Emerging and Re Emerging Disease Community Healty Nursing Ppt

8/18/2019 Emerging and Re Emerging Disease Community Healty Nursing Ppt

1/38


2/38

INTRODUCTION

• Disease burden is colossal

• Cause heavy mortality, disability and

economic loss

• Result in widespread epidemics

• Immense suffering to the man ind

• Disturb International trade and economicdevelopment


3/38

D!"INITION

!merging infectious diseases are #New

diseases$ new problem %New threats&'(

)n emerging infectious disease is a one

that is caused by a newly discovered

infectious agent or by a newly identified

variant of a nown pathogen, which hasemerged and whose incidence in

humans has increased during the last

two decades and is threatening to

increase in the near future(


4/38

Cont*(

• Re+emerging infectious diseases are #old

diseases, new problem( %New threats&'(

• ) re+emerging infectious disease is a one

which was previously controlled but once

again has risen to be a significant health

problem( This term also refers to thatdisease which was formerly confined to one

geographic area, has now spread to other

areas(


5/38

Transmission of communicable

diseases

Agent

of

Vector

Agents Human

I n d i r e c

t

Direct contact

C o n

t a c t

• Number of agents• Caracteristics of agents

• !atogenicit"

• Defense mechanisms

• Immunity

•

ersonalcharacteristics


6/38

-ost Reaction Infectious agents

!nter human host

roduces inapparent infection -ost recovery

.ild disease -ost fights or

with treatment

/evere disease with treatment Disability

Death


7/38

The "actors Responsible

#m$ro$er $%anning of te to&nsi$

!o$u%ation e'$%osion

!oor %i(ing con)itions

*(er cro&)ing

#n)ustria%i+ation

rbani+ation

ac of ea%t care ser(ices

Migration of $o$u%ation

#ntense internationa% tra(e%

/%oba%i+ation


8/38

Cont*• Indiscriminate use of antibiotics and

development of resistance

• Increase in contact with animals

• Insecticide resistance

• )lterations in micro+organisms

• !nvironmental degradation with changingweather pattern(

• Illiteracy and ignorance

• Natural disasters


9/38

redisposing "actors for the

!pidemic• 0efore the on set of

epidemic

– !arth 1uae %2u3arath+4556&

• During the epidemic

– .igration of the people

– !ruption of slums

– Collection of garbage

– /carcity of antibiotics


10/38

!merging Diseases in India and

2lobal

• Diseases due to new agents %!g()ID/&

• Diseases due to new variants of nown pathogens%!g()vian "lu&

• Diseases caused by an infectious agent butresulting in non+communicable diseases(%!g(-ep(C results in liver cancer&


11/38

/%oba% e'am$%es of emerging an)

re-emerging infectious )iseases


12/38

E'am$%es of ne& an) Reemerging

Diseases


13/38

!merging "ood borne water borne

disease

• )ccounts for 78 million cases in the world

annually %T(D( Chugh+7889&

• Incidence is increasing

• -alf of all nown food borne pathogens

discovered during the past 7: years


14/38

Cont*((!ntero hemorrhagic !scherichia coli

– Causes no signs of illness

– ;ow infections dose in humans causes

hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uraemic

syndrome

– Consumption of undercooed beef and

contaminated vegetables, fruits and water for

vegetarians(

– Reported in 4(olata %.inistry of -ealth and ?elfare788@&(

– Detection of potential pathogenic O4:AB-A in river

water %2anges by -amner et al 788A& is alarming(


15/38

Cont*(ibrio cholerae

• Cholera is one of the oldest recorded infectiousdiseases(

• ohn /now demonstrated the spread by infected water

• acini in 49:och in 4996, showed the causative agent (Cholerae(

• Das and 2upta +788: reported the diversity of (Cholerae(

• Narang et al %7889& described the changing patterns of (Cholerae(


16/38

isteria monoc"togenes

;isterosis is an emerging Eoonotic disease

79= deaths due to food borne illnesses in U/)

Organism is robust and survive food+processing and

contaminated refrigerated meat and dairy products(

In India, 0hu3wala et al in 45A8 reported the presence ofthis organism in cervical secretions of 4(6+6= of cases

with very bad obstetrical history(

Thomas et al %4594& in a prospective study of 4688

newborns found the pathogen in 7 cases


17/38

Cam$"%obacter s$$

)re signiFcant Eoonotic poultry pathogens;eading cause of gastro enteritis in the world

)round 7(: million human infections are

reported annually in the United /tates( In developing countries the presence of the

organism was reported in :+78= in child hooddiarrhoea

ain et al %788:& reported isolation of 3e3uni in46(:= of the diarrhoea patients


18/38


19/38

Cont*(

/taphylococcus aureus is the #modern 2hengis>han' %Chugh 788A&( the most fre1uently identiFeddrug+resistant pathogen(

/inghal et al %788A&reported ciproHoGacin+resistantmeningococci in an outbrea in Delhi(

Resistance of /almonella typhi and /( paratyphito chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoGaEole iswidespread(

