Emerging Swine Diseases Around the Globe, Producer Impact ......purity. Guo, et al. Emerging Inf Dis...
Transcript of Emerging Swine Diseases Around the Globe, Producer Impact ......purity. Guo, et al. Emerging Inf Dis...
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Kelly Lager, DVM, PhDResearch Leader
Virus Prion Research UnitNational Animal Disease Center
USDA, Agricultural Research Service
Emerging Swine Diseases Around the Globe, Producer Impact and the need for Vaccinations
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OUTLINE
• Work of Others
• Update on Senecavirus A
• Commentary
• Research Perspective
• Producer Impact
• Need for vaccines
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Foreign animal disease / Transboundary disease /Emerging and Re-emerging disease
• Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University
• Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A&M University
• Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Kansas State University
• Swine Health and Information Center
• National Pork Board
• USDA – APHIS NVSL, VS
• USDA-ARS-PIADC, SEPRL, NADC
• Department of Homeland Security
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Personal Testimony for Emerging Swine Viral Diseases in USA
• Sustained economic impact since 1989
• Porcine respiratory coronavirus late 1980s
• Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1991
• Porcine circovirus type 2 1996
• Influenza A H3 subtype 1998
• Influenza A H1 and H3 combos 2000 to present
• Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus 2013
• Senecavirus A 2015
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So Far, Less Significant Swine Viruses In USA
• Too Many to List
• Include the world, even more to list
• Additional animal and human viruses……………….
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CONSTANT CHANGE OR
“IT IS ALWAYS SOMETHING”*• Influenza A viruses
• Senecavirus A
• Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
• Japanese Encephalitis Virus Riklin et al. Nat. Commun. 7:10832 doi: 10.1038/ncomms10832 (2016).
• Zika virus - insect vector, sexual transmission, vertical transmission, horizontal transmission - close contact ?
* It’s Always Something by Gilda Radner
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Montiel N, Buckley A, Guo B, Kulshreshtha V, vanGeelen A, Hoang H, Rademacher C, Yoon K, Lager K
VESICULAR DISEASE IN SWINE INFECTED WITH
SENECA VALLEY VIRUS (SENECAVIRUS A)
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Senecavirus A (SVA) History• First isolated in late 1980s, but not classified.• Detected in several cases of idiopathic vesicular disease in the
US and Canada since late 1980s.• SVA was also isolated a few times from normal swine.• Family Picornaviridae
• Genus Senecavirus: Senecavirus A• Genus Apthovirus: Foot-and-mouth disease virus
• Koch’s postulates have not yet been fulfilled.
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2014
• Brazil first reported cases of idiopathic vesicular disease in late 2014.
• SVA was isolated from
• Vesicular fluids from mature swine
• Lesions on feet
• Serum from neonatal pigs that had diarrhea and died soon after birth
• Many herds were affected
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2015• Since July of 2015 there has been a growing number of
cases in the Mid-West of swine developing a vesicular disease that resembles foot-and-mouth disease
• SVA has been identified and isolated from lesion, vesicular fluid and serum from sows
• April 2016 - About 160 cases throughout Midwest
• Mostly sows and finishing age pigs
• Reports of neonatal mortality
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July – December 2015 100 cases
January – May 2016 60 cases
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Dr. K-J YoonIowa State University
Provided SVA virus that had been tested by next generation sequencing for purity
Guo, et al. Emerging Inf Dis 2016:22;1325-7.
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Montiel, et al. Emerging Inf Dis 2016:22;1246-8.
9-week-old pigs
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CLINICAL FINDINGS- VESICLES 4-5 DPI
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CLINICAL FINDINGS- VESICLES >10 DPI
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Bilateral necrosis and ulceration with sloughing of hoof wall
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SVA IN TISSUES
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
2 dpi 4 dpi 6 dpi 8 dpi 12 dpi
Pig #234 Pig #235 Pig #236 Pig #237 Pig #238
Geno
mic
copi
es/u
Lof
tiss
ue
TonsilCoronary BandHeartKidneylarge IntestLiverInguinal LNMesenteric LNLungRPLNsmall IntestSnoutSpinal CordSpleenBrainSerum
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VESICULAR DISEASE IN MARKET WEIGHT GILTS INFECTED WITH SENECAVIRUS A (SVA)
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3 dpi
6 dpi
5 dpi
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7 dpi
8 dpi
9 dpi
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10 dpi
12 dpi
11 dpi
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5 dpi 6 dpi
6 dpi 9 dpi
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Inoculate pig - Intranasal
VesicularDisease
Market weight gilts 48 h
Pathogenesis
9-week-old pigs 96 h
6-week-old pigs * 96 h Sows * 72 h <1-week-old pigs ???
*Not all pigs in group displayed vesicular lesions.
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Inoculate pig Intranasal Disease
FecalOral
Pathogenesis
0 7 14 21DPI
Viremia
FeetSnout
+ ++ +
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SkinEpidermis
Vesicles within epidermis
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V
V
Day 3 Post SVA inoculation: coronary band skin
V: vesicleE: Epidermis, D: Dermis
Intense staining aroundEpidermal Intercellular bridges adjacent to vesicle
E
D
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Sections of Skin from coronary band: Insitu hybridization
Day 5
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QUESTIONS
• Where is the virus at 1 DPI, 28 DPI, 56 DPI?
• Why is SVA a Problem Now?
• How much more to invest in research for this virus?
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Research Perspective – A Shared Story
• Response time dependent on • Clinical presentation
• Staffing
• Resources
• Paperwork
• What is already known!!!!
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PEDV vs. SVA
• May 2013
• State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories
• USDA – NVSL
• USDA – ARS-NADC-VPRU- Me
• January
• March
• May
• 2014
• Increase in funding for PEDV studies -
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• 2014• Increase in funding for PEDV studies –• Increase staffing begin PEDV studies to complement
ongoing studies by others• 2015
• PEDV studies• SVA breaking - August• Re-direct resources, staffing• September animal studies
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PRODUCER IMPACT
• Neonatal pig
• Weaned pig
• Grow/finisher pig
• Replacement gilt
• Sow
• Boar
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VACCINES
• Vaccine Stockpiling
• Passive Immunity Dilemma
• Immunity Gap
• Timing
• Broad-based non-specific immunostimulation & antiviral
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Concluding Comments• Emerging Swine Diseases Around the Globe
• Many potential diseases• Only a problem if make it to the US.• Probability?
• PEDV• PDCoV?• SVA Brazil / USA
• Thank Goodness for Federal and State Veterinary Diagnostic Labs• Diagnostic Fees• Research grants• Federal funds - HPAIV, SIV, PEDV
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
Deb AdolphsonTom Donohoe
Sarah AndersonAnimal Caretakers
(Brad, Jason, Aaron, Justin, Keiko)