EM Commerce

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A STUDY ON COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF E-COMMERCE AND M-COMMERCE AT SKYWARE SOLUTIONS (P) LTD, CHENNAI CHAPTER I 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION M-Commerce is the term for making business transactions using mobile devices. There are already several existing M-Commerce applications and services nowadays that have been very helpful to us. Some are mobile banking, location maps, and variety of news, mobile shopping, ticketing and mobile file sharing. Mobiles are being used more and more on daily basis and its more then just making and receiving a call. Mobile companies are coming up with new features for their smart phones, which offers consumers ease, flexibility and security at the same time. Myself I have a Blackberry and an iphone which I use both to run my online business, from sending and receiving emails, online accounts, socialise on Facebook and Twitter and also paying for my shopping so I just need to collect it. I believe if I was to loose my phone, I would be lost, as I would have no communication, besides my wife calling me, I wouldn’t be able to operate my day to day business. Having these features on my phone, saves me hours in a day, as I don’t go home to a full inbox of emails, I don’t need to wait in queues to collect my shopping, as I have already paid for it. Page 1

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A STUDY ON COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF E-COMMERCE AND M-COMMERCE

AT SKYWARE SOLUTIONS (P) LTD, CHENNAI

CHAPTER I

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

M-Commerce is the term for making business transactions using mobile devices. There

are already several existing M-Commerce applications and services nowadays that have been

very helpful to us. Some are mobile banking, location maps, and variety of news, mobile

shopping, ticketing and mobile file sharing.

Mobiles are being used more and more on daily basis and its more then just making and

receiving a call. Mobile companies are coming up with new features for their smart phones,

which offers consumers ease, flexibility and security at the same time. Myself I have a

Blackberry and an iphone which I use both to run my online business, from sending and

receiving emails, online accounts, socialise on Facebook and Twitter and also paying for my

shopping so I just need to collect it. I believe if I was to loose my phone, I would be lost, as I

would have no communication, besides my wife calling me, I wouldn’t be able to operate my

day to day business. Having these features on my phone, saves me hours in a day, as I don’t go

home to a full inbox of emails, I don’t need to wait in queues to collect my shopping, as I have

already paid for it.

Doing M-Commerce transactions do not require the user to plug anything like personal

computer or wait for the laptop to load. Just hit the on button of your mobile device and your

ready to go. Despite the small screen, having something in your pocket that can do so much via

M-Commerce is really an amazing technology and a great help. E-Commerce business are also

making applications for mobile phones which allows users to browse their online products and

make payments with couple of buttons. With the growth of smartphones, tablets and mobile

devices, mobile commerce or mcommerce has started to gain prominence amongst the digital

marketplace.

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According to an eBay study, Mobile Assisted Commerce (MAC) is set to come to the

mainstream in India in 2012. With reductions in smartphone prices and increased 3G penetration,

m-commerce is set to increase. The recent Airtel advertisement showing a girl buying bags after

her mother sends money 'through mobile' or the one showing a friend helping another with Rs 65

through his mobile (for a drink of course!) are just the examples of companies trying to tap the

m-commerce market in the country.

Mobile Commerce

Mobile Commerce refers to wireless electronic commerce used for conducting commerce

or business through a handy device like cellular phone or Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs). It is

also said that it is the next generation wireless e-commerce that needs no wire and plug-in

devices. Mobile commerce is usually called as 'm-Commerce' in which user can do any sort of

transaction including buying and selling of the goods, asking any services, transferring the

ownership or rights, transacting and transferring the money by accessing wireless internet service

on the mobile handset itself.

The next generation of commerce would most probably be mobile commerce or m-

commerce. Presuming its wide potential reach all major mobile handset manufacturing

companies are making WAP enabled smart phones and providing the maximum wireless internet

and web facilities covering personal, official and commerce requirement to pave the way of m-

commerce that would later be very fruitful for them.

Worldwide, nearly 1 in 3 phones sold in 2011 was a smartphone. Couple this with the

wide uptake of tablets and other portable devices; it’s obvious to see that consumers have

incredibly advanced technology available for their mobile lifestyle. Increasingly, what used to be

strictly e-commerce is now becoming m-commerce, or a combination of both. We concluded that

regardless of the transaction, we would need a wallet that could be accessed from many devices.

I should be able to transfer money to friends and family, pay for physical and virtual goods and

services and pay in shops in any way I want. Similar to how m-commerce has created

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opportunities, the next generation of digital wallets will enable the lifestyle we want and need.

Who will provide us with the wallet then? Well, that is the important question.

Operators have the opportunity to leverage their subscriber base but if they are too slow

to adopt, someone else will close the window of opportunity. Now is the time to act. The

presence of etailers with mobile sites is growing; but just like Internet adoption in the mid-‘90s,

e-retailers today are taking baby steps toward initiating a mobile presence. At the moment the

majority of m-commerce transactions are limited to mobile device add-ons like ringtones, games,

wallpapers and screensavers.” Recent studies conducted earlier this year prove that mcommerce

is still fairly small today- with approximately 3.4% – 3.9% of American mobile users utilizing

mcommerce.

What is interesting, however, is what these consumers are buying. While the number or

consumers utilizing m-commerce platforms has not changed too drastically, the purchases have.

Of those that have made purchases via their mobile phones 58% purchased digital content for

their phones, 51% purchased consumer electronics, 37% purchased computers/laptops/related

equipment, 36% purchased books, 31% purchased apparel and 20% purchased jewelry. This

illustrates that consumers who use their mobile phones to make purchases are now purchasing as

if they were in a retail store. This is a dramatic difference in purchasing patterns is likely a result

of increased consumer confidence in the security of m-commerce. A recent poll found that

approximately 71% of consumers believe it is “very safe” or “fairly safe” to make a purchase via

mobile phone.

Moving forward ecommerce companies should do two things: get educated about m-

commerce and leave room for m-commerce in their marketing plans. First of all, find out as

much as you can about mcommerce now and stay briefed on the latest news as advancements are

made so that when mcommerce starts to become vital to your business you are ready with

strategy and insight. Secondly, begin developing a marketing strategy that will leverage your m-

commerce website when it is time to invest in it.

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Mobile commerce (aka “mcommerce”) refers to consumers shopping via wireless

handheld accessories such as cell phones and PDAs. An mcommerce site is a version of a

company’s webpage that is designed to fit within the constraints of a cell phone or PDA. (For

more information on what makes a site m-commerce friendly please see “Make Your Site iPhone

Friendly.”) While some mcommerce sites are set up to drive sales, the majority of retailers utilize

mcommerce primarily as an additional branding channel.

E-Commerce is short for electronic commerce and refers to the field of marketing,

buying, selling, distributing and servicing different products and/or services over the internet. It

aims at using electronic business applications for the purpose of commercial transactions. E-

Commerce is believed to have started off in 1994 when the first ever banner appeared on the

internet but electric commerce not using the internet must have originated as far back as the

1970s when technologies such as Electronic Funds Transfer and Electric Data Interchange were

being used. M-Commerce on the other hand stands for Mobile Commerce and refers to

commercial transactions being conducted over cellular and mobile devices. M-Commerce

originated sometime during the 1990s. The methods of payment used are normally calling

numbers with premium rates, reduction of the caller's credit and charging the user's bill.

NULMAN: Mobile, while potent, is not for everybody. You want to add mobile to your

mix if there is a reason to communicate with your customers on an immediate basis. If you're the

type of merchant who can offer fast-changing deals, and can make it very beneficial for your

customers to hear from you instantly, mobile's for you. It is very important to remember mobile

is not another channel to funnel e-mail blasts.

PARRY: For a merchant, is it just as easy as adding a .mobi? Or are we talking an entire

new platform? In layman's terms, what will a new platform involve?

NULMAN: Adding a .mobi is a tactic, not a panacea. A mobile site can still be accessed

without that suffix. More importantly, if you choose to go the mobile Web site route, it is

important to minimize the content and focus on the basics. Make sure the content fits not only on

the screen of a mobile device, but also caters to the reduced attention span of a mobile customer.

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The platform is similar to the web, but in order to promote rapid purchases you need to

remember to concentrate on the essentials.

PARRY: So are we talking about retailers getting entire catalog lines inside someone's

mobile device? Or will it be more similar to e-mail marketing, where a few products will be

teased?

NULMAN: Less indeed is more. In Japan, you have full-catalog, full-blown mobile

commerce sites, and they work well. But this is not Japan. You must start slowly and first prove

your concept and make customers comfortable shopping (and not even necessarily buying) on

mobile. With this careful approach, your sales should increase alongside their comfort level.

PARRY: How similar? For merchants, is the advent of mobile to the early days of

e-commerce, and what mistakes can be learned from the past and carried into this new channel?

NULMAN: Very similar. Check the minutes of your meetings where you pulled out your

hair, and remember that not even Amazon.com was built in a day. What you're trying to do here

is make customers commit while outside a traditional retail environment. What works in store

and now online will most likely not work on mobile. Take a walk outside and see how

consumers interact with their mobile devices, and tailor your offers to this behavior. Limit the

information and increase the reasons why they should act immediately.

PARRY: Consumers are trusting when it comes to making secure purchases on the Web.

But are credit card transactions as safe when they are going through a mobile platform?

NULMAN: They will be, but we will face the same type of consumer distrust reticence

we saw in the early days of the web. Second step will see us store our card numbers in our device

for one-click transactions, and eventually, most purchases will go right onto your carrier bill, as

they do in Japan. This could be the next big commerce battleground…between the banks, the

credit card companies and the carriers.

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PARRY: How long do you think it will take for merchants to implement mobile, and will

it be an all-at-once or gradual adoption rate?

