Evaluating logistical challenges of offshore module transportation
Emerging Methods for Evaluating Transportation Systems
Transcript of Emerging Methods for Evaluating Transportation Systems
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Emerging Methods for Evaluating Transportation Systems Multimodal LOS and Highway Safety Manual
November 8, 2012
Lake Merritt Tower in Oakland
Transportation Education Series
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Presenters
• Mark Bowman, Senior Principal Engineer
• Erin Ferguson, Senior Engineer
• Aaron Elias, Engineering Associate
• Kamala Parks, Senior Planner
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Multimodal Level of Service (MMLOS)
• 2010 Highway Capacity Manual
• Quality of service analysis for:
– Pedestrians
– Bicyclists
– Transit passengers
– Motorists
• Integrated methodology
– LOS results reported by user type
– Different scales
• Intersection to corridor
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Highway Safety Manual (HSM)
• AASHTO publication
• Safety prediction tools
– Developed through research
• Similar to HCM
– Definitive
– Widely accepted
– Science-based
• From qualitative assessments to quantitative prediction
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Emerging Methods for Evaluation
• The HSM and MMLOS can:
– Quantify trade-offs between roadway users for given design features
– Assist and inform the public process
– Help prioritize projects that benefit all roadway users
– Show compliance with Complete Streets legislation
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MMLOS and HSM Applications
• Identify system needs
• Evaluate development projects
• Evaluate design alternatives
• Improve policies and standards
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Portland, OR
Missoula, MT
San Pablo, CA
Pasadena, CA
Fort Lauderdale, FL
Washington County, MD
Colchester, VT
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APPLICATIONS OF HSM AND MMLOS
LONG RANGE PLANNING
NETWORK SCREENING – FLORIDA DOT DISTRICT 4
HIGHWAY SAFETY MANUAL
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Portland, OR
Missoula, MT
San Pablo, CA
Pasadena, CA
Fort Lauderdale, FL
Washington County, MD
Colchester, VT
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Network Screening - Florida DOT District 4
• Transportation system plans
– Broad network considerations help guide recommendations
• Supported Capital Improvement Plan development
– Prioritize using safety as a filter
• Fundamental safety screening projects
– Prioritize limited budgets to the most needed areas
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• Objective – Identify intersections along state roadways that would most
likely benefit from safety improvements
• Nearly 1,300 potential intersections
• Tasks Literature review
Network screening - Preliminary Ranking
Crash review
Site visits
Network Screening - Final ranking
Documentation
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Network Screening - Florida DOT District 4
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• Performance measures
Network Screening - Florida DOT District 4
– 1. Crash frequency • Total crashes • Fatal and incapacitating
injury – 2. Equivalent property
damage only (EPDO) average crash frequency • Frequency/severity
score • D4 comprehensive crash
costs
– 3. Total crash cost
• Signalized/Unsignalized
• FHWA crash costs
– 4. Excess proportion
• Signalized/unsignalized
• Fatal and incapacitating injury
• Ped/bike, left-turn/angle, right-turn, sideswipe, rear-end
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• Preliminary site selection
– Identified top 20 sites
• Detailed crash analysis
• Site reviews
• Final site selection
– Top 6 sites
Network Screening - Florida DOT District 4
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• Summary
– Identify greatest needs
• Funding directed to locations where investments have the most opportunity to decrease crashes
• Near-term locations and issues on which they can focus
• Long-term prioritized list of locations based on crash performance
– Apply for funding
– Respond to community
– Work with potential developers
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Network Screening - Florida DOT District 4
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APPLICATIONS OF HSM AND MMLOS
LONG RANGE PLANNING
SAN PABLO GENERAL AND SPECIFIC PLAN
MULTIMODAL LEVEL OF SERVICE
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Portland, OR
Missoula, MT
San Pablo, CA
Pasadena, CA
Fort Lauderdale, FL
Washington County, MD
Colchester, VT
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• Adopted 2011
• Dyett and Bhatia – Prime consultant
• How to incorporate MMLOS
General Plan - San Pablo, CA
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• Complete Street general policies
• Designation of circulation system
– Move away from motorist-only perceptions
– Incorporate more multimodal designations
General Plan - San Pablo, CA
Source: Dyett and Bhatia
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General Plan - San Pablo, CA
