EMERGING STYLES OF GOVERNANCE:A GLOBAL CONTEXTKenneth H. Ellison*

Reporter: Edwin B.R. GbargayeFDM 202 Ethics and Accountability in Public Service

Master in Development Management

Kenneth H. Ellison The Philippines is the center of some of the

richest experiments exploring new ways of governing based on decentralization, local autonomy and large-scale participation of the nongovernmental community in democratic processes. This is an attempt to provide a sense of various shifts taking place in global governance, in order to place these Filipino experiments in a wider context of global change.

Outline• Observations on Global Governance• The Shift from a Centralized, Uniform, Top-Down

Service Delivery to Decentralized, Diverse, Localized Service Delivery

• Shift from Self-Sufficiency to Interlinked Sectors• Shift from Hierarchical Control to Stakeholder

Empowerment• Shift from “Upward” Accountability to “Outward”

Accountability

Outline• The Shift from Standardized Procedures to

Performance Orientation• The Shift from an Apolitical to an Advocacy-

Oriented Civil Service• The Shift from Individual Skill Building to

Organizational Competence

Observations on Global Governance• Momentous Governance Reform Movement

last part of the 20th century• New Global Order of change –fundamental

shift of governance (old order-new order).• Societies and key Sectors opting for

transparent and accountable covenant between citizen and government

• This movement usher into the new milleniun (21st century)

Observations on Global Governance• The collapse of centrally planned economies- Soviet Union and much of Eastern Europe * Developing Countries desiring need for new Public

Management Models due to failures of bulky, ineffectual, centralized bureaucracies , etc.

*Good practices and experience of highly functional bureaucracies shown in UK, New Zealand and the US

*Involvement of the Developed and Developing worlds (capitalist and noncapitalist systems)

Impact on the Philippines • Devolution through the Local Government

Code-1991• Post EDSA revolution • Pressure from the bottom-up making

governments to restructure system. (China, Bolivia, Philippines, etc.)

• Decentralization and local autonomy were some of the quest

• All in the name of Good Governance

The Shift from PA to PM

• Change in government management (rules, regulations, standards and systems)

• Practically top-down, command -control notions of supervision

• “New Manageralism” as derived from the private sector

• Government prioritizes citizens’ interest• NGOs greater emphasis on the citizens best interest - implementing, managing and evaluating delivery of

services Government must be more responsible

The Shift from Centralized to Decentralized

• Centralization ----Decentralization• Centralized and uniform service delivery ---

decentralized and diverse modes of service delivery

• System of chaos --- diverse systems of service delivery

• Top-down VS Bottom-up (inefficiency-efficiency)• Decentralization-world wide web (internet) no

one in control

Shift from Self-Sufficiency-Interlinked Sectors

• From self-sufficiency –enabling interlinked services (private sector)

• Government involvement of the private sector into service delivery

• Privatization became the order of the day (Cory & FVR) (1986-1998) It reduces state ownership of the means of producing services

• Subcontracting especially at the local government level

• Competition (deregulation) Telephone industry (PLDT)

Shift from Hierarchical Control-Stakeholder Empowerment

• Hierarchical control -People follow order from superiors

• Stream flow model of governance (top-middle-down)• Empowerment concept-street level bureaucracy • Lower level bureaucrats in charge and on top of things• Local government in charge of many administrative

responsibilities • Accountability in executing policies, plans and

management to the people

Shift from Upward Accountability-Outward Accountability

• Structure of Accountability (bottom –top)• New structure (Accountability flow outward)• New order (Accountability is multi-form)• Accountability viewed as Democratic, direct and

outward• Public officials are held accountable for their

performance • Government is more directly accountable

outward to the people (citizenry)

The Shift from Standardized Procedures - Performance Orientation• Standardized Procedures –Performance -

orientation• Protection of Civil Servants (Prevalent in the

LGA)• Meritocracy (Professionalism) at work and in

action• Reward for performance not tenure of service

The Shift from an Apolitical –Advocacy Oriented Civil Service

• Civil service being nonpolitical organization• Political neutrality• An Advocacy role of the Civil Service• Both administrative and political organization

The Shift from Individuals Skill Building-Organizational Competence

• Capability building • Local Governments inability to perform certain

assigned task• Capability –building has been individual- based • Conventionally, technical skill values over managerial

competence• Improvement needed in organizational effectiveness• Reward system for competent staff and incentives for

institutions (DOH, DEPED, DSWD)

Conclusion• The global movement to invent the new

governance is placing a fresh demand on all sectors. There is a need to reexamine our assumptions, redefine our approach and retool our expertise. Whether politicians, members of government apparatus, citizens involved in governance issues, or development professionals dedicated to providing relevant technical assistance to enhance government processes and services, we all must heed these trends and respond with new energy.

Observation• As PA matures in the realm of service it is well

noted that the field itself has tremendously contributed to the democratic politics of nations around the globe no matter where they are found. Despite the public’s failure to accredit PA for what it does, the field must and will never rest in attempting to increase its level of performance.

PA see itself as a major contributor to democratic life. Its agencies bear important responsibilities for anchoring the networks of governance.

A democracy means that the citizens have effective influence on decision making; it is a system that is inclusive, participatory, representative, accountable, transparent and responsive to citizens’ aspirations and expectations.

Today, the Philippines is getting better off than it were

some decades ago due to the shift in its governance reform program that have afforded the full participation of its citizens to get involve in its development aspect.

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San Francissco International Center for Economic Growth