Embryonic staging series for the African House Snake (Lamprophis fuliginosus) using external...
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Embryonic staging series for the African House Snake (Lamprophis fuliginosus) using external
morphology
Eric Dichter and Scott Boback. Department of Biology, Dickinson College,
Carlisle, PA.
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Outline
• The motivation
• The question
• African House staging series
• Continuing work
• Goals for future
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Darwin’s finches – morphological variation of beaks
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Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp4)
Abzhanov et al. 2004
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Bmp4
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Is Bmp4 responsible for head shape differences between island
and mainland boas?
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African House Snake staging series• oviparous• smaller size• shorter time of development• docile• VERY prolific reproduction
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Staging criteria for Rock PythonStage External morphological characteristics
1 Mandibular process does not extend to eye, no scales, 5-6 body coils
2 Mandibular process extending rostral to eye
3 Mandibular process extends midway between eye and maxilla, scales visible on body, 3-4 body coils
4 Mandibular process lines up with maxilla, 3 coils
5 Cervical flexure > 90°, heart protrudes from body cavity
6 Scales on head, heart internalized, 2-3 coils
7 Fusion of eyelids in center of eye, 2 coils
8 Cervical flexure 120°, body wall closed, pigmentation beginning, 2 coils
9 Cervical flexure 180°, brain not visible through skin, pigmentation patter clear but pale, 1-2 coils
10 Resembles neonate, 1-2 body coils, egg tooth visible
Adapted from Boughner et al. 2007
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Staging criteria for African House
• Mandibular length (relative to maxilla)• Brain development• Location of organs• Angle of cervical flexure• Weight• Length• Eye pigment• Scales
Adapted from Boughner et al. 2007
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0-1 days
Mandible
Visible, protruding mesencephalon
External organs
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6 days
Mandible
External organs
Visible, protruding mesencephalon
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9 days
Mandible
External organs
Visible, protruding mesencephalon
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13 days
Mandible
External heart
Visible, protruding mesencephalon
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16 days
Mandible
Visible, protruding mesencephalon
Internalized heart (moved caudally)
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13’ days
Mandible
Scales forming
Visible, protruding mesencephalon
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16’ days
Mandible
Visible, flattening mesencephalon
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27 days
Pigmentation pattern beginning
Visible, linearized skull
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34 days
Pigmentation pattern darkening
Opaque, elongate skull
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43 days
Pigmentation pattern darkening further
External hemipenes
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54 days - hatched
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Conclusions
• Rate of development variable – depends on environment, health of mother, genetics
• Comparable development at oviposition
• Development of L. fuliginosus similar to Python sebae – much shorter incubation
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Continuing work• Mating snakes, incubating eggs, harvesting more
embryos
• Clearing and staining – location, timing of bone development in jaws
• In situ hybridizations – determine presence, location, timing of expression of certain growth factors (Bmp4, Bmp2, Fgf8, Shh)
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Many thanks to…
• Prof. Boback• Prof. Mistry• Neil Ford• Ali Maksimak• Mike Montross• Chase Walling
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Works cited
• Boughner, J.C., Buchtova, M., Fu, K., Diewert, V., Hallgrimsson, B., Richman, J.M. 2007. Embryonic development of Python sebae – I: Staging criteria and macroscopic skeletal morphogenesis of the head and limbs. Zoology 212-230.
• Abzhanov, A., Protas, P., Grant, B. R., Grant, P.R., Tabin, C.J. 2004. Bmp4 and Morphological Variation of Beaks in Darwin’s Finches