).R in /higella resistance to aEithromycin,ceftriaGon and ciproHoGacin on the increase

Rational use of antibacterial to contain ).R


20/38

.elioidosis• The causative pathogen is 0urholderia

pseudomallei

• It is an environmental saprophyte in rice

paddies, wet soil, mud and pooled surface

water(

• It causes suppurative chronic infection

characteriEed by septicemia and focal

abscesses in liver, spleen and other viscera(


21/38

Cont*(

• -as been documented from Tamilnadu and>arnataa(

•

The association of the disease withdiabetes mellitus is high(

• idyalashmi et al %788A& reviewed thedisease in India

• The first culture proven case in India was achild in .aharashtra in 4558(


22/38

Chronic and Neoplastic Diseases

.icrobe Disease-elicobacter pylori eptic ulcer, gastric

carcinoma

-uman papilloma virus Cervical, anal, vulvarcarcinoma

-epatitis 0C viruses ;iver cirrhosis,hepatocellular carcinoma

!pstein J0ar irus 0+cell lymphoma,nasopharyngeal carcinoma

-uman T lymphotropicvirus type 4

)dult T+cell leuemia


23/38

Cont*(Microbe Disease

-uman herpes virus 9 >aposiKs sarcoma

0orrelia burgdorferi ;yme arthritis

Tropheryma whippelii ?hippleKs disease

Chlamydiapneumoniae

atherosclerosis


24/38

Cont*( • Ramarishna %788@& discussed the high prevalence of

-( pylori infection in India(

• The high prevalence of resistance to metronidaEole,clarithromycin and amoGicillin is the failure to eradicate-( pylori infection(

•The resistance is higher in south than north India(

• -igh rate of re infections in Indian sub3ects %@8=&(

• Chlamydia pneumoniae is associated with pathogenesis

of coronary artery disease( %ha et al 788A&(

C t l f ! i d


25/38

Control of !merging and

Re+emerging Diseases

• Controlling the reservoir• Interrupting the transmission

• rotecting the susceptible host

• /trengthening of the disease surveillancesystem

• !ncouraging research initiations fortreatmentregimens and diagnostics

• !ncouraging research for new methods ofcontrol measures

• !stablishment of drug resistance


26/38

Res$onse to H0N1 a(ian inf%uen+a

outbrea in Hong Kong.


27/38

Emerging #nfectious Diseases2

a Researc A$$roac


28/38

Benefits of Emerging Diseases

Researc


29/38

Emerging Diseases 3un)ing 4Nationa%

#nstitute of A%%erg" an) #nfectious Diseases5.


30/38

Role of Nurses in revention

Increase nowledge and sill

!ncourage partnerships with consumers and otherdisciplines to identify needs, set priorities, developstrategies and evaluate progress

/upport health care legislation

Involve in research

!ncourage using multidisciplinary efforts(

Influence local and National economic and political

optionsContinue to advance nursing concern

!ducate the public

0enefits of Community revention


31/38

0enefits of Community revention

rogramme

*$$ortunit" to reac te masses an) effect &i)es$rea)canges in socia% norms

#ncrease) $ub%ic a&areness of an) commitment

#ncrease) cost efficienc" of grou$ inter(ention

Abi%it" of te $rogramme to $romote te )e(e%o$ment of anen(ironment of socia% su$$ort

*$$ortunit" of e(a%uate te effecti(eness of ea%t $romotion$rogramms

Enance) a$$roac to&ar) $romoting ea%t in %arge$o$u%ation

A))itiona% resources for information e'cange an) socia%su$$ort.


32/38

Role of ublic -ealth )uthorities

• Nationa% $rogramme for $re(ention an) contro%of (ector borne )iseases

• egis%ations for e%imination

• Communities a&areness of te )isease

• Minimi+ing transmission of infection2 B"

– Ris communication to te fami%" members

– Minimi+ing (ector $o$u%ation

–Minimi+ing (ector 6 in)i(i)ua% contact

• Re$orting to te nearest $ub%ic ea%t autorit"


33/38

ublic health measures to prevent

infectious diseases• /afe water

• /ewage treatment and disposal

• "ood safety programme

• )nimal control programme

•accination programme

• ublic health organiEation


34/38

Response of the ?-O

• Developing global and regional strategies

•

)ppointing Tas "orce• 2enerous grant from ?-O regular

budget

• /upport the ?orld 0an grant


35/38


36/38

Conclusion• The true prevalence of many diseases is not

nown( /ince we live in a global village, weconnot afford to be complacent about thetremendous economic, social and public healthburden of these diseases( !ffective surveillance isthe ey to their early containment(

• There is a need to develop epidemiologyimproved diagnostic facilities, a strong publichealth structure, effective ris communication,epidemic preparedness and rapid response(


37/38

Tae -ome .assage

• Community health is the pivot of 2lobalhealth( ;et us 3oin our hands on creating

an awareness to the individual family andcommunity through effective riscommunication(


38/38

Emerging and Re Emerging Disease Community Healty Nursing Ppt

Documents

Transcript of Emerging and Re Emerging Disease Community Healty Nursing Ppt