NULMAN: If they're smart, it will be gradual. Take your time; we lived this long without

it, so let's find the right way to live with it. If it's all-at-once, it will soon be not-at-all.

Advantage of M-Commerce

M-commerce has several major advantages over its fixed counterparts because of its

specific inbuilt characteristics such as ubiquity, personalization, flexibility, and distribution,

mobile commerce promises exceptional business market potential, greater efficiency and higher

fruitfulness.

Thus it is not surprising that mobile commerce is emerging much faster than its fixed

counterpart. M-commerce is more personalized than e-commerce and thus needs a gentle

approach to appraise m-commerce applications.

Areas / Uses of M-Commerce

In the current commerce industry, mobile commerce or M-Commerce has been entered in

finance, services, retails, tele-communication and information technology services. In these

sectors, M-Commerce is not only being widely accepted but also it is being more used as a

popular way of business/ commerce.

Finance Sectors

Mobile Commerce works vastly in finance sector including all big and major financial

institutes, banks, stock market and share brokers. Whenever any user needs money or wants any

sort of banking and finance related services, he/she can access the services or register services

via voice calling or via Short Message Services (SMS) services. WAP based mobile handsets

allow the user to access the official website of the institute.

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User can transact money or transfer money, or pay the bill from its bank account using

mobile commerce facilities. Banks also provide round the clock customer care services, which

can be used any time through voice calling. Some customer care services are also provides non-

voice services on mobile that is known as insta-alert facility. While in the stock market, the user

can access the stock market quotes and get in live touch with current trading status on its mobile

in two forms either voice (customer assistance) or non-voice (sms alerts) or both.

The share broker sends market trends and tips of trading on their clients' mobile. Also

broker can suggest the appropriate stock for intra-day trading to their users.

Telecommunication Sectors

Mobile has played a giant role in communication technology through its versatility and

superiority. The ubiquity and easy usage has further made it extremely popular across the globe.

It has already surpassed the fixed phone in the world. Software platform is essential for operating

any mobile and this tool has revolutionized the communication world because of its functioning

as a small computer.

The booming popularity has forced the corporate world to develop a new commerce

platform that can reach to masses. Mobile commerce has attracted massive traffic because of its

unique characteristics. The user can change the service of any financial institute or banks if gets

better product and service or user is unsatisfied with the service of the subscribing company.

Besides this several bills can be paid using mobile and user can also check the available balance,

the status of cheques, the status of requested processing and customer care support.

Several dealings can be handled through mobile phones.

Service / Retail sectors

Service and Retail sectors are also among the leading sectors, which have nurtured most

from mobile commerce. M-Commerce has proved a major boon for these sectors. Several

business dealings no matter how big or small are being finalized on the mobile phone. Customer

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would be able to book the order, can hire carrier/courier services and above all could also pay the

dues related to it through mobile.

Information Sector

After the bursting of dotcom bubble, e-commerce has gone downwards to hell. But the

evolution of mobile commerce has again worked as ambrosia for them. A separate sector has

been evolved to exercise on this field for the IT experts. The webmasters have skilfully exploited

this new area of IT-enabled commerce.

In the IT field, mobile commerce has been used massively to deliver financial news,

stock updates, sports figures and traffic updates and many more onto a single handheld device

'mobile'

.

History of M-Commerce

Despite of huge popularity of mobile commerce, it is yet in the initial stage and can be

further expand in to all the fields, which affect the human life. The assumption of mobile

commerce is not so young as it mushroomed so early from adopting this technology. It initially

begins with the use of wireless POS (Point Of Sale) swipe terminals and has since then made its

way into cellular phones and PDA's (Personal Digital Assistants). The first enabling m-

commerce technologies were presented through Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and i-

mode mobile Internet service. WAP builds on digital phone technology and first emerged on 2.5

G phone technology that allowed users to browse the Internet. This technology cemented the

way of m-commerce, which has strongly developed on 3G-phone technology. Nokia has first

introduced m-commerce application software Nokia toolkit version 4.0.

The future of m-Commerce seems extremely bright because several experiments are

going on to introduce the upgraded version of mobile likely to emerged with the evolution of 4G

mobile technology.

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Unless you have been living under a rock for the last few years, you have probably heard

about e-commerce. And you have heard about it from several different angles. You may have:

heard about all of the companies that offer e-commerce because you have been

bombarded by their TV and radio ads.

read all of the news stories about the shift to e-commerce and the hype that has developed

around e-commerce companies.

seen the huge valuations that Web companies get in the stock market, even when they

don't make a profit.

purchased something on the Web, so you have direct personal experience with e-

commerce

Still, you may feel like you don't understand e-commerce at all. What is all the hype

about? Why the huge valuations? And most importantly, is there a way for you to participate? If

you have an e-commerce idea, how might you get started implementing it? If you have had

questions like these, then this article will help out by exposing you to the entire e-commerce

space.

Ecommerce definition and types of ecommerce

Ecommerce (e-commerce) or electronic commerce, a subset of ebusiness, is the

purchasing, selling, and exchanging of goods and services over computer networks (such as the

Internet) through which transactions or terms of sale are performed electronically. Contrary to

popular belief, ecommerce is not just on the Web. In fact, ecommerce was alive and well in

business to business transactions before the Web back in the 70s via EDI (Electronic Data

Interchange) through VANs (Value-Added Networks). Ecommerce can be broken into four main

categories: B2B, B2C, C2B, and C2C.

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B2B(Business-to-Business)

Companies doing business with each other such as manufacturers selling to distributors

and wholesalers selling to retailers. Pricing is based on quantity of order and is often

negotiable.

B2C(Business-to-Consumer)

Businesses selling to the general public typically through catalogs utilizing shopping cart

software. By dollar volume, B2B takes the prize, however B2C is really what the average

Joe has in mind with regards to ecommerce as a whole.

Having a hard time finding a book? Need to purchase a custom, high-end computer

system? How about a first class, all-inclusive trip to a tropical island? With the advent

ecommerce, all three things can be purchased literally in minutes without human

interaction. Oh how far we've come!

C2B(Consumer-to-Business)

A consumer posts his project with a set budget online and within hours companies review

the consumer's requirements and bid on the project. The consumer reviews the bids and

selects the company that will complete the project. Elance empowers consumers around

the world by providing the meeting ground and platform for such transactions.

C2C(Consumer-to-Consumer)

There are many sites offering free classifieds, auctions, and forums where individuals can

buy and sell thanks to online payment systems like PayPal where people can send and

receive money online with ease. eBay's auction service is a great example of where

person-to-person transactions take place everyday since 1995.

Companies using internal networks to offer their employees products and services

online--not necessarily online on the Web--are engaging in B2E (Business-to-Employee)

ecommerce.

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G2G (Government-to-Government), G2E (Government-to-Employee), G2B

(Government-to-Business), B2G (Business-to-Government), G2C (Government-to-Citizen), C2G

(Citizen-to-Government) are other forms of ecommerce that involve transactions with the

government--from procurement to filing taxes to business registrations to renewing licenses.

There are other categories of ecommerce out there, but they tend to be superfluous.

A type of business model, or segment of a larger business model, that enables a firm or

individual to conduct business over an electronic network, typically the internet. Electronic

commerce operates in all four of the major market segments: business to business, business to

consumer, consumer to consumer and consumer to business.

Ecommerce has allowed firms to establish a market presence, or to enhance an already

larger market position, by allowing for a cheaper and more efficient distribution chain for their

products or services. One example of a firm having successfully used ecommerce is Borders.

This book store not only has physical stores, but also has an online store where the customer can

buy books, CDs and DVDs.

You are just at the right place to know all about e-commerce. E-commerce or electronic

commerce, comprises of the buying and selling of products, services or information over

electronic methods such as the Internet. But actually it is much more than just buying and selling

products online. Read on to get a true e-commerce definition.

E-commerce solutions include the complete process of developing, marketing, selling,

delivering, servicing and paying for products and services online. With widespread usage of

internet, the amount of electronic trade has grown extraordinarily. Modern e-commerce

stimulates and draws on advances and improvements in electronic funds transfer, supply chain

management, internet marketing, online transaction processing, inventory management systems,

and automated data collection systems. Other wider range of technologies like e-mail, mobile

devices and telephones are encompassed as well.

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Conducting business online. Selling goods, in the traditional sense, is possible to do

electronically because of certain software programs that run the main functions of an e-

commerce Web site, including product display, online ordering, and inventory management. The

software resides on a commerce server and works in conjunction with online payment systems to

process payments. Since these servers and data lines make up the backbone of the Internet, in a

broad sense, e-commerce means doing business over interconnected networks.

The definition of e-commerce includes business activities that are business-to-business

(B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), extended enterprise computing (also known as "newly

emerging value chains"), d-commerce, and m-commerce. E-commerce is a major factor in the

U.S. economy because it assists companies with many levels of current business transactions, as

well as creating new online business opportunities that are global in nature.

Here are a few examples of e-commerce:

accepting credit cards for commercial online sales

generating online advertising revenue

trading stock in an online brokerage account

driving information through a company via its intranet

driving manufacturing and distribution through a value chain with partners on an extranet

selling to consumers on a pay-per-download basis, through a Web site

Different types of e-commerce models exist among various groups. As e-commerce

means trading over the internet, one cannot confine the work of commerce electronically

only to certain groups. Several types of e-commerce concentrate on business substitutes

involving goods and services between various corporations. Opposing to well accepted

belief, e-commerce is not just on the Web.

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The three types of e-commerce such as business-to-business, business-to-consumer and

business-to-employee represent a range of different schemas of transactions which are

notable according to their participants.

