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Emerging trends in librarianship
H Anil Kumar
Librarian, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad
November 22, 2014
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Outline
Why Libraries?
What about the Ecosystem?
What role do the libraries play?
What are the important issues for libraries today?
What are the trends that play out for libraries?
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Society
Government
Institutions
Scholarship
Publishing
Peer review
Information
Data
Technology
Knowledge
Education
Talent
OPEN ECOSYSTEM
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WHY?
Education
Libraries
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http://onicra.com/intranet/2013/Onicra-Pulse-Jan-2013-Quality-of-Education-In-India-v2.html
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India Skills Report 2014 by People Strong, Wheebox and CII
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Government Initiatives in Education • Improve Access
– More institutions – Improve infrastructure – E-learning – Improve GER
• Improve quality – Entry - admissions – Experience
• Design - curriculum • Delivery – pedagogy • Choice based credits • Teacher training • Learning materials
– Evaluation • Learning focus • Application orientation • Grades vs marks
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http://www.aicte-india.org/stinstitutes.php
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Beyond schooling: Private tuition
• Potential – Market is $2 billion a year in India – Annual growth rate 20% (ET 28.1) – E-tutorial market pegged at Rs 3,500 crores by 2015 – 40% CAGR from Rs. 1,200 crores
presently: ASSOCHAM • 40 per cent of parents - Rs 80,000 to Rs 1 lakh annually - tuition fee
• Facts – CAT 2 lakhs for 1700 IIM seats – All India dental / medical – 2 lakhs for 2500 seats – IIT JEE – 4 lakhs for 7000 seats (FE 28.1)
• Private coaching – money spent (NSS) – Rs. 3485 West Bengal – Rs. 3318 Gujarat – Rs. 3273 Maharashtra – Rs. 2604 Karnataka – Rs. 2593 Delhi
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http://www.thenational.ae/business/technology/lack-of-demand-and-poor-quality-blamed-for-decline-in-enrolment-in-indias-engineering-colleges
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Resources 20% Environment 20% Connectivity 20% Output 40%
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http://www.openuped.eu/
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https://www.edx.org/
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https://www.coursera.org/
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Hole in the wall
Self-Organized Learning Environments (SOLEs)
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Technology Advantages
• Learn at your own pace and interest
• Supplement learning in the classroom
• Less dependency on formal support
• Explore new ways of learning
• Variety and wide range of topics
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Learning and education
• Formal methods – Classroom training – Laboratory training – On the job or apprenticeship
• Non-formal methods – Self-study and Reading – Watching, seeing and trying
• Sources – Institutes / schools / industries / employers – Libraries and laboratories – Internet
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Libraries
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Why go beyond formal methods?
• The 95 Percent Solution: School is not where most Americans learn most of their science by John H. Falk and Lynn D. Dierking
• Recent findings challenge the longstanding belief that the place for science knowledge acquisition is the classroom.
• International comparisons of trends in science knowledge over lifetimes suggests that much if not most science knowledge is acquired outside of school.
American Scientist: v. 98 (Nov-Dec), 2010
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• The prison industry needs to plan its future growth –
how many cells are they going to need? How many prisoners are there going to be, 15 years from now?
• And they found they could predict
it very easily, using a pretty simple algorithm, based on asking what percentage of 10 and 11-year-olds couldn't read. And certainly couldn't read for pleasure.
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• Well-meaning adults can easily destroy a child's love of reading: stop them reading what they
enjoy, or give them worthy-but-dull books that you like, the 21st-century
equivalents of Victorian "improving" literature. You'll wind up with a generation convinced that reading is uncool and worse, unpleasant.
• China in 2007, at the first party-approved science fiction and fantasy convention in Chinese history.
• It's simple, he told me. The Chinese were brilliant at making things if other people brought them
the plans. But they did not innovate and they did not invent. They did not imagine. So they sent a delegation to the US, to
Apple, to Microsoft, to Google, and they asked the people there who were inventing the future about themselves.
• And they found that all of them had read science fiction when they were boys or girls.
