Emergency Medicine Project by Madhu Sreeja Hari

8/12/2019 Emergency Medicine Project by Madhu Sreeja Hari

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Done By

MADHU SREEJAHARI



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An emergency is a situation demanding immediate action. Two types of emergencies are—

Sudden illness. Injury.

Emergencies can also be categorized as life-threatening andnon-life-threatening:

A life-threatening emergency is an illness or injury thatimpairs a victim’s ability to circulate oxygenated blood to allthe parts of his or her body.

A non-life-threatening emergency is a situation that doesnot have an immediate impact on a victim’s ability tocirculate oxygenated blood, but still requires medicalattention.



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Your primary role as a citizen responderin an emergency includes— Recognizing that an emergency exists.

Deciding to act.

Taking action by calling 9-1-1 or the localemergency number.

Giving care until help arrives.



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Reasons people give for not helping are calledbarriers to action. They include—

Presence of bystanders. Uncertainty about the victim.

Nature of the injury or illness.

Fear of disease transmission.

Fear of doing something wrong.



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The EMS system is a network of communityresources and medical personnel that

provides emergency care to victims of injuryor sudden illness.



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Deciding to act is not always an easy decisionto make.

The decision to act is yours.

Your decision to respond should be guided by your own values.



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Diseases that can pass from other people,animals, insects or things are called infectiousdiseases.

Four conditions must be present for a disease to

be transmitted. If any of these conditions areabsent, disease transmission is not possible: A pathogen is present. Enough of the pathogen is present to cause

infection. The pathogen passes through an entry site (eyes,

mucus membranes, open cuts in skin). A person is susceptible to the pathogen.

Diseases can be spread through direct contact

transmission and indirect contact transmission.



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Give care in a manner that minimizes the risk ofdisease transmission.

Standard precautions is an approach to infectioncontrol that encourages you to consider all bodilyfluids as infectious and to follow safety measures toprevent exposure.

Good personal hygiene habits, such as frequent hand washing, help to prevent disease transmission. Personal protective equipment is the equipment that

helps keep you from direct contact with infectedmaterials.

To learn more about preventing disease transmission,enroll in an American Red Cross Bloodborne

Pathogens Training: Preventing Disease Transmissioncourse.



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One important aspect of giving care is to getpermission.

Before giving care to a conscious adult, getconsent to give care.

To get consent, you must tell the victim: Who you are.

Your level of training. The care you would like to give.



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Do not give care to a conscious victim whorefuses it.

Special situations: The conscious victim is an infant or child.

When the victim is unconscious or unable torespond because of illness or injury, consent

is implied.



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You should move a victim only when you can do sosafely and when there is an immediate danger.

Before you act, consider the following limitations

to ensure moving one or more victims quickly andsafely: Dangerous conditions at the scene The size of the victim Your physical ability

Whether others can help you The victim’s condition



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Four common types of emergency moves are: Walking assist.

Pack-strap carry. Two-person seat carry.

Clothes drag.



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Consider your own safety.

Protect yourself from disease transmission.

Check the scene for safety.

Obtain consent.

If you must move a victim, be sure to do so in amanner that is safe for you and will not causethe victim any further harm.



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Keep important information. Keep medical and insurance records. Find out if your community is served by 9-1-1

or a local emergency telephone number. Keep emergency telephone numbers listed. Keep a first aid kit readily available. Learn and stay up to date on first aid and

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skills. Make sure your house or apartment number is

easy to read. Wear a medical alert tag.



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Follow the emergency action steps: CHECK

The scene and the victim.

CALL 9-1-1 or the local emergency number.

CARE For the victim.



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As a citizen responder, one of your top prioritiesis to ensure that the victim receives moreadvanced medical care as soon as possible.

The EMS system works effectively if informationon the victim’s condition is given when the callis placed.

Your training will help you make the decision on

when EMS personnel are needed and when youshould call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number.



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If you send someone else to call 9-1-1 or the localemergency number, tell the person to return to you after calling.

If you are alone, Call First; that is, call 9-1-1 or thelocal emergency number before giving care for:

An unconscious adult victim or adolescent age 12 years or older. An unconscious infant or child whose sudden

collapse was witnessed.

If you are alone, provide 2 minutes of care, then

call 9-1-1 for: An unconscious victim younger than age 12 whosecollapse was not witnessed.

Any victim of submersion or near drowning.



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Always follow the prearrival instructions.

Ask yourself…

“In what other ways can I give help?”



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The emergency action steps: CHECK—CALL—CARE will guide your actions in anyemergency.

If you are in a situation in which you are theonly person other than the victim, you mustmake a decision to Call First or Care First :

Call First situations are generally cardiac-related emergencies.

Care First situations are usually breathing-related emergencies.



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Conditions that are life threatening include: Unconsciousness.

Not breathing or trouble breathing. No signs of life (normal breathing, movement

or a pulse).

Severe bleeding.



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If the victim is conscious and alert, introduce yourself and get the victim’s consent.

If the victim is unconscious, call 9-1-1 or the

local emergency number immediately. Call First or Care First.

If you must leave the scene,place the victim in the

recovery position.



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In every emergency, follow the emergencyaction steps: CHECK—CALL—CARE.

CHECK first for any life-threatening

conditions. When possible, the victim should always be

checked in the position in which he or she isfound.

CALL, or have someone else call, 9-1-1 or thelocal emergency number.

CARE for the conditions you find.



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When possible, the victim should always be checked inthe position in which he or she is found.

Begin interviewing by asking the victim some simplequestions: What happened?

Do you feel pain anywhere?

Do you have any allergies?

Do you have any medical condition or are you taking anymedications?

Can you describe the pain?

What were you doing when this happened?

Can you rate the pain on a scale of 1 to 10?

Write down the information you learn.



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Perform a head-to-toe examination.

When checking aconscious infant orchild, follow thesame general steps as

for an adult, exceptcheck the victimfrom toe to head.



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Do not transport a victim— When the trip may aggravate the injury or

illness or cause additional injury.

When the victim has or may develop a life-threatening condition. If you are unsure of the nature of the injury.

With a life-threatening condition or if thereis a possibility of further injury, call 9-1-1 orthe local emergency number and wait forhelp.



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If you are alone and find an unconscious childor infant who is not breathing, give rescuebreathing for 2 minutes before calling 9-1-1 orthe local emergency number.

When checking a child or infant for non-life-

threatening conditions, observe the childbefore touching him or her. Communicate clearly with the parent or

guardian and the child. When checking an older adult—

Attempt to learn the victim’s name. Get at the victim’s eye level. Speak slowly and clearly. Find out what medications the victim is taking. Look for a medical alert tag.



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In every emergency, follow the emergencyaction steps: CHECK — CALL — CARE.

CHECK first for any life-threateningconditions.• When possible, the victim should always be

checked in the position in which he or she isfound.

CALL, or have someone else call, 9-1-1 or thelocal emergency number immediately.

CARE for the conditions you find.

Emergency Medicine Project by Madhu Sreeja Hari

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