You are at the right place to understand the concepts and different types of e-commerce

models.

E-commerce is one of the most significant aspects of the Internet today. Having emerged

recently and growing at a steady speed, it becomes essential to look at the advantages and

disadvantages of e-commerce. Selling and buying products and services online over

electronic systems with the assistance of computers needs to be looked at from all

perspectives. Like any other conventional business, electronic commerce is also

characterized by some inbuilt benefits and drawbacks. Let's have a look at some of these

important advantages and disadvantages of electronic commerce.

E-commerce is definitely the new commerce arena, with the advent of faster internet

connectivity and powerful online tools. Carrying out business at a lightening speed is

bound to have its own pluses and minuses. Learning the advantages and disadvantages of

e-commerce will help one gain complete knowledge about this medium of business.

You are just at the right destination to learn about advantages and disadvantages of e-

commerce.

Business-to-Business or B2B consists of leading form of E-commerce. This type of e-

commerce defines the buyer and seller to be two different entities. It is chiefly the selling

between companies, which are wholesale rather than retail, but in actual practice is much

more than that. Read on to know more about Business-to-Business model.

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Business-to-Business type of e-commerce involves efficient use of capital demands small

inventories. It is important to maintain detailed information flows between all parties

involved in today's manufacturing processes which can be complex. Expanding the circle

of suppliers and centralizing control as well are important part in these types of e-

commerce.

Business-to-Business models in e-commerce are an important part of any business online.

Putting aside the simple transfer of funds, it needs to cover more. Creditworthiness

assessment and guaranteeing the quality and delivery of goods, while safeguarding

against fraud are important.Detailed reporting including approval of sale, invoicing,

delivery, payment is essential. There are proper procedures to handle disputes.

Business-to-Business model has reportedly done better than other type of ecommerce.

Encouraging higher profits with steadier growth, higher profits, there are even marked

differences between types of software and their successes within this model. Extensive

company reorganization and retraining are essential to improve management.

Benefits of Business-to-Business models comprise of promoting ones businesses online.

There is easy import and export of products. It is simpler to determine buyers and

suppliers and position trade guides.

The future prospects for Business-to-Business are bright. With trillions of dollars of

worth goods bought and sold online and predicted in the coming years, demand is

growing for B2B products. European firms expect Business-to-Business investment to

generate a 5% productivity growth.

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1.2 INDUSTRY PROFILE

The Global Mobile Commerce Forum, which came to include over 100 organisations,

had its fully minuted launch in London on 10 November 1997. Kevin Duffey was elected as the

Executive Chairman at the first meeting in November 1997. The meeting was opened by Dr

Mike Short, former chairman of the GSM Association, with the very first forecasts for mobile

commerce from Kevin Duffey (Group Telecoms Director of Logica) and Tom Alexander (later

CEO of Virgin Mobile and then of Orange). Over 100 companies joined the Forum within a year,

many forming mobile commerce teams of their own, e.g. Mastercard and Motorola. Of these

hundred companies, the first two were Logica and Cellnet (which later became O2). Member

organisations such as Nokia, Apple, Alcatel, and Vodafone began a series of trials and

collaborations, many of which are summarised here.

Mobile commerce services were first delivered in 1997, when the first two mobile-phone

enabled Coca Cola vending machines were installed in the Helsinki area in Finland. The

machines accepted payment via SMS text messages. The first mobile phone-based banking

service was launched in 1997 by Merita Bank of Finland, also using SMS. The m-Commerce(tm)

server developed in late 1997 by Kevin Duffey at Logica won the 1998 Financial Times award

for "most innovative mobile product," in a solution implemented with De La Rue, Motorola and

Logica. The Financial Times commended the solution for "turning mobile commerce into a

reality."

In 1998, the first sales of digital content as downloads to mobile phones were made

possible when the first commercial downloadable ringtones were launched in Finland by

Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj). Two major national commercial platforms for mobile

commerce were launched in 1999: Smart Money (http://smart.com.ph/money/) in the

Philippines, and NTT DoCoMo's i-Mode Internet service in Japan. i-Mode offered a

revolutionary revenue-sharing plan where NTT DoCoMo kept 9 percent of the fee users paid for

content, and returned 91 percent to the content owner. Mobile-commerce-related services spread

rapidly in early 2000. Norway launched mobile parking payments. Austria offered train ticketing

via mobile device. Japan offered mobile purchases of airline tickets.

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In April 2002, building on the work of the Global Mobile Commerce Forum (GMCF), the

European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) appointed Joachim Hoffmann of

Motorola to develop official standards for mobile commerce. In appointing Mr Hoffman, ETSI

quoted industry analysts as predicting "that m-commerce is poised for such an exponential

growth over the next few years that could reach US$200 billion by 2004".

The first book to cover mobile commerce was Tomi Ahonen's M-profits in 2002.

The first university short course to discuss mobile commerce was held at the University

of Oxford in 2003, with Tomi Ahonen and Steve Jones lecturing. As of 2008, UCL Computer

Science and Peter J. Bentley demonstrated the potential for medical applications on mobile

devices. PDAs and cellular phones have become so popular that many businesses are beginning

to use mobile commerce as a more efficient way to communicate with their customers.

In order to exploit the potential mobile commerce market, mobile phone manufacturers

such as Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, and Qualcomm are working with carriers such as AT&T

Wireless and Sprint to develop WAP-enabled smartphones. Smartphones offer fax, e-mail, and

phone capabilities. Evaluate site design and functionality and document enhancement

recommendations from business stakeholders and product managers.

         

Maintain up-to-date knowledge of current user experience/website industry standards and

best practices. Monitor and analyze products and services, market trends, and customer

requirements. Assist in performing usability testing of proposed designs. Conduct competitive

audits and other research. Analyze related web metrics once implementation is complete (traffic,

visibility, outreach, effectiveness) and coordinate updates with the various members of the key

business units to ensure ongoing maintenance. Define business and functional requirements on

behalf of the business to provide to systems analysts for implementation.Work closely with

business users to understand their business needs and opportunities for the use of technology to

improve their processes, and help them meet their business objectives. Understand the

applications supporting the users, their capabilities and limitations. Assist the business users in

developing business cases, including costs, benefits, and risks analysis.

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         Develop an excellent working relationship with business users and IT, providing very

customer focused and responsive support to their business needs.  Acts as liaison between

systems software development staff, management, and system end-users to determine

requirements. Translate business requirements into functional specifications for necessary

systems modifications to satisfy business needs.  Work with IT to determine best technical

solution to achieve objectives.

         

Work with QA and IT to develop test scripts based on functional specifications and

participate in testing of systems enhancements and modifications. Serves as subject matter expert

with content, processes, and procedures associated with the design of efficient, cost effective

solutions.Perform quality reviews of data results throughout the project lifecycle.

        

Coordinate implementation of the system software, including conversion of data to the

new system, and work with application support personnel to resolve system problems. Work

proactively with end users to identify technical solutions to business problems or inefficiencies.

Work with the teams to ensure training materials and curriculums are developed to support

systems enhancements and modifications.  Document system specifications, note and

communicate any changes in procedure.

"Profitability for device vendors and carriers hinges on high-end mobile devices and the

accompanying killer applications," said Burchett.[who?] Perennial early adopters, such as the youth

market, which are the least price sensitive, as well as more open to premium mobile content and

applications, must also be a key target for device vendors. Since the launch of the iPhone, mobile

commerce has moved away from SMS systems and into actual applications. SMS has significant

security vulnerabilities and congestion problems, even though it is widely available and

accessible. In addition, improvements in the capabilities of modern mobile devices make it

prudent to place more of the resource burden on the mobile device.

More recently, brick and mortar business owners, and big-box retailers in particular, have

made an effort to take advantage of mobile commerce by utilizing a number of mobile

capabilities such as location based services, barcode scanning, and push notifications to improve

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the customer experience of shopping in physical stores. By creating what is referred to as a

'bricks & clicks' environment, physical retailers can allow customers to access the common

benefits of shopping online (such as product reviews, information, and coupons) while still

shopping in the physical store. This is seen as a bridge between the gap created by e-commerce

and in-store shopping, and is being utilized by physical retailers as a way to compete with the

lower prices typically seen through online retailers.

M-Commerce is the term for making business transactions using mobile devices. There

are already several existing M-Commerce applications and services nowadays that have been

very helpful to us. Some are mobile banking, location maps, and variety of news, mobile

shopping, ticketing and mobile file sharing. Shoppers are already a part of frenzied life, trying to

fit in all the other chores in their life in limited time. And online shopping remains a challenge

for most of them. Making the shopping cart process easier and simpler can simplify things a lot

and improve e-commerce. Buying last minute gifts or wanting a niche product still remains a

challenge on internet, especially with a complicated shopping cart process.

Web retailers actually want to offer a great shopping experience for their consumers. But

what most of them don’t realize is that most shoppers get discouraged if they find the shopping

cart process not easy to follow. So as the first step to improve e-commerce, make the shopping

process easy and intuitive. Making the shopping cart process overly long is a sure shot way to

lose your potential customer. Remove any un-necessary fields for unimportant information.

Condense your checkout process to a max of 2 pages at most and with very few fields to fill in.

Review the check out pages and fields and look out for ay scope of improvement. For instance,

do you really need their third name or ask for their work phone? Avoid asking your consumers to

confirm their email address twice to ease out the shopping cart process flow.

It is always better to offer the user the option of buying without having to register first.

The user should be given this option to setup after they have completed out the details for the

sale. Get rid of these website frictions which irk the buyer and leave the website in

disappointment.

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To find out the general perception of the employees on training and development.