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Universities, ours and theirs
Krishna Kumar (in The Hindu, August 9, 2012)
• Recruitment of faculty
• Concept of teaching (periods)
• Concept of knowledge – research
• Library
• The fourth critical difference lies in the library. In the West, even in the most ordinary universities, the library forms the centre of life, both for teachers and students. Librarians enjoy a high status as their contribution to academic life cuts across academic disciplines…..
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www.libraryasincubatorproject.org
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• Librarians versus Search Engines • Discoverability versus Availability • Access versus Control
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Indian Express, Aug 24, 2014
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Libraries
Users
• Students
• Faculty
• Others
Collection
• Physical
• Digital
Staff
• Professional
• Others
Services
• Physical
• Digital
• Collection
• Space
• Accessibility Physical
• Content
• Design: User friendly
• Least restrictions Digital
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Understanding the trends
USERS
Technology
Collection Staff
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Libraries Internal and External sources
• Student Projects • Syllabus and course design • Technical Notes • Course Materials • Student made
Tools/Materials • News Paper Clippings
(Jobs/Courses) • Question papers
• Commercial – Books – Videos / CDs – Online resources
• Open Access – Books – Journals – Educational Videos – Educational courseware
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Tech
no
logi
es in
Lib
rari
es Library Automation
Proprietary to OSS
Storage
Devices to Cloud
Identification
Barcode, Tattle-tape, RFID, Biometric, etc
Information Capture
Key board, Scanner, Digital Cameras, Mobiles
Network
Client-server, P2P, Internet, Cloud
Databases
Books, articles, reports, aggregators, publishers, Irs
Integration and Management
Catalogs, IRs, Multimedia, Datasets, Archives, etc
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Technologies in Libraries
• User Focus – need not worry where the information is located – Anytime-Anywhere, Device independence – Less human interface (RFID) – Customised and profile based display, search, update, etc
• Usage statistics – walk-ins, usage, downloads, ROI
• Retrieval Convenience
– Seamless integration of various sources/formats – Remote login / VPN – Simple OPAC to Federated searches to Discovery
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Discovery service
• Single search – interface - Integrated approach
• Central index - Subscribed content - Connectors
• Open Access Resources
• Enhanced refinements like facets, topics, geographies, formats, etc
• Display of integrated results – relevancy, date, etc
• Fast response time
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http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/apr12/Hoeppner-Web-Scale-Discovery-Services.shtml
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http://www.librarytechnology.org/discovery.pl
• AquaBrowser – Proquest
• Axiell Arena
• Biblio Commons
• Blacklight (OSS)– Columbia, Cornell, etc
• Chamo – VTLS (III)
• Encore – Innovative Interfaces Inc.
• Enterprise – SirsiDynix
• Iguana – Infor
• VUFind (OSS) – Villanova University
• EBSCO’s Discovery Service (EDS)
• Ex Libris Ltd.’s Primo Central Index (PCI)
• Serials Solutions’ Summon (SSS)
• OCLC’s WorldCat Local (WCL)
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Criteria
• Trial and costs • Actual discovery - search • Strength of the Central
Index • Content connectors • Content neutrality vs
convenience • Integration with ILMS,
Union Catalogue, IR, etc • Search Features and user
customisation • Advanced search
• Web 2.0 • Subject guides • Local customisation like
market research reports, videos, etc
• Branding the library • Next gen features like Mobile • Opinion / experience of
fellow professionals • Of course the support and
delivery!
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• https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=UKSG+2014+Plenary+4
• http://2013charlestonconference.sched.org/event/303dfa600e13ba7c339e2461f127a667#.VBq_GhY0-OZ
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• Report & Statistics
– Socio Economic, country, industry and company related statistics and reports
– These resources are basically providing time series data and some are providing company, industry and country specific information, research reports, market analysis and data. Ex: Prowess, Marketline, Euromonitor, etc.
