita Chaterjee "Flashback: Reshuffling Emotions" , International Journal on HumanisticIdeology, Vol. 3 No. 1, SpringSummer 2010.Cornelius, R. (1996). The science of emotion. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Freitas-Magalhes, A. (Ed.). (2009). Emotional Expression: The Brain and The Face. Porto: UniversityFernando Pessoa Press. ISBN 978-989-643-034-4.Freitas-Magalhes, A. (2007). The Psychology of Emotions: The Allure of Human Face. Oporto: UniversityFernando Pessoa Press.Ekman, P. (1999). "Basic Emotions ". In: T. Dalgleish and M. Power (Eds.). Handbook of Cognition andEmotion. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Sussex, UK:.Frijda, N.H. (1986). The Emotions. Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and Cambridge University Press. [1]Hochschild, A.R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feelings. Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press.Hogan, Patrick Colm. (2011). What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.LeDoux, J.E. (1986). The neurobiology of emotion. Chap. 15 in J.E. LeDoux & W. Hirst (Eds.) Mind andBrain: dialogues in cognitive neuroscience. New York: Cambridge.Mandler, G. (1984). Mind and Body: Psychology of emotion and stress. New York: Norton.Nussbaum, Martha C. (2001) Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.),Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion (pp. 333). New York: Academic.Ridley-Duff, R.J. (2010). Emotion, Seduction and Intimacy: Alternative Perspectives on Human Behaviour(Third Edition), Seattle: Libertary Editions. http://www.libertary.com/book/emotion-seduction-intimacyRoberts, Robert. (2003). Emotions: An Essay in Aid of Moral Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.Scherer, K. (2005). What are emotions and how can they be measured? Social Science Information Vol.44, No. 4: 695729.Solomon, R. (1993). The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.Zeki, S. & Romaya, J.P. (2008), "Neural correlates of hate", PloS one, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 3556.Wikibook Cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscienceDror Green (2011). "Emotional Training, the art of creating a sense of a safe place in a changing world".Bulgaria: Books, Publishers and the Institute of Emotional Training.Swirski, Peter. (2011). "It Can't Happen Here or Politics, Emotions, and Philip Roth's The Plot AgainstAmerica." American Utopia and Social Engineering in Literature, Social Thought, and Political History. NewYork, Routledge.

Online Demo: Emotion recognition from speech,University of Patras, Wire Communication LabFacial Emotion Expression LabCNX.ORG: The Psychology of Emotions, Feelings and Thoughts (free online book)Queen Mary Centre for the History of the EmotionsHumaine Emotion-Research.net: The Humaine Portal: Research on Emotions and Human-Machine InteractionPhilosophyofMind.net: Philosophy of Emotions portalSwiss Center for Affective SciencesThe Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Theories of EmotionThe Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: EmotionUniversity of Arizona: Salk Institute:

Emotions (list)

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