Overcome Geographical Limitations

If you have a physical store, you are limited by the geographical area that you can service. With

an ecommerce website, the whole world is your playground. Additionally, the advent of m-

commerce, i.e., ecommerce on mobile devices, has dissolved every remaining limitation of

geography.

Gain New Customers With Search Engine Visibility

Physical retail is driven by branding and relationships. In addition to these two drivers, online

retail is also driven by traffic from search engines. It is not unusual for customers to follow a link

in search engine results, and land up on an ecommerce website that they have never heard of.

This additional source of traffic can be the tipping point for some ecommerce businesses.

Lower Costs

One of the most tangible positives of ecommerce is the lowered cost. A part of these lowered

costs could be passed on to customers in the form of discounted prices.

Locate the Product Quicker

It is no longer about pushing a shopping cart to the correct aisle, or scouting for the

desired product. On an ecommerce website, customers can click through intuitive

navigation or use a search box to immediately narrow down their product search. Some

websites remember customer preferences and shopping lists to facilitate repeat purchase.

Eliminate Travel Time and Cost

It is not unusual for customers to travel long distances to reach their preferred physical

store. Ecommerce allows them to visit the same store virtually, with a few mouse clicks.

Provide Comparison Shopping

Ecommerce facilitates comparison shopping. There are several online services that allow

customers to browse multiple ecommerce merchants and find the best prices.

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Enable Deals, Bargains, Coupons, and Group Buying

Though there are physical equivalents to deals, bargains, coupons, and group buying,

online shopping makes it much more convenient. For instance if a customer has a deep

discount coupon for turkey at one physical store and toilet paper at another, she may find

it infeasible to avail of both discounts. But the customer could do that online with a few

mouse-clicks.

Provide Abundant Information

There are limitations to the amount of information that can be displayed in a physical

store. It is difficult to equip employees to respond to customers who require information

across product lines. Ecommerce websites can make additional information easily

available to customers. Most of this information is provided by vendors, and does not

cost anything to create or maintain.

M-Commerce is the term for making business transactions using mobile devices. There

are already several existing M-Commerce applications and services nowadays that have been

very helpful to us. Some are mobile banking, location maps, and variety of news, mobile

shopping, ticketing and mobile file sharing.

Mobiles are being used more and more on daily basis and its more then just making and

receiving a call. Mobile companies are coming up with new features for their smart phones,

which offers consumers ease, flexibility and security at the same time. My self I have a

Blackberry and an iphone which I use both to run my online business, from sending and

receiving emails, online accounts, socialise on Facebook and Twitter and also paying for my

shopping so I just need to collect it. I believe if I was to loose my phone, I would be lost, as I

would have no communication, besides my wife calling me, I wouldn’t be able to operate my

day to day business. Having these features on my phone, saves me hours in a day, as I don’t go

home to a full inbox of emails, I don’t need to wait in queues to collect my shopping, as I have

already paid for it.

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This power to regulate navigation confers upon the United States a dominant servitude,

FPC v. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp., 347 U.S. 239, 249 (1954), which extends to the entire

stream and the stream bed below ordinary high-water mark. The proper exercise of this power is

not an invasion of any private property rights in the stream or the lands underlying it, for the

damage sustained does not result from taking property from riparian owners within the meaning

of the Fifth Amendment but from the lawful exercise of a power to which the interests of riparian

owners have always been subject. United States v. Chicago, M., St. P. & P. R. Co., 312 U.S. 592,

596–597 (1941); Gibson v. United States, 166 U.S. 269, 275–276 (1897). Thus, without being

constitutionally obligated to pay compensation, the United States may change the course of a

navigable stream, South Carolina v. Georgia, 93 U.S. 4 (1876), or otherwise impair or destroy a

riparian owner's access to navigable waters, Gibson v. United States, 166 U.S. 269 (1897);

Scranton v. Wheeler, 179 U.S. 141 (1900); United States v. Commodore Park, Inc., 324 U.S. 386

(1945), even though the market value of the riparian owner's land is substantially diminished.

Other scholars, such as Robert H. Bork and Daniel E. Troy, argue that prior to 1887, the

Commerce Clause was rarely invoked by Congress, and thus a broad interpretation of the word

"commerce" was clearly never intended by the Founders. In support of this claim, they argue that

the word "commerce", as used in the Constitutional Convention and the Federalist Papers, can be

substituted with either "trade" or "exchange" interchangeably while preserving the meaning of

the statements. They also point to Madison's statement in an 1828 letter that the "Constitution

vests in Congress expressly...'the power to regulate trade'."[6][7]

Examining contemporaneous dictionaries does not neatly resolve the matter. For instance,

the 1792 edition of Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language defines the noun

"commerce" narrowly as "[e]xchange of one thing for another; interchange of any thing; trade;

traffick", but it defines the corresponding verb "to commerce" more broadly as "[t]o hold

intercourse."[8] The word "intercourse" also had a different and wider meaning back in 1792 than

it does now. Thus, Ogden contended, Congress could not invalidate his monopoly as long as he

only transported passengers within New York. The Supreme Court, however, found that

Congress could invalidate his monopoly since it was operational on an interstate channel of

navigation.

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In its decision, the Court assumed interstate commerce required movement of the subject

of regulation across state borders. The decision contains the following principles, some of which

have since been altered by subsequent decisions: 1. Commerce is "intercourse, all its branches,

and is regulated by prescribing rules for carrying on that intercourse." 2. Commerce among the

states cannot stop at the external boundary-line of each state, but may be introduced into the

interior... Comprehensive as the word "among" is, it may very properly be restricted to that

commerce which concerns more states than one." 3. The Commerce power is the power to

regulate, that is "to prescribe the rule by which commerce is to be governed" which "may be

exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the

Constitution."

Additionally, the Marshall Court limited the extent of federal maritime and admiralty

jurisdiction to tidewaters in The Steamboat Thomas Jefferson.[9]

In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. 1 (1831), the Supreme Court addressed whether the

Cherokee nation is a foreign state in the sense in which that term is used in the constitution. The

Court provided a definition of Indian tribe that clearly made the rights of tribes far inferior to

those of foreign states. In part the court said:

The new concept has already gained much popularity in the US, Europe, and Africa. In

India, though, basic banking transactions and mobile payments are available, but with the

increasing use of Smartphone, tablets, latest-applications enabled mobile devices and increasing

3G penetrations in Indian digital market, the mCommerce service is creating its space in the

market that can comply with country regulatory guidelines. However, there are future challenges

that the industry needs to face.

Following the path of major player Kenya’s M-PESA which has facilitated people mobile

banking using mobile devices, in India, RBI and TRAI, financial institutions, operators and

service providers have partnered with each other to take mCommerce to rural India. For

example, SBI and ICICI bank have partnered with a mobile banking technology partner “EKO”

for their mobile banking solutions. Likewise, other banks are also following them.

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According to a report by Boston Consulting Group, there is an ample scope for mCommerce in

India. At present, India has over 800 million mobile subscribers, including 240 million with bank

accounts, and 20 million with credit cards; there are 88,000 bank branches and 70,000 cash

points. The additional fact is that the half of Indian households is still unbanked, including 42%

holding at least one mobile phone. This opens a great opportunity for mobile phone industry and

financial institutions to galvanize mobile commerce services in India.

The latest BCG report has also projected that the fee-based revenue from mobile

commerce could be well over $4.5 billion by 2015 in India. Banks, mobile service providers and

device manufacturers all have considerable opportunity to generate this revenue.

Let us see some of the mCommerce & mPayments services available in India:

Bill Payments – With the mPayment services, paying all types of utility bills such as

water, electricity and gas bills has become much more convenient via mobile phone.

People can pay their bill from anywhere and anytime via their mobile phone, thereby they

do not need to stand in a queue therefore they can save their lots of time.

Recently, xpWallet announced its launch of mWallet Bill Pay offering, enabling users to receive

and view bills instantly through the Internet, USSD and SMS.

Money Transfer – Funds transfer is one of the unique features of mobile commerce

services. Previously, people would require going online on a computer to transfer the

funds between one to another bank account. Now, one can easily send money to anyone,

anywhere; or transfer money between bank accounts through mobile devices within a few

seconds.

Retail Transactions – With the rise in shopping malls and retail stores in India,

mCommerce & mPayments services are extremely valuable for customers for making

payments at the checkouts. Additionally, these services also make online shopping much

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easier and lucrative for both the customers and merchants through various discounts and

loyalty coupons.

Movie Ticketing – Mobile commerce services also enable users to book movie tickets via

a mobile phone. Now, people can enjoy watching movies by planning for that anytime in

an easier and hassle free manner.

Travel Ticketing – Now, scheduling any trip to anywhere and anytime has become

convenient with the mCommerce services available in India. People are now able to book

train or flight tickets via their mobile phone and have the pleasure of the journey.

It is evident that mCommerce and mPayments services have significantly been building

its market in India; and in the near future it will grow rapidly. There are some obstacles such as

security of financial transactions and speed of user interfaces. Another major obstacle to m-

commerce in India is meeting the Know Your Customers (KYC) norms. Though, following

Kenya’s National ID system which propelled its m-commerce to a huge success, if India gets its

Unique Identity Development Authority of India (UIDAI) or Aadhar project successfully

implemented, mobile commerce will rise in India to become the next generation mCommerce for

its mass adoption.

In conclusion, mobile commerce will certainly be successful in India, but telecom

companies and banks do need to spend more to provide safety and security from intrusions and

hacking. Further, they also need to build awareness among the consumers by embracing the

technology and promoting it ingenuously. xpWallet next generation mCommerce ecosystem

offers both core and enterprise mCommerce platforms to deliver services to the masses of India.