Source: Dyett and Bhatia
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• Prioritization of different street types by mode
General Plan - San Pablo, CA
Source: Dyett and Bhatia
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– More robust determination of improvements
General Plan - San Pablo, CA
Source: Dyett and Bhatia
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• MMLOS summary of factors for each mode
General Plan - San Pablo, CA
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Specific Plan – San Pablo, CA
• Adopted 2011
• Guide to revitalize in a sustainable manner
• MMLOS analysis
– Existing
– 2030 No Project
– 2030 Specific Plan
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Specific Plan – San Pablo, CA
• MMLOS Analysis – AM Peak Hour
Score LOS Score LOS Score LOS Score LOS Score LOS Score LOS
North Existing 1.67 A 3.45 C 2.98 C 1.65 A 3.55 D 3.07 C
2030 No Project 2.11 B 3.49 C 3.08 C 1.78 A 3.61 D 3.19 C
2030 Specific Plan 2.07 B 3.18 C 2.84 C 1.76 A 3.29 C 3.04 C
Central Existing 1.08 A 3.50 C 3.06 C 1.10 A 3.49 C 2.96 C
2030 No Project 1.22 A 3.54 D 3.15 C 1.27 A 3.55 D 3.07 C
2030 Specific Plan 1.20 A 3.48 C 3.03 C 1.23 A 2.95 C 2.83 C
South Existing 0.91 A 4.13 D 2.87 C 0.80 A 3.60 D 2.83 C
2030 No Project 1.07 A 4.22 D 2.99 C 1.06 A 3.65 D 2.96 C
2030 Specific Plan 1.04 A 3.69 D 2.81 C 1.05 A 3.57 D 2.85 C
AM Peak-Hour
Corridor
Section Scenario
Northbound Southbound
Transit
Passenger Bicyclist Pedestrian
Transit
Passenger Bicyclist Pedestrian
Worse than existing
Worse than existing but better than 2030 No Project
Better than existing
Legend
Dowling Associates, Inc., Multi-Modal Level of Service analysis using CompleteStreetsLOS version 2.1.8, November 2010
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General and Specific Plan – San Pablo, CA
• Summary
– MMLOS was used to:
• Establish of a multimodal roadway system
• Provide guidelines for multimodal improvements
• Assist development of the Specific Plan
• Compare the Specific Plan to General Plan
– MMLOS was particularly beneficial for:
• Quantifying trade-offs between modes
• Determining the reasonableness of LOS standards
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APPLICATIONS OF HSM AND MMLOS
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY IN PASADENA
MULTIMODAL LEVEL OF SERVICE
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Portland, OR
Missoula, MT
San Pablo, CA
Pasadena, CA
Fort Lauderdale, FL
Washington County, MD
Colchester, VT
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Traffic Impact Study - Pasadena, CA
• Worked with the City of Pasadena to analyze multimodal impacts of a redevelopment project
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• Impact studies generally only consider vehicle
• Pasadena finding it difficult to mitigate certain areas
• How might MMLOS provide another tool
• A recent development project was selected to test multimodal LOS
Traffic Impact Study - Pasadena, CA
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• Project consisted of:
– 156 room hotel
– 38,000 ft2 of dining
– 14,000 ft2 of retail
– 103,000 ft2 of office
– 8,000 ft2 of bank
• Generated 4,900 daily trips
– 289 trips in the AM peak hour
– 488 trips in the PM peak hour
Traffic Impact Study - Pasadena, CA
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Traffic Impact Study - Pasadena, CA
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Link results for Colorado Boulevard
Traffic Impact Study - Pasadena, CA
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Traffic Impact Study - Pasadena, CA
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• Transit Passenger
– Minimal effect, transit speed slightly slower (-)
– Pedestrian LOS slightly worse (-)
• Bicyclist
– More vehicles in lane nearest pedestrians (-)
– Slower auto speeds (+)
• Pedestrian
– More vehicles in lane nearest pedestrians (-)
– Slower auto speeds (+)
• All impacts minor, volume has only small effect on LOS for non-auto modes
Traffic Impact Study - Pasadena, CA
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• Summary:
– Multimodal LOS not very sensitive to volume changes
– Better applications for a corridor MMLOS analysis:
• Project changes the number of access points
• Project proposes changes to roadway geometry
• Allows developer to quantify how other modes could be benefited if auto cannot be mitigated
• Changes in on-street parking
• Addition or subtraction of median island with ped refuge
Traffic Impact Study - Pasadena, CA
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APPLICATIONS OF HSM AND MMLOS
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDY IN COLCHESTER
HIGHWAY SAFETY MANUAL
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Portland, OR
Missoula, MT
San Pablo, CA
Pasadena, CA
Fort Lauderdale, FL
Washington County, MD
Colchester, VT
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• Project
– Costco Warehouse and fuel sales expansion
– Opposition expressed concern with safety impacts of expansion
• Basic Question
– Would the project cause operational and safety impacts and what mitigations are necessary?
