Emerging and Future Technologies

Copyright Protected 2005: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

Police TechnologyPolice TechnologyChapter Twenty-OneChapter Twenty-One

EmergingEmerging

andand

Future TechnologiesFuture Technologies


Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Understand the importance of Understand the importance of looking at future technologies.looking at future technologies.

Explore a variety of potential Explore a variety of potential technological applications in law technological applications in law enforcement.enforcement.


FuturistsFuturists

Qualitative Qualitative TechniquesTechniques Delphi Surveys, etc.Delphi Surveys, etc.

Quantitative Quantitative TechniquesTechniques Statistical Statistical

extrapolation, etc.extrapolation, etc. Role-playing and Role-playing and

simulationsimulation


Finding UsFinding Us

Emergency Location Emergency Location Transmitters (ELT)Transmitters (ELT)

Emergency Position Emergency Position Indicating Radio Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRB)Beacons (EPIRB) Both use satellite Both use satellite

technology different technology different from GPSfrom GPS


Automatic Collision NotificationAutomatic Collision Notification

Typically installed Typically installed in new cars, it is a in new cars, it is a form of Automatic form of Automatic Vehicle Locator Vehicle Locator (AVL) technologies (AVL) technologies which is activated which is activated when an air-bad is when an air-bad is deployed. deployed. Commercial service Commercial service

then contacts PSAPthen contacts PSAP


Universal Product CodeUniversal Product Code

Or Bar Coding, it is Or Bar Coding, it is finding its way into finding its way into evidence evidence management and management and equipment equipment management systemsmanagement systems


Chipping GoodsChipping Goods

The installation of Radio Frequency The installation of Radio Frequency (RF) transmitters into commercial (RF) transmitters into commercial goods.goods.

A means of inventory control and A means of inventory control and loss prevention.loss prevention.

However, chips remain active – even However, chips remain active – even when you take the product home.when you take the product home. Someday, it is likely the “chipped” Someday, it is likely the “chipped”

products in your refrigerator will “talk” products in your refrigerator will “talk” to your refirgerator.to your refirgerator.


Chipped Handguns?Chipped Handguns?

Many people are killed Many people are killed accidentally by accidentally by handguns.handguns.

Many police officers are Many police officers are killed when offenders killed when offenders take the officer’s take the officer’s handgun.handgun.

Chipping guns so that Chipping guns so that only the registered user only the registered user can fire the handgun is can fire the handgun is one proposed method one proposed method of prevention.of prevention.


Remote Control Information Remote Control Information SystemSystem

Transmitter on a police officer Transmitter on a police officer constantly broadcasting and constantly broadcasting and receiving informationreceiving information Continuous contact with PSAPContinuous contact with PSAP Originally developed for military useOriginally developed for military use Provide remote supervisionProvide remote supervision Provide remote feedback on the user’s Provide remote feedback on the user’s

vital signsvital signs


Our Homes as PrisonsOur Homes as Prisons

Currently, a person Currently, a person under “home under “home supervision” wears supervision” wears a transponder a transponder bracelet. At random bracelet. At random intervals, the intervals, the supervising agency supervising agency calls the home and calls the home and the transponder the transponder responds to the responds to the call.call.


Our Homes as PrisonsOur Homes as Prisons

Expansions of the transponder model Expansions of the transponder model involve the use of GPS and AVL involve the use of GPS and AVL technology so that offenders who are technology so that offenders who are on probation are constantly sending on probation are constantly sending out a signal as to their whereabouts.out a signal as to their whereabouts.


Scanning UsScanning Us

Magnetic Gradient Magnetic Gradient Measuring and Passive Measuring and Passive Wave Millimeter Wave Wave Millimeter Wave Imaging are two means Imaging are two means to supplement traditional to supplement traditional metal detectorsmetal detectors


Optical License Plate ScanningOptical License Plate Scanning

Using Video, infrared light, optical Using Video, infrared light, optical character recognition and other character recognition and other hardware and software license plates hardware and software license plates can be automatically scanned.can be automatically scanned.