USSD mCommerce platform, for instance, acts as a comprehensive tutorial to teach the basic

mobile phone users how to access mCommerce services and allows them to do financial

activities even without Internet access.

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MORE ON M-COMMERCE

Customers can easily select products from different providers without moving around

physically.

Any one, good or bad, can easily start a business. And there are many bad sites which eat

up customers’ money.

There is no guarantee of product quality.

Mechanical failures can cause unpredictable effects on the total processes.

As there is minimum chance of direct customer to company interactions, customer

loyalty is always on a check.

There are many hackers who look for opportunities, and thus an ecommerce site, service,

payment gateways, all are always prone to attack.

In 1998, the first sales of digital content as downloads to mobile phones were made

possible when the first commercial downloadable ringtones were launched in Finland by

Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj). Two major national commercial platforms for mobile

commerce were launched in 1999: Smart Money (http://smart.com.ph/money/) in the

Philippines, and NTT DoCoMo's i-Mode Internet service in Japan. i-Mode offered a

revolutionary revenue-sharing plan where NTT DoCoMo kept 9 percent of the fee users paid for

content, and returned 91 percent to the content owner.

Mobile-commerce-related services spread rapidly in early 2000. Norway launched mobile

parking payments. Austria offered train ticketing via mobile device. Japan offered mobile

purchases of airline tickets. In April 2002, building on the work of the Global Mobile Commerce

Forum (GMCF), the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) appointed

Joachim Hoffmann of Motorola to develop official standards for mobile commerce. In

appointing Mr Hoffman, ETSI quoted industry analysts as predicting "that m-commerce is

poised for such an exponential growth over the next few years that could reach US$200 billion

by 2004. In order to exploit the potential mobile commerce market, mobile phone manufacturers

such as Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, and Qualcomm are working with carriers such as AT&T

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Wireless and Sprint to develop WAP-enabled smartphones. Smartphones offer fax, e-mail, and

phone capabilities.

"Profitability for device vendors and carriers hinges on high-end mobile devices and the

accompanying killer applications," said Burchett.[who?] Perennial early adopters, such as the youth

market, which are the least price sensitive, as well as more open to premium mobile content and

applications, must also be a key target for device vendors. Since the launch of the iPhone, mobile

commerce has moved away from SMS systems and into actual applications. SMS has significant

security vulnerabilities and congestion problems, even though it is widely available and

accessible. In addition, improvements in the capabilities of modern mobile devices make it

prudent to place more of the resource burden on the mobile device.

More recently, brick and mortar business owners, and big-box retailers in particular, have

made an effort to take advantage of mobile commerce by utilizing a number of mobile

capabilities such as location based services, barcode scanning, and push notifications to improve

the customer experience of shopping in physical stores. By creating what is referred to as a

'bricks & clicks' environment, physical retailers can allow customers to access the common

benefits of shopping online (such as product reviews, information, and coupons) while still

shopping in the physical store. This is seen as a bridge between the gap created by e-commerce

and in-store shopping, and is being utilized by physical retailers as a way to compete with the

lower prices typically seen through online retailers.

The Google Wallet Mobile App launched in September 2011 and the m-Commerce joint

venture formed in June 2011 between Vodafone, O2, Orange and T-Mobile are recent

developments of note. Reflecting the importance of m-Commerce, in April 2012 the Competition

Commissioner of the European Commission ordered an in-depth investigation of the m-

Commerce joint venture between Vodafone, O2, Orange and T-Mobile.

The need for mobility is the primary driving force behind mobile commerce, or

mCommerce. With the rapid increase in smartphone penetration across the globe, mobile

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commerce has gained increasing acceptance amongst both users and retailers. Mobile services

are continuing to register impressive growth and mCommerce is also being embraced in sync.

Mobile commerce will increase at a rate of 65% annually to reach $24 billion in 2015.

(Coda Research)

mCommerce grew about 150% to 200% last year. (TBI Research)

Active mobile banking users in the US will grow from 10 million in 2009 to 53 million

by 2013 (TowerGroup)

mCommerce will be bigger that eCommerce within 5 years. (Huffington Post)

In 2015, $119 billion worth of goods and services will be purchased via a mobile phone.

(ABI Research)

The market for mobile payments is expected to quadruple by 2014, reaching $630 billion

in value. (Juniper Research)

20% of all consumers and 32% of 18-34 year olds are researching purchases via mobile

at least monthly. (ATG, Inc.).

E-commerce vs M-commerce

In today’s fast developing technological world, businesses are usually transacted online.

These online transactions are called m-commerce and e-commerce. E-commerce is a term

that has been around for a long time already. This term is about conducting business

online, and everybody knows about that. However, with the rise of m-commerce, certain

confusions also rose. Both of them are about transacting business online, but there is still

a significant difference between the two. To clear these confusions, it is best to define

and differentiate these terms.

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The meaning of commerce means, conducting a business transaction, whether it is

promotional or selling products, goods, and services. The ‘m’ in the term m-commerce

means mobile. M-commerce then, is a type of business transaction done on your mobile

phone; providing your mobile phone has Internet access. Lately, phones have Internet

access, like 4G, which makes these transactions more accessible. With the rise of phones

with Internet access, this kind of business transaction has become very popular. M-

commerce has become a booming business lately.

With the use of m-commerce, there are plenty of products and promotional items that can

finally be transacted. Movie tickets can be bought via your phone with Internet access.

Not only that, you can also avail coupons, loyalty cards, and discount cards through you

mobile phone with the help of m-commerce. M-commerce can also let you do mobile

banking, and let you use your money in different companies. Just like using a laptop or a

desktop, as long as your phone has Internet access, so too can you shop until you drop

using m-commerce.

E-commerce, on the other hand, is an abbreviation of electronic commerce. This means

that e-commerce is a way of doing business transactions through the Internet as well. If

you have a laptop or a desktop then you can easily shop online. It has become very

popular in these modern days. Not only can it help you do transactions online, it is also

very convenient with all the swipe machines where you can swipe your credit card for

payment. People can do a business-to-business transaction via e-commerce called B2B. It

can also do a company to consumer transaction called B2C. This is where your orders

will be received via shipments and deliveries. You can use credit cards when doing these

transactions. One of the best examples for this is when amazon.com do business with

their clients. Another popular online shopping site is eBay.

The basic qualification needed to opt for a career in mobile commerce is a pass in

standard 10+2.  Those who would like to pursue a career in Mobile Commerce can find

employment with companies who encourage Mobile Commerce. A few examples are

Airtel, Reliance and the ICICI. These companies utilize this technology for their

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customers to make some restricted purchases through their mobile phones. In addition to

this, Mobile Commerce is also applied for paying phone bills, book travel tickets or

movie tickets with cell phones. Though popular, M-commerce is nevertheless in its

development stage in our country as the security of the transactions done is still

questioned. Aspirants can work as Content Developers or as Telcos. In addition to this,

Financial Institutions and the media companies also take in professionals of M-

Commerce.

Key differentiators between E-Commerce and M-Commerce

Both E-Commerce as M-Commerce has great importance in our society. While E-

Commerce is done with the aid of Computers, M-Commerce is done with the application

of mobile phones.

Electronic Commerce

There are many courses available in E-commerce in India. The main among them is the

correspondence course as well as the certificate of PG Diploma. The qualification required to

join this course is a pass in the higher secondary level. The eligibility criteria may some times

differ on the basis of the norms of the institutions. Candidates who have a basic knowledge in

computer will be preferred at the time of admission. After finishing this course, it is possible for

candidates to get employment in areas like advertising, sales, data mining and data management.

Other fields where employment for students of e-commerce is available are marketing and

customer support.

Mobile Commerce, or m-Commerce, is about the explosion of applications and services

that are becoming accessible from Internet-enabled mobile devices. It involves new technologies,

services and business models. It is quite different from traditional e-Commerce. Mobile phones

impose very different constraints than desktop computers. But they also open the door to a slew

of new applications and services. They follow you wherever you go, making it possible to look

for a nearby restaurant, stay in touch with colleagues, or pay for items at a store.

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As the Internet finds its way into our purses or shirt pockets, the devices we use to access

it are becoming more personal too. Already today, mobile phones know the phone numbers of

our friends and colleagues. They are starting to track our location. Tomorrow, they will replace

our wallets and credit cards. One day, they may very well turn into intelligent assistants capable

of anticipating many of our wishes and needs, such as automatically arranging for taxis to come

and pick us up after business meetings or providing us with summaries of relevant news and

messages left by colleagues. But, for all these changes to happen, key issues of interoperability,

usability, security, and privacy still need to be addressed.

In particular, our Laboratory is researching new technologies and applying user-centered

design principles in the development of solutions to reconcile context-awareness and privacy in

mobile and pervasive computing environments. The following is a list of recent or ongoing

projects: M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services

through wireless handheld devices such as cellular telephone and personal digital assistants

(PDAs). Known as next-generation e-commerce, m-commerce enables users to access the

Internet without needing to find a place to plug in. The emerging technology behind m-

commerce, which is based on the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), has made far greater

strides in Europe, where mobile devices equipped with Web-ready micro-browsers are much

more common than in the United States. In order to exploit the m-commerce market potential,

handset manufacturers such as Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, and Qualcomm are working with

carriers such as AT&T Wireless and Sprint to develop WAP-enabled smart phones, the

industry's answer to the Swiss Army Knife, and ways to reach them. Using Bluetooth

technology, smart phones offer fax, e-mail, and phone capabilities all in one, paving the way for

m-commerce to be accepted by an increasingly mobile workforce.