• Evaluation
– Applied HSM Part C crash prediction models to evaluate safety performance
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Traffic Impact Study - Colchester, VT
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• Reviewed crash history at main site access
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Traffic Impact Study - Colchester, VT
Rear End
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• Applied HSM to predict intersection crash frequency at site access
• Increased volumes lead to higher crash frequency • Costco signal mitigations improve crash rate to below current rate
– Reconfigure one intersection leg – Side-street change to split phasing from permitted left-turns
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Traffic Impact Study - Colchester, VT
Type of Crash Predicted Crashes per Year
Existing Conditions 11
Non-Mitigated with Costco 12
Mitigated with Costco 11
Change (Proposed vs. Existing) 0
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• Summary
– Provided DOT with quantified safety information in their development review process
• Defensible approval position
• Identify potential safety mitigations to address safety impacts
– Address opposition’s concerns
– Eased the review process
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Traffic Impact Study - Colchester, VT
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APPLICATIONS OF HSM AND MMLOS
ROADWAY DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
INTERSECTION STUDY IN WASHINGTON COUNTY
HIGHWAY SAFETY MANUAL
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Portland, OR
Missoula, MT
San Pablo, CA
Pasadena, CA
Fort Lauderdale, FL
Washington County, MD
Colchester, VT
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Intersection Study – Washington County, MD
• Washington St (MD-144) & Western Maryland Pkwy (MD-910) – Existing two-way stop control intersection
• Study motivations – Targeted family-wage employment area—partially developed
– MD 144 programmed for corridor improvements
– Increased numbers of crashes
– Political pressure on DOT
• Potential countermeasures – 4-Way Stop Control
– Traffic Signal
– Roundabout
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Study Intersection
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Intersection Study – Washington County, MD
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• We applied the HSM to:
– Estimate long-term average crash performance for existing conditions
– Estimate changes in crashes for each countermeasure
– Compute the estimated change in crashes between existing conditions and the potential alternatives
– Compare the annual monetary benefit of change in crashes for each alternative
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Intersection Study – Washington County, MD
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• Roundabout alternative estimated to provide highest crashes reduction
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Estimated Annual Monetary Benefit Based on Severity
Existing Two-Way Stop
Four-Way Stop Traffic Signal Roundabout
Total per Year - $11,200 to $15,600 $10,500 to $13,900 $41,600 to $68,600
• Crash monetary benefits summary
– Roundabout alternative to have the highest monetary benefits
Estimated Change in the Number of Crashes/Year
Existing Two-Way Stop
Four-Way Stop Traffic Signal Roundabout
Injury/Fatal - N/A N/A 0.24 to 0.41
PDO - N/A N/A 0.49 to 0.50
Total - 0.46 to 0.64 0.43 to 0.57 0.73 to 0.91
Intersection Study – Washington County, MD
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• Summary
– Relatively easy to incorporate crash analysis and augment traditional evaluations
– Helped mid-level DOT staff communicate more effectively with higher level staff
– Meaningful analysis results allowed decision makers to:
• Construct a temporary roundabout in the interim
• Accelerate funding for permanent roundabout construction
– Safety component highlighted the value of quantitatively assess safety
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Intersection Study – Washington County, MD
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• “Temporary” Roundabout Example
Intersection Study – Washington County, MD
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APPLICATIONS OF HSM AND MMLOS
ROADWAY DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
CORRIDOR STUDY ON POWELL BOULEVARD IN PORTLAND
HIGHWAY SAFETY MANUAL AND MULTIMODAL LOS
