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![Page 1: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies
Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University College London United Kingdom
Collabortors:
Ziri Younsi * (ITP, Frankfurt), Ignacio Ferreras (MSSL, UCL)
Idunn Jacobsen (MSSL, UCL), Aayush Saxena * (Leiden)
Sandor Kruk * (Oxford), Curtis Saxton (Technion)
Alvina On (MSSL, UCL), Steven Fuerst * (Kavli, Stanford)
Hung-Yi Pu (ASIAA), Youske Mizuno (ITP, Frankfurt)
![Page 2: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Content
1. A phenomenological overview
2. Some simple minded physics
3. Systems that I have looked at (I) :
Emission from plasmoids ejected from black holes
Younsi & Wu (2015), MNRAS, to be submitted
4. Systems that I have looked at (II) :
UHE neutrino fluxes from various AGN populations …
Jacobsen, Wu, et al (2015), MNRAS, in press
5. Some naïve thoughts about galactic outflows:
Galactic outflows from the starburst galaxy M82
Sutton, Ferreras, Wu, et al. (2014), MNRAS, 440,
150
![Page 3: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. A phenomenological overview
![Page 4: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Hillas plot
The Lamor radius of the particle should not exceed the characteristic size of its accelerator
![Page 5: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Source phenomenology
RCW120 nebula
(credit: Hershel Observatory)
superbubble in the LMC
(credit: C. Smith [U Michigan])
![Page 6: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Source phenomenology
large-scale galactic winds/outflows in the starburst galaxy M82
(credit: HST/Chandra/Spitzer)
![Page 7: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Source phenomenology
(credit: wikipedia)
![Page 8: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Source phenomenology
cavity/bubbles in NGC741 group
(Jetha et al. 2008)
![Page 9: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Source phenomenology
(credit: NRAO/U Northern Iowa)
M87
![Page 10: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Source phenomenology
cavities/bubbles in galaxy clusters
(Doria et al. 2012)
![Page 11: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Source phenomenology
(credit: Nature.com)
![Page 12: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Revisiting the Hillas plot
Now, shall we look at the Hillas plot in a slightly different perspective?
![Page 13: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2. Very simple-minded physics
![Page 14: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Magnetic fields in astro-systems
magnetic field (gauss)
1 10310-3 106 109 101210-6
stars white dwarfs
neutron stars
magnetars
galaxies
clusters walls? voids?
1023
linear size (cm)
109 106 10610101025>1026
10-9 ?
1011
mass (solar mass)
1 1 1~11013
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Magnetic fields in astro-systems
- magnetars
- neutron stars
- white dwarfs
- solar-like stars
- galaxies
- galaxy clusters
- superclusters, filaments, voids
1028 G cm2
1021 - 1025 G cm2
1021 - 1025 G cm2
~1041 G cm2
1021 - 1023 G cm2
~1042 G cm2
???
non-directional magnetic flux
in co-moving frame
![Page 16: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
High-energy emission
High-energy electromagnetic radiation
How about High-energy non-photonic radiation?
- Synchrotron radiation - (inverse) Compton scattering - Bremsstrahlung radiation - Electron-positron annihilation
- Cosmic rays - Neutrinos
It seems to need some high-energy particles.
But what? Where? How?
![Page 17: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Transport of high-energy emission
About the delivery of the particles/radiation
About the path of delivery of the particles/radiation
- Particle number (non-)conservation - Particle phase space conservation
- Space-time (properties) - Electro-magnetic force (?)
Continuity equation:
![Page 18: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Transport of high-energy emission
Continuity equation (as a Boltzmann equation):
Continuity equation (in the covariant form):
Continuity equation for free-falling particle packets:
![Page 19: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Producing high-energy emissionAstrophysical context (macro-phenomenological physics)
- shocks in astrophysical systems
(credit: UC Berkeley)
![Page 20: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Producing high-energy emissionAstrophysical context (macro-phenomenological physics)
- unipolar induction (?)