The scan is compared against The scan is compared against databases:databases: TollsTolls Access controlAccess control Stolen vehiclesStolen vehicles Unpaid parking citationsUnpaid parking citations


DataveillanceDataveillance

A term used to describe the investigation A term used to describe the investigation and monitoring of individuals through and monitoring of individuals through data:data: Financial transactions (ATM, Credit card, etc)Financial transactions (ATM, Credit card, etc) Use of library resources (e.g., PATRIOT ACT).Use of library resources (e.g., PATRIOT ACT). Passing toll boothsPassing toll booths Communication recordsCommunication records Civil RecordsCivil Records Other government and commercial recordsOther government and commercial records


BiometricsBiometrics

The science of The science of automatically automatically identify someone identify someone based on based on physiological and physiological and behavioral behavioral characteristicscharacteristics



FingerprintsFingerprints Hand GeometryHand Geometry RetinaRetina Facial Facial

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Thermal ImagesThermal Images GaitGait SpeechSpeech HandwritingHandwriting



Two broad uses of Two broad uses of biometrics:biometrics: Access ControlAccess Control IdentificationIdentification

Passwords and Passwords and identification cards identification cards are often combined are often combined with biometric with biometric information to information to increase accuracy increase accuracy and securityand security


Accuracy and SecurityTriangle


What you are:

BIOMETRIC MEASUREMENT

What you have:

IDENTIFICATION CARD (Like ATM

Card)

What you know:

PASSWORD



Iris and Retinal ScanIris and Retinal Scan Low intensity beam into subject’s Low intensity beam into subject’s

eyeball.eyeball. Patterns of veins are compared against Patterns of veins are compared against

databasedatabase Facial RecognitionFacial Recognition

Measurements between Measurements between NodesNodes (center (center of nose, eye, etc.)of nose, eye, etc.)

Over 80 points can be measuredOver 80 points can be measured Compared against databaseCompared against database



Any biometric Any biometric system that makes system that makes comparisons comparisons against a database against a database needs to have the needs to have the subject subject EnrolledEnrolled for for comparisoncomparison


SatellitesSatellites

Currently used by Currently used by Law Enforcement Law Enforcement for GPS, and some for GPS, and some communications.communications.

May some day May some day supplement visual supplement visual surveillance – surveillance – looking down like looking down like today’s military today’s military satellitessatellites


Pursuit TechnologiesPursuit Technologies

Most advances Most advances have been have been relatively low tech relatively low tech such as:such as: Spike stripsSpike strips Pursuit Intervention Pursuit Intervention

TechniqueTechnique


Pursuit TechnologiesPursuit Technologies

Hi-Tech advances Hi-Tech advances have surrounded have surrounded the commercial the commercial installation of installation of “chips” that allow “chips” that allow the fleeing vehicle the fleeing vehicle to be “turned off” to be “turned off” by the police –by the police – The effect is similar The effect is similar

to running out of to running out of gasgas

Screen Capture provided by FAAC, Inc


Less-Lethal TechnologiesLess-Lethal Technologies

Note that the term has changed from Note that the term has changed from “non-lethal” to “less-lethal” because “non-lethal” to “less-lethal” because all techniques are dangerous.all techniques are dangerous.

Chemical gas and electrical shock Chemical gas and electrical shock fairly common.fairly common.

The use of light beams and sound is The use of light beams and sound is being used by the military and some being used by the military and some foreign police agencies.foreign police agencies.


Getting SmallerGetting Smaller

Bicycle patrol and Bicycle patrol and foot beat officers foot beat officers are now accessing are now accessing databases via databases via small hand-held small hand-held computers.computers.

Photograph provided by CyberCop-Software


Technology CombinationsTechnology Combinations

The combination of The combination of different types of different types of technologies is technologies is creating innovative creating innovative solutions for law solutions for law enforcementenforcement

Screen captured by ShotSpotter, Inc.


Police TechnologyPolice Technology

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Emerging and Future Technologies

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Transcript of Emerging and Future Technologies