Emotion October 19 th , 2004
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Transcript of Emotion October 19 th , 2004
EmotionOctober 19th, 2004
• Brain Damage and Emotion– Kluver-Bucy Syndrome– Phineas Gage– The case of SM
• Theories of Emotion– Darwin– James - Lang– Cannon - Bard
• Fear– Measuring Fear
•Facial expressions•Fear in non-human animals
– Neural Circuits of Fear
Munch, 1893
EmotionKluver-Bucy Syndrome
Damage to the Medial Temporal Lobe produces:
• Emotional Blunting: a flat affect and may not respond appropriately to stimuli. • Hyperphagia: extreme weight gain without a strictly monitored diet. There is a
strong tendency for those with Kluver-Bucy to compulsively place inedible objects in their mouths.
• Inappropriate Sexual Behavior: atypical sex behaviors, mounting inanimate objects.
• Visual Agnosia: "psychic blindness," i. e. an inability to visually recognize objects.
EmotionPhineas Gage
Phineas Gage:
From responsible, religious respectable and socially well-adapted man to an irreverent, profane and impulsive itinerant.
EmotionSM
SM:
A life-long pattern of social and emotional inadequacy.
Urbach-Wiethe Disease
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HappyAngry
AfraidSurprised
Disgusted
Mean C
orr
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SM
Control
Theories of EmotionDarwin:
Observed…..• Innateness of emotional expression:• Expressions appear similarly in many
lower animals • Expressions appear in very young children • Expressions appear identical in those born
blind
Concluded…..• Expression of emotion evolve from
behaviors that indicate what an animal might do next.
• If the signals provided by the behaviors enhance the animal’s ability to survive, they will be retained.
• Opposite messages are revealed through opposite behaviors
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange:
Emotional stimuli activate physiological reactions that are then interpreted as emotional experiences.
Cannon-Bard:
Emotional stimuli simultaneously activate physiological reactions emotional feelings.
Data……
•Injections of epinephrine do not produce emotional feelings…….
•Individuals with no peripheral sensation experience emotion.
EmotionFacial Expressions
Neutral Anger Disgust Fear
Happy Sad Surprise Neutral
EmotionFacial Expressions
AngerHappy
EmotionFacial Expressions
FearHappy
Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. The Journal of Neuroscience, 18(1), 411-418.
EmotionA theory of Amygdala Involvement in Fear
EmotionFacial Expressions
Neutral Anger Disgust Fear
Happy Sad Surprise Neutral
EmotionFacial Expressions
Neutral Anger Disgust Fear
Happy Sad Surprise Neutral
EmotionFear
heart rate
Decreased appetite
Increased startle
Defecation
Decreased pain reactivity
motor activity
Rodent
Increase heart rate
Decreased appetite
Increased startle
Increased motility
Decreased pain reactivity
Decrease motor activity
Central State of
Fear
Human
Laboratory Procedures for Measuring Fear and Anxiety in Rodents
Pavlovian Fear Conditioning
Shock
heart ratedecreased salivationincreased startledefecationhypoalgesiaActivity
Central State of
Fear
Auditory Stimulus
&
Auditory Stimulus
EmotionLaboratory Procedures for Measuring
Fear
Pavlovian Fear Conditioning
heart ratedecreased salivationincreased startledefecationhypoalgesiaActivity
Central State of
Fear
EmotionDamage to the Amygdala Interferes
with Fear
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Five Trial Blocks
Mea
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Cha
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Fro
m P
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ShamAmygdala LesionUntrained
Kapp, B. S., Frysinger, R. C., Gallagher, M., & Haselton, J. R. (1979). Amygdala central nucleus lesions: effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit. Physiology & Behavior, 23, 1109-1117.
EmotionAmygdala Damage Interferes with Conditioned
FearMeasure of Fear Species Lesion Reference
heart rate rabbit electrolytic ACE Kapp et al (1979)rat electrolytic ACE Sananes et al (1989)rabbit electrolytic ACE /BLA Powell et al (1997)rat electrolytic ACE Young & Leaton (1996)
Increased blood pressure rat excitotoxic ACE Iwata et al (1986)
Decreased pain reactivity rat electrolytic ACE/BLA Helmsteter (1992)rat electrolytic ACE/BLA Watkins et al (1993)
Increased startle rat electrolytic ACE Hitchcock & Davis (1987)rat excitotoxic BLA Sananes & Davis (1992) rat reversible ACE/BLA Kim et al (1993)rat excitotoxic ACE/BLA Campeau & Davis (1995)rat electrolytic ACE Falls & Davis (1995)mouse electrolytic BLA Heldt et al (2000)
Freezing rat electrolytic ACE Blanchard & Blanchard (1972)
rat electrolytic ACE LeDoux et al (1988)rat reversible Helmsteter (1992) rat electrolytic ACE Kim et al (1993)rat excitotoxic BLA Cousins & Otto (1998)rat excitotoxic BLA Maren (1998)mouse electrolytic BLA Desmendt et al (1998)
A. B.
EmotionAmygdala Damage in Humans is Associated with
Deficits in Conditioned Fear
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Habit. Cond. Test 1 Test 2
SCR
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nitu
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SM
Normal
Urbach-Wiethe Disease
Bechara, A., Tranle, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., Rocklan, C., & Damasio, A. R. (1995). Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocmapus in humans. Science, 269, 1115-1118.
EmotionHuman Amygdala Activation in Fear Conditioning
LaBar, K. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (1998). Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear-acquisition and extinction: a mixed-trial fMRI study. Neuron, 20, 937-945.Bar, et al (1998). Neuron, 20, 937-945.
EmotionPathways Mediating Conditioned Fear
ThalamusEar Tectum Cortex
CE
ThalamusShock US
LA BLA
Amygdala
Auditory Stimulus
dMNV
PAG
PnCCortex
EmotionPathways Mediating Conditioned Fear
The Amygdala, Facial Expression, & Racial Bias
The Amygdala, Facial Expression, & Racial Bias