• Scholarly
– Full Text: These resources includes peer reviewed full text journal articles, books & book chapters, reference material, working papers, etc. Ex: EBSCO, Wiley InterSciences, eBrary, Sage research methods Online, Encyclopedia Britannica, etc
– Bibliographic: It provides bibliographic information of the published materials like. Ex: Web of science, SCOPUS, etc.
• Other Resources
– Legal, Institutional like World Bank, IMF data, etc.
Type of E-resource
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1. Product identification (User / Library)
2. Product study
3. Product demo
4. Recommendations
5. Trial activation
6. Feedback
7. Library Evaluation and initial negotiation
8. Licensing issues
9. Approval
10. Final Negotiation
11. Acquisition
12. Licensing signing
13. Activation, Orientation & Training
14. Usage and evaluation
15. Annual Review by Library Committee
16. Renewal / cancellation
E-resource Management Cycle
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Proposal/Recommendation
• Faculty/ students recommended – databases or eResources which they have used in their research and teaching
• Librarian Proposed – Vendors send eResource product information to the libraries
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Trial, feedback & Evaluation
• Discovering more information about the
product like, what type of data and information they offer
• Trial activation
• Announcing in the community and asking for feedback (If vendor proposed)
• Evaluation and Overlap Analysis, perpetuity, archival access, etc.
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Some points to be checked…
• It should fulfill the academic and research needs
• Content should be sourced from the authentic sources
• Coverage of the content, subject and periodic updating
• No overlapped data
• User-friendly, IP based 24/7 accesses, ease in download in formats like, .csv, .pdf., MS Word, etc.
• Integration with Discovery or KOHA catalog
• Provides usage statistics (Counter compliant)
• Cost effective, Remote access
• Post installation/activation services like staff training, users training
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Approval from Committee
After getting feedback from the community and overlap analysis, the product should be presented to the library committee for approval with its salient features, scope and cost
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Final Negotiation
• Cost
– Comparing similar product in the market (at times same products have been
purchased at different rates)
• Content – More titles, backfiles, perpetual access, coupons
• Access – simultaneous users
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Acquisition
• The Indian Publishers/vendors – Indian Currency – application of service tax and TDS
– Foreign Currency – which conversion rate to follow, GOC, RBI, Nationalized bank TT selling rate?
• Foreign Publishers/vendors – Invoice and application of service tax, PAN & Tax residency, ABA routing No, IBN, etc.
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Most sensitive part- Licensing
Points to be taken care when contact signed…… • Authorized users
• Perpetual/Archival access, 3rd party archiving service
• Confidentiality
• Price change period
• Clarity about platform fee, hosting fee
• Inter-library loan rights
• Usage Statistics
• Print, copy share rights
• Off campus access of the content
• Swapping of journals in case of eJournals
• Governing law, etc.
• Transfer/discontinue of the content
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IIMA License agreement Checklist
Vikram Sarabhai Library: IIMA License Agreement Checklist Database Name : Date: Period :
Sr. No Points Covers Yes / No
Page & Para No.
Remarks
1 Agreement effective period
2 Authorized use of the product in Course packs \ Other educational materials
3 Authorized users ( Include walk-in user or not)
4 Database Access Stopped Compensation (Technical Problem, etc.)
5 Discontinue notification period
6 Electronic Reserve (Save the documents to the Personal devices)
7 Governing Law, Jurisdiction limit (case file) with in India
8 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) terms & conditions
9 Inter-library loan (ILL)
10 IP Range Access / No. of user range
11 Perpetual Access / Backfile Access
12 Platform Fees/Hosting Fees
13 Price Increase Cap (In subsequent years)
14 Remote access permission
15 The “Licensee” must be Librarian / Institute
16 Updation of databases
17 User statistics (incl. admin login authorization) / Usage Data Reports
18 Journals Swapping Term & Condition
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Activation
• Activation
• Server based/ accessible through LAN
• Like; CMIE Prowess, Thomson Eikon
• Some of them are single users access like DataStream, District GDP of India, etc.
• Online/ IP based access
• campus wide access of the databases like eJournals and others like Marketline, Euromonitor, etc.