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Portland, OR
Missoula, MT
San Pablo, CA
Pasadena, CA
Fort Lauderdale, FL
Washington County, MD
Colchester, VT
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Powell Boulevard (US-26) – Portland, OR
• Corridor considering cross section changes – Access management study
– Pedestrian/bike facilities
– Rural roadway evolving to urbanized features
– Basic corridor capacity improvement
• Traffic operations are not clear differentiators – High volume considerations
– Low volume considerations
• Supplemental performance measures – Highway Safety Manual
– MMLOS
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• Project
– A heavily used urban arterial in need of improvements
– Traditional traffic operations analysis did not find any clear “winners” among the alternatives
• Basic Question
– Which alternative will best serve future needs of the corridor?
• Evaluation
– Conducted Safety and MMLOS evaluations
– Quantified predicted safety trade-offs between concepts
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Powell Boulevard (US-26) – Portland, OR
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Powell Boulevard (US-26) – Portland, OR
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• Originally had 22 specific alternatives
• Organized alternatives into 5 primary groups
• Tested alternatives using the HSM and MMLOS
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Group Description
1 Access Management and Intersection Modifications at 122nd Ave
2 Different locations of left-turn lanes along SE Powell Blvd
3 Three-lane (TWLTL) roadway with different roadway element widths
4 Two-lane with raised median and left-turn pockets with different roadway elements
5 Existing conditions with different pedestrian features
Powell Boulevard (US-26) – Portland, OR
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Powell Boulevard (US-26) – Portland, OR
• HSM analysis results isolated two groups of alternatives as more likely to reduce crashes
– Group 3 – 21% reduction; Group 4 – 19% to 27% reduction
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Alt Group
Description % Crash
Reduction
1 Access management and intersection modifications near 122nd Ave
0%1
2 Varying locations of left-turn lanes along US-26 1-3%2
3 Three-lane (TWLTL) roadway with varying roadway element widths
21%
4 Two-lane with raised median and left-turn pockets with different roadway elements
19-27%3
5 Existing conditions with different pedestrian features 0%1
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Powell Boulevard (US-26) – Portland, OR
• MMLOS analysis help identify key trends in treatments
– Bicyclist - Sensitive to changes in roadway widths, given the traffic volumes and density of driveways
– Pedestrians - Sidewalks improve LOS to “D”
– Pedestrians – Buffer strip could improve LOS to “C”
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Alt
Group
Bicycle Facility LOS Pedestrian Facility LOS
Eastbound Westbound Eastbound Westbound
Existing/No Build E E E E
1 E E D D
2 E E D D
3 E/F E/F D/E D
4 E/F E/F D/E D/E
5 E E D D
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
• Summary
– Allowed ODOT to consider quantified safety information in their selection process
– Comprehensive assessment of alternatives created a better understanding of tradeoffs
– Allowed ODOT to communicate to the public the benefit of doing more than sidewalks
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Powell Boulevard (US-26) – Portland, OR
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APPLICATIONS OF HSM AND MMLOS
ROADWAY DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
CORRIDOR STUDY ON RUSSELL BOULEVARD IN MISSOULA
HIGHWAY SAFETY MANUAL AND MULTIMODAL LOS
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Portland, OR
Missoula, MT
San Pablo, CA
Pasadena, CA
Fort Lauderdale, FL
Washington County, MD
Colchester, VT
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Russell Street – Missoula, MT
• Project Context
– Update of traffic analysis for widening of 1.5-mile long corridor
– Public opposition to original corridor study
• Advocacy group formed specifically to fight this project
• Bike/pedestrian groups uneasy
• Opinion that safety was not sufficiently quantified in the initial study
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
• Basic Question
– Which alternative best accommodates projected traffic volumes without compromising the safety of roadway users?