As content delivery over wireless devices becomes faster, more secure, and scalable,

there is wide speculation that m-commerce will surpass wireline e-commerce as the method of

choice for digital commerce transactions. The industries affected by m-commerce include:

Financial services, which includes mobile banking (when customers use their handheld devices

to access their accounts and pay their bills) as well as brokerage services, in which stock quotes

can be displayed and trading conducted from the same handheld device

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Telecommunications, in which service changes, bill payment and account reviews can all

be conducted from the same handheld device

Service/retail, as consumers are given the ability to place and pay for orders on-the-fly

Information services, which include the delivery of financial news, sports figures and

traffic updates to a single mobile device IBM and other companies are experimenting

with speech recognition software as a way to ensure security for m-commerce

transactions.

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1.3 COMPANY PROFILE

Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd, is a leading product development company at Chennai, the

company provides total software solutions to help organizations enhance business productivity

and knowledge sharing.

Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd combines innovative technology and outstanding customer

service to provide the broadest range of solutions for document creation, capture, management

and distribution. A vast array of products from network side. Complementing its leading-edge

software solutions and a range of professional services. The Company involved in advanced

software solutions provide the means for seamless integration of documents in virtually any

format and from anywhere across the enterprise.

Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd professional services deliver strategic value to customers,

through project management, consulting, systems design, applications development and

implementation, strategic outsourcing and process management. These services allow our

customers to be more competitive in their marketplace, as well as focus on their core

competencies

Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd professional services deliver strategic value to customers,

through project management, consulting, systems design, application development and

implementation, strategic outsourcing and process management. These services allow our

customers to be more competitive in their marketplace, as well as focus on their core

competencies.

All over the India, organizations of all sizes from different industry sectors choose

Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd document solutions to produce better documents and use information

more effectively via innovative applications that support the entire document architecture.

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Document Solutions for any Business

Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd has an extensive range of document solutions to meet the

needs of any business. This covers everything from standalone and network office systems, color

solutions, production printing and publishing systems, to an extensive range of document-related

software, document management consulting and document outsourcing services.

Office Systems

Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd leads the way in the digital office by providing the most

technologically advanced office systems and solutions. The key products are the Document

Centre family of digital multifunction devices, which combines printing, scanning, faxing and

copying functions in one system.

Channels Business

Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd increases its brand presence in small, home and networked

offices by utilizing the fastest-growing channels to offer more products to ore customers. The

new concept has already gained much popularity in the US, Europe, and Africa. In India, though,

basic banking transactions and mobile payments are available, but with the increasing use of

Smartphone, tablets, latest-applications enabled mobile devices and increasing 3G penetrations

in Indian digital market, the mCommerce service is creating its space in the market that can

comply with country regulatory guidelines. However, there are future challenges that the

industry needs to face.

Following the path of major player Kenya’s M-PESA which has facilitated people mobile

banking using mobile devices, in India, RBI and TRAI, financial institutions, operators and

service providers have partnered with each other to take mCommerce to rural India. For

example, SBI and ICICI bank have partnered with a mobile banking technology partner “EKO”

for their mobile banking solutions. Likewise, other banks are also following them.

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According to a report by Boston Consulting Group, there is an ample scope for

mCommerce in India. At present, India has over 800 million mobile subscribers, including 240

million with bank accounts, and 20 million with credit cards; there are 88,000 bank branches and

70,000 cash points. The additional fact is that the half of Indian households is still unbanked,

including 42% holding at least one mobile phone. This opens a great opportunity for mobile

phone industry and financial institutions to galvanize mobile commerce services in India.

Software

A powerful suite of scalable software complements and desktop products and high-end

production systems. By providing the means for convergence of the paper and the Internet world,

Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd software speeds up the accessibility, flow and dissemination of

critical information and facilitate knowledge sharing across the enterprise.

Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd provides a combination of in-house developed solutions and

best of breed third party software, to meet the needs of our Global customers. We provide

Enterprise Document Management solutions consisting of imaging, workflow, output

management, formatting, archiving and Internet delivery. These solutions are backup up with the

services needed to customize, implement, develop and support any solution.

Among the many other ways to improve e-commerce, online security is a major concern

The business is only as safe as the security of the information you rely upon. Escalating trends in

online thefts are enough to deter even the die hard online shoppers. Whether it be electronic files,

backup, or long term document safe-keeping, online security systems are a necessity today,

especially to run an online store. One needs to protect their business as well as their customers.

Even though buying online today is considered safer than buying over the phone, there are still

many buyers who are scared of sharing their personal details and sensitive financial information

on web, giving it to some one the don’t know. Particularly with the recent incident of rise in

identity theft, online security services have all the more become vital to improve e-commerce. It

is always best to employ the best online security systems right at the very start. Place securty

seals like Verisign and hacker safe seals. This really helps in reducing anxiety issues a visitor

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may have about buying online from you. These security seals advertising best online security

services should be placed throughout the whole checkout process and not on just a few of the

sites main pages. Keep them where they are easily visible and particularly on the page where the

buyer enters the credit card details. Online security really does work in boosting sales. It will

make a world of difference to your business information security and winning the trust of your

buyers for ever.

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1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

To findout the feasible solution using M-Commerce instead of E-Commerce. Also carry

out possible ways to reduce our time The future of m-Commerce seems extremely bright because

several experiments are going on to introduce the upgraded version of mobile likely to emerged

with the evolution of 4G mobile technology.

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1.5 NEED FOR THE STUDY

To need the services of electronic commerce (e-commerce) and mobile commerce

(m-commerce). It identifies the different types of e-commerce and describes several e-commerce

and m-commerce applications. This chapter also discusses some of the major issues that

represent significant threats to the continued growth of e-commerce and m-commerce. It outlines

the key components of a successful e-commerce strategy and describes the technology

infrastructure that must be in place for e-commerce and m-commerce applications to function

successfully.

The model is used to frame an analysis of differences in technological and business

model dimensions and then explore the core dynamic capabilities in both dimensions for E-

commerce innovation. The results indicate that the impact of the innovation from I- to M-

commerce is radical and from M- to U-commerce is disruptive. The innovation from I- to M- and

U-commerce should not be simplistically regarded as an extension of prior innovations because

the intensity and nature of the impacts of the innovations is different.

The Global Mobile Commerce Forum, which came to include over 100 organisations,

had its fully minuted launch in London on 10 November 1997. Kevin Duffey was elected as the

Executive Chairman at the first meeting in November 1997. The meeting was opened by Dr

Mike Short, former chairman of the GSM Association, with the very first forecasts for mobile

commerce from Kevin Duffey (Group Telecoms Director of Logica) and Tom Alexander (later

CEO of Virgin Mobile and then of Orange). Over 100 companies joined the Forum within a year,

many forming mobile commerce teams of their own, e.g. Mastercard and Motorola. Of these

hundred companies, the first two were Logica and Cellnet (which later became O2).

Mobile commerce services were first delivered in 1997, when the first two mobile-phone

enabled Coca Cola vending machines were installed in the Helsinki area in Finland. The

machines accepted payment via SMS text messages. The first mobile phone-based banking

service was launched in 1997 by Merita Bank of Finland, also using SMS. The m-Commerce(tm)

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server developed in late 1997 by Kevin Duffey at Logica won the 1998 Financial Times award

for "most innovative mobile product," in a solution implemented with De La Rue, Motorola and

Logica. The Financial Times commended the solution for "turning mobile commerce into a

reality."

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1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:

To find out the various possibilites of E-Commerce and M-Commerce and it can be used

in many innovative ways to improve the operations of an organization as well as providing new

ways of conducting business that present both opportunities for improvement and potential

problems.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVE:

Describe the current status of various forms of e-commerce, including B2B, B2C, and

C2C.

Outline a multistage purchasing model that describes how e-commerce works.

Define m-commerce and identify some of its unique challenges.

Identify several e-commerce and m-commerce applications.

Identify several advantages associated with the use of e-commerce and m-commerce.

Identify the major issues that represent significant threats to the continued growth of e-

commerce and m-commerce.

Identify the key components of technology infrastructure that must be in place for e-

commerce and m-commerce to work.

Discuss the key features of the electronic payment systems needed to support e-

commerce.

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Define e-commerce and describe how it differs from e-business.

Identify and describe the unique features of e-commerce technology and discuss their

business

significance.

Recognize and describe Web 2.0 applications.

Describe the major types of e-commerce.

Discuss the origins and growth of e-commerce.

Explain the evolution of e-commerce from its early years to today.

Identify the factors that will define the future of e-commerce.

Describe the major themes underlying the study of e-commerce.

Identify the major academic disciplines contributing to e-commerce.

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1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Faster buying/selling procedure, as well as easy to find products.

Buying/selling 24/7.

More reach to customers, there is no theoretical geographic limitations.

Low operational costs and better quality of services.

No need of physical company set-ups.

Easy to start and manage a business.

Use of mobile phone has increased so much that it is not just a device to make calls, but

an important medium to fulfill all the financial needs for friends and family. Now, mobile phone

technology has made another leapfrog to pave its way for a new trend called mobile commerce

where the financial transactions are made using mobile devices.

The Commerce Clause describes an enumerated power listed in the United States

Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3). The clause states that the United States Congress

shall have power "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States,

and with the Indian Tribes." Courts and commentators have tended to discuss each of these three

areas of commerce as a separate power granted to Congress." [1] It is not uncommon to see the

individual components of the Commerce Clause referred to under specific terms: The Foreign

Commerce Clause, the Interstate Commerce Clause,[2] and the Indian Commerce Clause.