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• Scholarly databases are not very difficult to understand and need some orientation only
• Statistical database and allied tools needs proper training to use, Like CMIE Prowess, Grammarly, etc.
• Webex/Webinar: Vendors/publishers organize Webex for orientation and training or to handle specific queries, Webinars are generally preplanned and, they sent alert to the members to attend, one can register and take a tour.
• The resource persons are library staff and or product experts
Orientation and training
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Usage and evaluation
• E journals/E books
– Counter compliant Usage data, Full text down load, Abstract view, Search, Access denied report, etc.
• Statistics & Reports – No. of logins, downloads, visits or access time of particular IPs
(Provided by the vendor or publishers)
• Offline Database – Difficult to count the usage
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• Usage and per download cost Total cost of the Database/Total downloads or Usage
• Comparison with other eResources
• Comparing with usage of the past years
• Evaluating the usage
Usage and evaluation
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VSL Database Usage
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VSL eJournals Usage
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Year Searches Total Full
Text PDF Full
Text HTML Full
Text Image/Video Abstract
Smart Link To
Custom Link
2014 6284040 38067 34039 3888 6 53761 3220 9869
2013 6166874 48682 43728 4393 6 61058 3234 11467
2012 2288229 46099 40439 4955 7 59474 2125 7065
Total 14739140 132848 118206 13236 19 174293 8579 28401
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Committee Perusal
• Average usage data and Download cost
• Reviewing usage and future needs
• If necessary proposal for optional product
• Deciding to ask community for discontinuation / renewal
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Renewal- Cancellation- Replacement
• Renewal: If the usage is higher the resource would be
renewed again.
• Cancellation: If the usage is low, the data is of no use and
if the optional resources is available at very lower cost.
• Replacement: if the optional product is available in the
market with lower cost and more features, one should review it and replace with the existing one.
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New
Pro
jects
https://erm.library.nd.edu/
http://ckan.org/
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Other key Issues and opportunities
• Staff • Research Assistance, Database mining, IL, etc
• Resource / product understanding: Mass to Niche - Skills to knowledge: Referral to reference
• Professional managers
• Information Literacy and Usage
• IR and Archiving; Long Tail; Legal Issues
• Lib 2.0 and User participation
• Outsourcing – IT: ILS, Hardware, Software - SaaS to PaaS to IaaS
– Manpower
• Routine jobs
• IT staff
• Ownership to Access and Closed to Open Systems
• RESEARCH!
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Why research? Do we need Libraries?
We need to build our own knowledge base on librarianship
Convince the decision makers on the need for libraries
Discover connections to learning and education
Better manage our services
Drive new theory development
Study and develop benchmarks or best practices
Develop our own metrics
ROI and growth
Lobby and evidence
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What to research?
Ou
tco
mes
Asp
ects
Focu
s Understand local and global perspectives
Relevance of libraries
Use of libraries
Technology
Services
Legal aspects
Governance and ROI
Management
of Resources
• Collection
• Finance
• Staff
• Space
• Committee
• Users
• Technology
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Some topics
• ROI and value studies
• User surveys
• Purchase processes – discounts, total cost of purchase, time taken, foreign editions vs Indian editions, exchange rates and its impact on spending
• Spending surveys of libraries – patterns and trends
• Who reads what?
• Who uses the library and why?
• HR issues like comparison with other states, ratio of salary to library budget (comparisons), etc
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Tips Planning is important but implementation is the difficult part
Literature survey is the Key
Referencing is very important
Style and finishing varies from journal to journal
Time taken also varies from weeks to months
Research should your differentiator and is the only contribution that stays beyond you!
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For Libraries …
• Education is the central theme • Education is moving from
– information sharing to learning – Teacher to learner
• We have to shift from supporting to partnering roles and facilitate: – Reading – Discussion – Incubation – Connecting
• Safe, Social and Learning spaces
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http://www.fodors.com/news/photos/worlds-20-most-stunning-libraries
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http://www.buzzfeed.com/harpercollins/16-bookstores-you-have-to-see-before-you-die-9npd
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THANKS [email protected]