• Evaluation
– Conducted safety and MMLOS evaluations
– Quantified predicted safety trade-offs between concepts
Russell Street – Missoula, MT
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
• College town
• One of five river crossings
– Connects to downtown
• 2/3 lane cross-section
• Important route for bicycle commuters
• Fragmented bicyclist and pedestrian facilities
• AADT of 20,000 to 25,000
Russell Street – Missoula, MT
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
• Six design schemes – Alt 1 is no build – Alt 2 and 3
• Roundabouts, divided
– Alt 4 • Signals and
widening – Alt 5-R
• Hybrid of Alts 2, 3, 4
– Option 6 • Roundabouts,
min widening
Russell Street – Missoula, MT
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
• MMLOS of Alternative 4
– Original Preferred Alternative
– 5 vehicle lanes
– Signals
– Sidewalks
– Bicycle lanes
Russell Street – Missoula, MT
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
• MMLOS analysis of Alternative 4
– Pedestrian LOS
• No Build – LOS E
• Build – LOS C
– Bicyclist LOS
• No Build – LOS F
• Build – LOS E – Better improvement if access management were addressed
Russell Street – Missoula, MT
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
• Good Performance
– Alternatives 2, 3 and 5R
• Roundabouts
• Divided roadway
• Fair Performance – Alternative 4 and Options
6 & 7
• Signals
• Roadway widening
• Poor Performance – Alternative 1
• No Build Condition
Russell Street – Missoula, MT
• HSM analysis of roadway designs
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
• HSM analysis of roadway designs
– Key characteristics of well-performing alternatives
• Raised medians
• Roundabouts
• Left-turn pockets at intersections
Russell Street – Missoula, MT
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
• HSM analysis of roadway designs
– Value of Analysis
• Quantified safety – Assisted City and State with alternatives selection process
• Comprehensive assessment of alternatives – Created a better understanding of tradeoffs
• Public outreach – Communicated to the public and elected officials that the
preferred alternative is an improvement over existing conditions
– Key element to achieving public acceptance
69
Russell Street – Missoula, MT
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APPLICATIONS OF HSM AND MMLOS
ROADWAY DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
CORRIDOR STUDY ON BROWARD BOULEVARD IN FT.
LAUDERDALE
MULTIMODAL LOS
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Portland, OR
Missoula, MT
San Pablo, CA
Pasadena, CA
Fort Lauderdale, FL
Washington County, MD
Colchester, VT
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Broward Boulevard – Fort Lauderdale, FL
• Main thoroughfare
• Mostly commercial uses
• High number of pedestrian mid-block crossings
• Frequent transit
• Bicyclists frequently on sidewalk
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Broward Boulevard – Fort Lauderdale, FL
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
• Existing Conditions – Divided 6-Lane Facility
– Performed a MMLOS Analysis for WB Direction
Broward Boulevard – Fort Lauderdale, FL
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
• Existing Conditions
Broward Boulevard – Fort Lauderdale, FL
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Replace 1 through lane
with transit only lane and
bicycle lane
Replace 1 through lane
with parking and bicycle
lane
Broward Boulevard – Fort Lauderdale, FL