Dispute exists within the courts as to the range of powers granted to Congress by the

Commerce Clause. As noted below, the clause is often paired with the Necessary and Proper

Clause, the combination used to take a broad, expansive perspective of these powers. However,

the effect of the Commerce Clause has varied significantly depending on the Supreme Court's

interpretation. During the Marshall Court era, Commerce Clause interpretation empowered

Congress to gain jurisdiction over numerous aspects of intrastate and interstate commerce as well

as non-commerce.

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During the post-1937 era, the use of the Commerce Clause by Congress to authorize

federal control of economic matters became effectively unlimited. Since the latter half of the

Rehnquist Court era, Congressional use of the Commerce Clause has become slightly restricted

again, being limited only to matters of trade (whether interstate or not) and production (whether

commercial or not). The significance of the Commerce Clause is described in the Supreme

Court's opinion in Gonzales v. Raich, 545 U.S. 1 (2005):[4][5]

The Commerce Clause emerged as the Framers' response to the central problem giving

rise to the Constitution itself: the absence of any federal commerce power under the Articles of

Confederation. For the first century of our history, the primary use of the Clause was to preclude

the kind of discriminatory state legislation that had once been permissible. Then, in response to

rapid industrial development and an increasingly interdependent national economy, Congress

“ushered in a new era of federal regulation under the commerce power,” beginning with the

enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 and the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890.

The Commerce Clause represents one of the most fundamental powers delegated to the

Congress by the founders. The outer limits of the Interstate Commerce Clause power has been

the subject of long, intense political controversy. Interpretation of the sixteen words of the

Commerce Clause has helped define the balance of power between the federal government and

the states and the balance of power between the two elected branches of the Federal government

and the Judiciary. As such, it has a direct impact on the lives of American citizens.

The commerce clause provides comprehensive powers to the United States over

navigable waters. These powers are critical to understanding the rights of landowners adjoining

or exercising what would otherwise be riparian rights under the common law. The Commerce

Clause confers a unique position upon the Government in connection with navigable waters.

"The power to regulate commerce comprehends the control for that purpose, and to the extent

necessary, of all the navigable waters of the United States.... For this purpose they are the public

property of the nation, and subject to all the requisite legislation by Congress." United States v.

Rands, 389 U.S. 121 (1967). The Rands decision continues:

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CHAPTER II

2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Title: E Commerce: a critical review

Citation: Jonathan Reynolds, (2000) "eCommerce: a critical review", International Journal of

Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 28 Iss: 10, pp.417 - 444

Abstract: Offers a preliminary assessment of electronic commerce. Rarely has the retail and

consumer services sector been faced with a strategic challenge of such significant

complexity and uncertainty that is growing so rapidly. Suggests that the academic

world is lagging behind the world of practice in terms of supplying rigorous analysis

of the topic. Deals with four discrete areas of the new economy as it affects retailers.

Explores the extent to which the emergence of new electronic channels to market has

led to distinctive means of business differentiation, with particular reference to

branding and pricing. Secondly, looks at how business-to-business companies can use

electronic channels to improve supply chain and productivity requirements. Thirdly,

assesses how far we understand some of the organisational change issues. Finally

considers the future of eCommerce.

Title: Evaluating internet usage and ecommerce growth in Greece

Citation: Dimitrios Xanthidis, David Nicholas, (2004) "Evaluating internet usage and

ecommerce growth in Greece", Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 56 Iss: 6, pp.356 - 366

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Abstract: According to studies and surveys conducted world-wide, government incentives and

current legal frameworks, private initiatives and investments, technology available at

a reasonable price, and public acceptance of the internet as an efficient medium for

buying goods and services are driving ecommerce growth. Academics, information

technology experts and even politicians in Greece are aware of these essential

requirements as well. However, although internet access has grown significantly and

the digital foundations are there, ecommerce is yet to reach measurable levels in

Greece. This paper attempts to explain the reasons why and suggests corrective

actions by all those actively involved with Greek ecommerce.

Title: What e-commerce may mean for design of corporate real estate

Citation: Francis Duffy, (2001) "What e-commerce may mean for design of corporate real

estate", Journal of Corporate Real Estate, Vol. 3 Iss: 1, pp.56 - 61

Abstract: Significant changes in business practice mean that the design of the physical working

environment is now being used to add value to business performance. Businesses,

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stimulated by the potential of information technology and goaded by international

competition, are seeing corporate real estate as more than a matter of simply

accommodating themselves in the most efficient way. They are using building

projects to add value to their core activities. They are using the design process to

accelerate programmes of technological and cultural change. Three case studies are

used to illustrate the new importance of design. The strategic implication of these

experiences are that users, at all levels in business life, having become accustomed to

radical changes in the design process, and increasingly used to the responsiveness of

ecommerce, are likely to become increasingly impatient with old economy versions

of office design, construction, and real estate practice.

Title: Integrating the IS with the enterprise: key EAI research challenges

Citation: Amir M. Sharif, Tony Elliman, Peter E.D. Love, Atta Badii, (2004) "Integrating the IS

with the enterprise: key EAI research challenges", Journal of Enterprise Information

Management, Vol. 17 Iss: 2, pp.164 - 170

Abstract: Enterprise application integration (EAI) technologies provide the means to integrate

strategic business solutions within and across the component parts of organisational

information system infrastructures. The continuing development of both digitally

integrated business models, through various eCommerce and eBusiness initiatives, has

meant that the importance of EAI within enterprise IS, has increased significantly.

Noting that EAI incurs not only technological but stakeholder-level commitments, this

paper outlines the product of a sustained investigation into key challenges within

enterprise IS and EAI, and provides a framework for future research and investigation

into this emerging and evolving area.

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Title: E-Commerce relationships: The impact of trust on relationship continuity

Citation: Dr Pauline Ratnasingam,, (2005) "E-Commerce relationships: The impact of trust on

relationship continuity", International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 15

Iss: 1, pp.1 – 16

Abstract: The real estate industry is an e-commerce anomaly. Although the overall growth of

ecommerce is driven by the business-to-business sector, the majority of real estate e-

commerce is derived from its retail-oriented residential sector. This study examines the

structure of residential and commercial real estate websites, with the goal of

determining whether some patterns of content might increase the quality and quantity

of information available to buyers and sellers thereby contributing to the disparity

between residential and commercial real estate e-commerce growth. The results of the

research show residential real estate websites offer richer informational content than

commercial real estate websites. No significant differences are found for the user

friendliness and functionality (ie ancillary services) provided by residential and

commercial real estate websites.

Title: An empirical analysis of the barriers to implementing e-commerce in small-

medium sized construction contractors in the state of Victoria, Australia

Citation: Peter E.D. Love, Zahir Irani, Heng Li, Eddie W.L. Cheng, Raymond Y.C. Tse, (2001)

"An empirical analysis of the barriers to implementing e-commerce in small-medium

sized construction contractors in the state of Victoria, Australia", Construction

Innovation: Information, Process, Management, Vol. 1 Iss: 1, pp.31 - 41

Abstract: To improve organizational performance and sustain a competitive advantage many

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Australian businesses have begun to embrace e-commerce. For example, businesses

from the automotive, banking, insurance and retail industries have been able to

leverage the benefits of information and communication technologies. Yet, those from

the construction industry have been slow, perhaps even reluctant, to implement

information and communication technologies to support ecommerce. Thus, this paper

aims to determine the barriers that small-medium sized contractors are experiencing

when confronted with the need to implement e-commerce to sustain their

competitiveness. Unstructured interviews were undertaken with managers from 20

small-medium sized contractors from the State of Victoria in Australia, which had

annual turnovers ranging from $1-50 million. The financial, organizational, technical

and human barriers that were identified from findings are presented and discussed. The

paper concludes by proposing strategies that small-medium sized contractors may

adopt if they to leverage the benefits of e-commerce.

Title: Designing websites with eXtensible web (xWeb) methodology

Citation: Rajugan Rajagopalapillai, William Gardner, Professor Elizabeth Chang, Professor

Tharam S. Dillon, (2005) "Designing websites with eXtensible web (xWeb)

methodology", International Journal of Web Information Systems, Vol. 1 Iss: 3,

pp.179 - 191

Abstract: Today, eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is fast emerging as the dominant

standard for storing, describing, representing and interchanging data among various

enterprises systems and databases in the context of complex web enterprises

information systems (EIS). Conversely, for web EIS (such as ecommerce and portals)

to be successful, it is important to apply a high level, model driven solutions and meta-

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data vocabularies to design and implementation techniques that are capable of

handling heterogonous schemas and documents. For this, we need a methodology that

provides a higher level of abstraction of the domain in question with rigorously

defined standards that are to be more widely understood by all stakeholders of the

system. To-date, UML has proven itself as the language of choice for modeling EIS

using OO techniques. With the introduction of XML Schema, which provides rich

facilities for constraining and defining enterprise XML content, the combination of

UML and XML technologies provide a good platform (and the flexibility) for

modeling, designing and representing complex enterprise contents for building

successful EIS. In this paper, we show how a layered view model coupled with a

proven user interface analysis framework (WUiAM) is utilized in providing

architectural construct and abstract website model (called eXtensible Web, xWeb), to

model, design and implement simple, usercentred, collaborative websites at varying

levels of abstraction. The uniqueness xWeb is that the model data (web user interface

definitions, website data descriptions and constraints) and the web content are captured

and represented at the conceptual level using views (one model) and can be deployed

(multiple platform specific models) using one or more implementation models.

