EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND Robotics

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INTRODUCTION OF ROBOTICS Robotics is the science and technologies of

robots, including their design , manufacturing, and application.

Robotics requires a working knowledge of electronics, mechanics, and software.

Actually it provides a very powerful and flexible approach to demonstrate physics , computer science , variety of engineering concept and mathematics.

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ROBOT USED FOR SITUATIONS WHERE HUMAN SAFETY IS AN ISSUE :- Used internationally by Police, Army, Navy

and Air force organisations. With hazardous situations :- suspicious

packages, riots and for the collection of foreign intelligence.

Dangerous work environments such as moving harmful chemicals or fighting fires.

NASA scientists use robotic technologies (Mars Explorer) to explore other planets.

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INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION:-

Repetitive tasks High speed High precision movements Pre-planned trajectories and task policies Automated and no human interference

required

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A ROBOT MUST HAVE :- Mobility: It possesses some form of mobility.

Programmability: It can be programmed to accomplish a large variety of tasks. After being programmed, it operates automatically.

Sensors: On or around the device that are able to sense the environment and give useful feedback to the device.

Mechanical capability: Enabling it to act on its environment rather than merely function as a data processing or computational device (a robot is a machine).

Flexibility: It can operate using a range of programs and manipulates in a variety of ways.

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Why do we need to learn Microprocessors/controllers? The microprocessor is the core of computer

systems.

Nowadays many communication, digital entertainment, portable devices, are controlled by them.

A designer should know what types of components he needs, ways to reduce production costs and product reliable.

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CPU

General-Purpose Micro-processor

RAM ROM I/O Port

TimerSerial COM Port

Data Bus

Address Bus

General-Purpose Microprocessor System

Microprocessors:

CPU for Computers No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself Example： Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0

Many chips on mother’s board

General-purpose microprocessor

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MICROCONTROLLER :

A smaller computer On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports... Example：Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8

and PIC 16X

RAM ROM

I/O Port

TimerSerial COM Port

Microcontroller

CPU

A single chip

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MICROPROCESSOR VS. MICROCONTROLLER

Microprocessor • CPU is stand-alone, RAM,

ROM, I/O, timer are separate• designer can decide on the

amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports.

• expansive• versatility • general-purpose

Microcontroller• CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and

timer are all on a single chip• fix amount of on-chip ROM,

RAM, I/O ports• for applications in which cost,

power and space are critical• single-purpose

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EMBEDDED SYSTEMDefinition: An Embedded System is one that has computer hardware with software embedded in it as one of its important components.

SOFTWARE PROGRAM#include <16f876a.h>#use delay (clock=20000000)#byte PORTB=6main(){set_tris_b(0);portb=255;        //decimaldelay_ms(1000);portb=0x55;        //hexadecimaldelay_ms(1000);portb=0b10101010;  //binarydelay_ms(500);}

Its software embeds in ROM (Read Only Memory). It does not need secondary memories as in a computer

HARDWARE

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COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

It has Hardware Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories,

Ports, etc.

It has main Application Software Which may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.

It has Real Time Operating System (RTOS) RTOS defines the way the system work. Which supervise the

application software. It sets the rules during the execution of the application program. A small scale embedded system may not need an RTOS.

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WHAT MAKES EMBEDDED SYSTEMS DIFFERENT?

Real-time operation Size Cost Time Reliability Safety Energy Security

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1. Small Scale Embedded System

2. Medium Scale Embedded System

3. Sophisticated Embedded System

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• Household appliances:

Microwave ovens, Television, DVD Players & Recorders

• Audio players

• Integrated systems in aircrafts and missiles

• Cellular telephones

• Electric and Electronic Motor controllers

• Engine controllers in automobiles

• Calculators

• Medical equipments

• Videogames

• Digital musical instruments, etc.

APPLICATIONS

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MAJOR PROJECTS COVERED

Digital Clock Line Follower Robot Wall Follower Robot Edge avoiding Robot Visitor Counter Temperature Controlled Fan Keypad Operated Robot Mobile Controlled Robot Digital Piano Remote controlled wireless robot Mobile controlled A.C. Devices Message scrolling on LCD High Temperature alarm PC Controlled Robot Automatic AC controlled Devices

Thank you