Embedded Systems

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Introduction to Embedded Systems

A combination of hardware and software which together form

a component of a larger machine.

An embedded system is designed to run on its own without

human intervention, and may be required to respond to

events in real time.

An embedded system is designed to perform a dedicated

function.

Real-Time Operation• Reactive: computations must occur in response to external events• Correctness is partially a function of time

Small Size, Low Weight• Hand- held electronics and Transportation applications -- weight costs money

Low Power• Battery power for 8+ hours (laptops often last only 2 hours)

Harsh environment• Heat, vibration, shock, power fluctuations, RF interference, lightning, corrosion

Safety- critical operation• Must function correctly and Must not function in correctly

Extreme cost sensitivity• $. 05 adds up over 1,000, 000 units

Characteristics of an Embedded Systems

Microcontroller

555 Timer

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and  oscillator  applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element.

The wide spectrum of embedded system devices is that there is no single definition reflecting them all. Automotive: Ignition System, Engine Control, Brake System

Industrial Control: Robotics and Control Systems

Networking: Routers, Hubs

Office Automation: Fax Machine, Printers, Scanners

When approaching embedded systems architecture design, several models

can be applied to describe the cycle of embedded system design.

The big-bang model: there is essentially no planning or processes in place

before and during the development of a system.

The code-and-fix model: product requirements are defined but no formal

processes are in place before the start of development.

The waterfall model: there is a process for developing a system in steps,

where results of one step flow into the next step.

The spiral model: there is a process for developing a system in steps, and

throughout the various steps, feedback is obtained and incorporated back

into the process.

Embedded Systems Design

The embedded system design and development process is

divided into four phases: creating the architecture,

implementing the architecture, testing the system, and

maintaining the system.

Creating Architecture is defined as being made up of six

stages:

◦ having a strong technical foundation (stage 1),

◦ understanding the Architectural Business Cycle (stage 2),

◦ defining the architectural patterns and models (stage 3),

◦ defining the architectural structures (stage 4),

◦ documenting the architecture (stage 5), and

◦ analyzing and reviewing the architecture (stage 6).

What the Embedded Systems Model indicates is that all

embedded systems share one simi larity at the highest level; that

is, they all have at least one layer (hardware) or all layers

(hardware, system software and application software) into which

all components fall.

The hardware layer contains all the major physical components

located on an embedded board, whereas the system and

application software layers contain all of the software located on

and being processed by the embedded system.

The Embedded Systems Model

Applications Areas

Application Areas

Medical Systems◦ Pace maker, Patient Monitoring Systems, Injection

Systems, Intensive Care Units(ICU), … Office Equipment

◦ Printer, Copier, Fax, … Tools

◦ Multimeter, Oscilloscope, Line Tester, GPS, … Banking

◦ ATMs, Statement Printers, … Transportation

◦ (Planes/Trains/[Automobiles] and Boats) RADAR, Traffic Lights, Signalling Systems, …

Application Areas• TV• Stereo• Remote Control• Phone / Mobile Phone• Refrigerator• Microwave• Washing Machine• Electric Tooth Brush• Oven / Rice or Bread Cooker• Watch• Alarm Clock• Electronic Musical Instruments• Electronic Toys(Stuffed Animals, Handheld Toys, Pinballs,

etc.)• Medical Home Equipment (e.g. Blood Pressure,

Thermometer)

Conclusion

An embedded system is an applied computer system.

“Embedded System", it constantly evolves with advances

in technology and dramatic decreases in the cost of

implementing various hardware and software

components.

Widely used in industries.

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