Title: Lessons from Alibaba.com: government's role in electronic contracting

Citation: Qin Hu, Xun Wu, Clement K. Wang, (2004) "Lessons from Alibaba.com:

government's role in electronic contracting", info, Vol. 6 Iss: 5, pp.298 - 307

Abstract: Although electronic commerce (e-commerce) can be a source of competitive

advantage, will e-commerce businesses in countries like China flourish when

governments still take a “wait-and-see attitude” as to prompting, protecting, and

regulating e-commerce? The paper employs transaction cost economics in analyzing

the role of government in regulating electronic contracting. Due to the transaction

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costs arising from e-commerce, explicit contracts between parties are usually

incomplete. The paper argues that these contracts should always be backed by

implicit contracts, which are determined by default rules in various governments.

Therefore, it behoves governments urgently to fill gaps in incomplete contracts in e-

commerce in order to foster a predictable legal environment for e-businesses,

minimize legal risks and transaction costs, and maximize economic and social

benefits. The authors believe that governments must also act in concert with one

another at the international level to create a favorable and consistent commercial

environment.

Title:E-commerce adoption support and advice for UK SMEs

Citation:Mike Simpson, Anthony J. Docherty, (2004) "E-commerce adoption support and

advice for UK SMEs", Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 11

Iss: 3, pp.315 – 328

Abstract:The small business sector of the UK economy is extremely important and the

government expends considerable resources in providing support services for this

sector. This paper investigated the reasons why SMEs move from traditional

commerce to e-commerce, the efficacy of the support services and the barriers

encountered by SMEs adopting e-commerce. The research methodology involved

literature review and interviews with SMEs’ owner-managers and a UK Online

business adviser. It was found that at least two “e-commerce stars” used by the

government to promote its support services had in fact not used those services. The

historical relationship problems between Business Link and SMEs were still causing

problems. Cost was not seen as an inhibitor to adopting e-commerce. Some evidence

was emerging that e-commerce may be able to save failing or struggling businesses.

Other unexpected outcomes were that e-commerce had social benefits for SMEs’

owners in reducing working hours yet still increased sales.

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CHAPTER III

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research is simply the process of finding solutions to a problem after a thorough study and

analysis of the situational factors. As per the words of Uma Sekaran research can be defined as an

organized, systematic, data based, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific

problem undertaken with the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it. Thus certain methods have to

be followed while conducting a research, which is termed as “Research Methodology”.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE:

A STUDY ON COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF E-COMMERCE AND M-COMMERCE

SKYWARE SOLUTIONS (P) Ltd, CHENNAI

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN:

A research design is the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring the needed data to

solve the problem.

3.2 SOURCES OF DATA:

Sources of data include both secondary and primary data.

3.2.1 PRIMARY DATA:

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Primary data refer to information obtained first hand by the researcher on the variables of interest

for the specific purpose of the study. Primary data was collected by the method of survey by using

questionnaire.

3.2.2 SECONDARY DATA:

Secondary data are data that were collected for some other purpose and are in existence.

Secondary data pertaining to this study was obtained from companies’ record, websites and books.

3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT:

A Structured Questionnaire have been framed which contains both open ended and close ended

question.

3.4 SAMPLING UNIT:

Sampling unit is that of “who is to be surveyed”. Here the survey is on employees of Seventh

Sense Inc, Chennai

3.5 SAMPLING SIZE:

Here the samples are used in the Skyware Solutions (P) Ltd, Chennai.

3.6 SAMPLING PROCEDURE:

The sampling procedure that was adopted in the research was non-Probability sampling, in

specific “Quota Sampling” was chosen.

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3.7 SAMPLING AREA:

The Software used in the purpsoe of E-Commerce and M-Commerce applications at Skyware

Solutions (P) Ltd, Chennai.

3.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Faster buying/selling procedure, as well as easy to find products.

Buying/selling 24/7.

More reach to customers, there is no theoretical geographic limitations.

Low operational costs and better quality of services.

No need of physical company set-ups.

Easy to start and manage a business.

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CHAPTER IV

4.0 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) – i.e., conducting transactions of goods and services

by means of information and communication technologies(ICT), particularly the Internet – plays

an important role in the global economy. In the UK and the U.S. for example, the total e-

commerce sales have accounted for over 5% and 6% of GDP, respectively (Kraemer et al.,

2006). E-commerce generally requires a communication platformwhich consists of an electronic

network (the “pipe”) for transmitting physical data and terminal devices for users to send,

receive and process information (Verkasalo and Hämmäinen, 2007). The communication

platform plays an essential role for e-commerce to function because,before a transaction to take

place, vendors need to disseminate product information to consumers, and during transactions,

consumers need to communicate with vendors about orders, accounts, and post-sales fulfillment.

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The following Screen Shots are represent the E-Commerce and M-Commerce Problems

The product amount was High

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To purchase a group of items but we need single one

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Didn’t Provide the full Detail about the product

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No deliver in proper date

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The Product rete is High

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Purchase and Sales options in same web site sono warrenty to the Product

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Purchased By Mobile

Purchased By Mobile in Security

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CHAPTER V

5.0 FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

5.1 FINDINGS

The eCommerce Business Systems Analyst is responsible for supporting the

implementation of the Co..com website and other enhancements througk the Co.'s  software

development lifecycle.  Primary responsibilities include requirements elicitation, documentation

and analysis, solution design, testing definition and execution and business change management.

This position works with stakeholders, technical staff, and others to translate business needs into

systems solutions. Additional responsibilities include system modifications and enhancements,

product development, conversions, and provide on-going production support to the end users.

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5.2 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The lots of Android applications are available so the E-Commerce are not real time

applicable to the world.So the M-Commerce product only available in anywhere and

everywhere. Really it is just WP-Ecommerce, and I had to modify the plugins checkout page

page to include a basic upload form.. As for the IOS workaround, You should not need to worry

about that for much longer because they are releasing an updated that will have the 'broken'

browse button functioning. So if they haven't already released it then I know they plan to this

fall. But the upload feature is pretty much your basic html upload form and then include it in the

email.

If you want to keep it really simple you can just do a redirect to yousendit after the

checkout has been completed, then redirect to your thank you page once yousendit has been

completed, even add it as an iframe within your site so you can still have your branding but this

will keep you from having to edit any of the plugin files and risk losing your work on future

updates. We currently own two shops and are planning to go online and sell our products. Our

products are value for money. So can any one give me a walk through on how to develop a e

commerce website or some suggestion's on which shopping cart to use and any other useful

information. We are planning to do this on a high scale we are currently in a phase to tie up with

fed ex or other courier services for shipping. And are ready to spend around 60,000$ for this

project Which include hosting, Developing a website and many other stuff needed for E

coomerce . If you are a developer and can handle such type of projects Please PM me with your

offers and available options

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5.3 CONCLUSION

Several important phenomenas are associated with e-commerce. It has created the most

significant revolution in the way business is conducted. New methodologies have evolved. The

role of geographic distances in forming business relationships are reduced. Barriers to the entry

into the retail businesses are lower, as it is relatively inexpensive to start a retail Website. Some

traditional business intermediaries are being replaced by their electronic equivalents or are being

made entirely dispensable. Prices of commodity products are generally lower in the Web, a

reflection not merely of the lower costs of doing electronic business but also of the ease of

comparison-shopping in cyberspace. What has flourished is a new form of corporate cooperation

known as a virtual company, that is actually a network of firms, each performing some of the

processes needed to manufacture a product or deliver a service (Britannica, 2000).

New E-commerce is still in its formative stage. The business-to-business and intra-organizational

segments currently dominate e-commerce. Many major digital retailers are as yet in the

investment and brand-building mode and show no profits; yet many established retailers realize

profits from the new selling channel. Buoyant growth is apparent throughout.

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Appendix

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bernhard Serexhe (ud) Deregulation/Globalisation: The Loss of Cultural Diversity? This

article is available on-line at : http://www.ctheory.com/ga1.10-deregulation.html [Last

accessed Wednesday, 15 November 2000].

2. Brain Subirana and Patricia Carvajal (2000) : Transaction Streams: theory and examples

related to confidence in internet based electronic commerce, Journal of Information

Technology, 15, pp: 3-16.

3. Britannica (2000) Electronic commerce is available at :

http://ww.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/printable/5/0,5722,138395,00.html [Last

accessed Saturday, 11 November 2000].

4. CNet News.com (2000) Yahoo president predicts Net explosion : November 9, 2000.

http://news.cnet.com/news/0-1005-200-3603596.html [last accessed Wednesday,

November 15, 2000].

5. Dan Gebler (2000) The Future of E-Commerce : August 9, 2000.

http://www/ecommercetimes.com/news/articles2000/000809-2.shtml [Last accessed

Wednesday, November 15, 2000].

6. John Barron, Michael Shaw and Andrew Bailey (2000) : Web based E-Catalog system in

B2B procurement, Communication of the ACM, 43(5), pp: 93-100.

7. MSN Encarta (2000) Learning and research : Internet: is available at :

http://encarta.msn.com/find/concise.asp?mod=1&ti=761579729 [Last accessed Saturday,

11 November 2000].

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8. Patrick McKeown and Richard Watson (1997) Metamorphosis : A guide to the world

wide web and electronic commerce. New York : John Wiley & Sons Inc.

9. Peter Cohan (2000) E-Profits, High Pay off strategies for capturing the e-commerce edge.

New York : American Management Association.

10. Richard Watson, George Zinkhan and Leyland Pitt (2000) Integrated Internet Marketing

Communication of the ACM, 43(6), pp : 97-102.

11. United Nations Development Programme1 (2000) : Electronic Commerce (e-commerce)

and its Implications for Development : This article is available online :

http://www.undp.org/info21/e-com/e1.html

12. United Nations Development Program2, (2000) : The advantages of e-commerce for

companies in developing countries http://www.undp.org/info21/e-com/e8.html [Last

accesses Wednesday, November 15, 2000].

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