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Segment From To Existing Road Diet % Change LOS
1 US-1 NE 3rd 0.34 0.31 -10.3% E >> E
2 NE 3rd Andrews 0.34 0.23 -45.7% E >> F
3 Andrews NW 1st 0.38 0.34 -13.7% E >> E
4 NW 1st NW 5th 0.39 0.12 -227.7% E >> F
5 NW 5th NW 7th 0.36 0.17 -116.4% E >> F
6 NW 7th NW 9th 0.65 0.32 -102.5% C >> E
7 NW 9th NW 11th 0.50 0.13 -299.2% C >> F
8 NW 11th NW 14th 0.73 0.17 -332.5% B >> F
9 NW 14th NW 15th 0.72 0.49 -46.9% B >> F
10 NW 15th NW 18th 0.56 0.05 -1002.0% C >> F
WB Segment Auto LOS
• Motorist LOS
Broward Boulevard – Fort Lauderdale, FL
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Segment From To Existing Road Diet % Change LOS
1 US-1 NE 3rd 3.69 3.23 -14.2% D >> C
2 NE 3rd Andrews 1.93 1.23 -56.9% A >> A
3 Andrews NW 1st 1.92 1.09 -76.1% A >> A
4 NW 1st NW 5th 1.77 1.15 -53.9% A >> A
5 NW 5th NW 7th 2.30 1.83 -25.7% B >> A
6 NW 7th NW 9th 2.22 2.30 3.5% B >> B
7 NW 9th NW 11th 1.10 1.69 34.9% A >> A
8 NW 11th NW 14th 2.22 2.48 10.5% B >> B
9 NW 14th NW 15th 3.52 3.36 -4.8% D >> C
10 NW 15th NW 18th 1.99 1.95 -2.1% A >> A
WB Segment Transit LOS
• Transit Passenger LOS
Broward Boulevard – Fort Lauderdale, FL
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Segment From To Existing Road Diet % Change LOS
1 US-1 NE 3rd 3.85 3.63 -6.1% D >> D
2 NE 3rd Andrews 3.71 3.50 -6.0% D >> D
3 Andrews NW 1st 3.67 3.45 -6.4% D >> C
4 NW 1st NW 5th 4.09 3.81 -7.3% D >> D
5 NW 5th NW 7th 4.18 3.88 -7.7% D >> D
6 NW 7th NW 9th 4.25 2.69 -58.0% D >> B
7 NW 9th NW 11th 4.06 2.65 -53.2% D >> B
8 NW 11th NW 14th 4.01 2.70 -48.5% D >> B
9 NW 14th NW 15th 3.82 2.48 -54.0% D >> B
10 NW 15th NW 18th 4.04 2.64 -53.0% D >> B
WB Segment Bike LOS
• Bicyclist LOS
Broward Boulevard – Fort Lauderdale, FL
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Segment From To Existing Road Diet % Change LOS
1 US-1 NE 3rd 3.61 3.54 -2.0% D >> D
2 NE 3rd Andrews 3.75 3.72 -0.8% D >> D
3 Andrews NW 1st 3.63 3.62 -0.3% D >> D
4 NW 1st NW 5th 3.75 3.71 -1.1% D >> D
5 NW 5th NW 7th 3.99 3.99 0.0% D >> D
6 NW 7th NW 9th 4.00 4.12 2.9% D >> D
7 NW 9th NW 11th 3.92 4.02 2.5% D >> D
8 NW 11th NW 14th 3.77 4.46 15.5% D >> E
9 NW 14th NW 15th 4.00 4.26 6.1% D >> E
10 NW 15th NW 18th 4.07 4.33 6.0% D >> E
WB Segment Pedestrian LOS
• Pedestrian LOS
Broward Boulevard – Fort Lauderdale, FL
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
• Summary
– Eastern section showed positive improvements to ped, bike, and transit riders with only small impact on autos
– Methodology much better at quantitatively showing impacts to all four modes resulting from physical attributes such as:
• Cross section changes (Pedestrians/Bikes)
• Trees or other buffers (Pedestrians)
• Pavement condition (Bikes)
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Broward Boulevard – Fort Lauderdale, FL
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APPLICATIONS OF HSM AND MMLOS
SUMMARY
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
• Quantify trade-offs
– Design features and alternatives
– Comparisons among different roadway users
– Prioritize multimodal projects
• Address community values
– Assist and inform the public process
– Quantify quality of travel experience
– Quantify safety
– Implement Complete Streets legislation
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Summary of MMLOS and HSM Applications
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MOVING THINKINGFORWARD
Questions?