(credit: NRAO/AUI, MPIfR, ASC-Lebedev, Y. Y. Kovalev)
![Page 21: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Producing high-energy emissionAstrophysical context (macro-phenomenological physics)
- alternation of magnetic field topology
(credit:NASA-GSFC)
![Page 22: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
3. Systems that I look at (I): Emission from plasmoids ejected from black holes
![Page 23: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
GRMHD jet
(Pu … Wu et al 2015)
![Page 24: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Episodic outflow from a black hole
(Meyer et al. 2015)
![Page 25: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
CME-like plasmoid ejection from accreting black holes
(Yuan, Lin, Wu, Ho 2009)
![Page 26: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Covariant radiative transfer
• Relativistic beaming • Doppler shift • Transverse Doppler shift • Gravitational redshift • Gravitational lensing • Reference frame dragging
spin/polarisation in strong gravity-de-Sitter precession -Lense-Thirring precession -spin-curvature coupling
[moment expansion: Thorne (1980), Fuerst (2005), Wu et al. (2006, 2008) Shibata et al. (2011)]
Younsi & Wu (2014)
![Page 27: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Ray-tracing in black hole environments
( Ziri Younsi, 2013, PhD thesis, UCL)
Schwarzschild black holeKerr black hole
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Black hole shadowing and tori around a rotating black hole
Movies:
1.Shadow of a Kerr black hole 2.Frequency shifts on a surface of a torus around a Kerr black hole 3.Intensity of emission from an opaque tours around a Kerr black hole4.Emission image of a semi-opaque torus around a Kerr black hole 5.Emission image of an translucent torus around a Kerr black hole
![Page 29: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Plasmoid launched from a black hole
(Younsi & Wu 2015)
![Page 30: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Gravitational lensing on the plasmoid emission
Movies: 1.Plasmoid orbiting a Schwarzschild black hole viewed at an inclination of 45 deg 2.Plasmoid orbiting a Schwarzschild black hole viewed at an inclination of 90 deg 3.Plasmoid orbiting a Kerr black hole viewed at an inclination of 45 deg 4.Plasmoid robiting a Kerr black hole viewed at an inclination of 90 deg
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Lightcurves of opaque plasmoids
Younsi & Wu (2015)
![Page 32: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Lightcurves of opaque plasmoids
( Ziri Younsi, 2013, PhD thesis, UCL)
![Page 33: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Time corrected lightcurves of an opaque plasmoid orbiting a Schwarzschild black hole
Younsi & Wu (2015)
![Page 34: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Time corrected lightcurves of an opaque plasmoid orbiting a Schwarzschild black hole
Younsi & Wu (2015)
![Page 35: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Time corrected lightcurves of a transparent plasmoid orbiting a Kerr black hole
Younsi & Wu (2015)
![Page 36: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Lightcurves of plasmoid ejection
Younsi & Wu (2015)
![Page 37: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Lightcurves of plasmoid ejection
Younsi & Wu (2015)
![Page 38: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
3. Systems that I look at (II): UHE neutrino fluxes from various AGN populations derived from X-ray surveys
![Page 39: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
AGN as UHE neutrino sources
(credit: ESO, MPIfR, APEX, NASA, CXC)
![Page 40: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Testing AGN as UHE neutrino sources
UHE neutrinos
Gamma-ray
X-raysaccretion disk
jet/outflow
hadronic interaction
jet astrophysics
photo-hadronic interaction
accretion
Note that (Pakvasa 2008)
![Page 41: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Photo-hadronic jet models
Left: Koers & Tinyakov (2008) model; Right: Becker & Biermann (2009) model
![Page 42: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
X-ray luminosity function of AGN
![Page 43: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
AGN populations
The AGN populations and their evolution are derived from the X-ray luminosity functions constructed from the Chandra (Silverman et al. 2008) and Swift/BAT (Ajello et al. 2009) X-ray survey data.
(Jacobsen, Wu et al. 2015)
![Page 44: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Neutrino fluxes from various AGN
(Jacobsen, Wu et al. 2015)
IC59: IceCube 1-year limit (Aartsen et al.2015)
Dashed line: Best-fit IceCube diffuse neutrino spectrum(Aartsen et al. 2015)
![Page 45: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Neutrino fluxes from various AGN
(Jacobsen, Wu et al. 2015)
![Page 46: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
What we have found:
1. Cen A is not a typical neutrino source or not even a source
2. X-ray and neutrino fluxes of AGN are not universally scaled across the sub-classes
3. The jet models by Koers & Tinyakov (2008) and Becker & Biermann (2009) overestimated the neutrino production rate
4. Some AGN are by nature not neutrino sources
5. Neutrino generation and X-ray generation may gave different duty cycle
6. It is a combination of the above
![Page 47: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
3. Some comments/thoughts about galactic outflow: Galactic outflows from the starburst galaxy M82
![Page 48: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The starburst galaxy M82
(credit: R. Zmaritsch and A. Gross)
![Page 49: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Swift/UVOT observation of M82
Hutton, Ferreras, Wu et al. (2014)
![Page 50: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Luminosity density across M82
Hutton, Ferreras, Wu et al. (2014)
![Page 51: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Colour difference between the galactic disk and the wind
Hutton, Ferreras, Wu et al. (2014)
![Page 52: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Colour difference between the galactic disk and the wind
x = 0 Mie scattering
x = - 4Rayleigh scattering
Hutton, Ferreras, Wu et al. (2014)
![Page 53: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Size distribution of dust grain in the galaxy wind of M82
Hutton, Ferreras, Wu et al. (2014)
![Page 54: Emission and high-energy particles in jets, outflows and bubbles in galaxies and beyond galaxies Kinwah Wu Mullard Space Science Laboratory University.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110210/56649e615503460f94b5c5b1/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Some very naïve thoughts about galactic outflows
1. How the dust co-exist with the high-energy radiations in the disk wind?
2. Can we use the spatial distribution of the dust properties to infer the cosmic ray and high-energy particle content throughout the wind cone?