ELIMINATION OF NON TARIFF BARRIERS TO TRADE IN CEFTA EUROMED INVEST ACADEMY SERBIA CHAMBER OF...

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ELIMINATION OF NON TARIFF BARRIERS TO TRADE IN CEFTA EUROMED INVEST ACADEMY SERBIA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND IDNUSTRY OF SERBIA 25 AND 26 MARCH, BELGRADE 1

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Page 1: ELIMINATION OF NON TARIFF BARRIERS TO TRADE IN CEFTA EUROMED INVEST ACADEMY SERBIA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND IDNUSTRY OF SERBIA 25 AND 26 MARCH, BELGRADE.

 ELIMINATION OF

NON TARIFF BARRIERS TO TRADE IN CEFTA

EUROMED INVEST ACADEMY SERBIACHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND IDNUSTRY OF SERBIA

25 AND 26 MARCH, BELGRADE

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Content of the Presentation

Characteristics of CEFTA Parties Economies

Characteristics of Trade Between CEFTA Parties

CEFTA Priorities, Challenges and Structures

Short Introduction on NTMs/NTBs

Tools for Identification and Elimination of NTBs in CEFTA

Conclusion2

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CEFTA PARTIES ECONOMIES

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Implementation of CEFTA Agreement

MAIN OBJECTIVES OF CEFTA AGREEMENT“To expand trade in goods and services, foster investment by means of fair, stable and predictable rules, eliminate barriers to trade, provide appropriate protection of IPR and harmonize Parties’ policies in competition rules and state aid”

CEFTA Agreement was signed on December 19, 2006 by 8 Parties = Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and the UNMIK on behalf of Kosovo. 

Full implementation of CEFTA started at the end of 2007 following the necessary ratification processes. 

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Characteristics of CEFTA Parties Economies

CEFTA PARTIES BELONG TO A GROUP OF SMALL ECONOMIES  • Can not develop their industry based on the economy of scale, but they• Can compensate this by cooperation and by opening of their 

economies.

 CEFTA PARTIES ARE AT A VERY SIMILAR LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT.

THE REGION SUFFERS FROM AN UNDERDEVELOPED TRADABLE SECTOR DUE TO YEARS OF DEINDUSTRIALISATION.

 ALMOST ALL CEFTA PARTIES HAVE• Foreign trade, current account and budget deficit• Relatively low per capita income, • High unemployment rate,• Small share of exports in GDP.

THEIR GROWTH IS BASED ON THE INFLOW OF FOREIGN CAPITAL AND LOANS because 5

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Characteristics of CEFTA Parties Economies (2)

CEFTA PARTIES ARE WITHOUT ADEQUATE SOURCES OF DOMESTIC SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT.

THERE IS INSUFFICIENT INFLOW OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT • Services sectors was the most attractive to investors,• Investments were related to the privatization ,• Investments do not generate significant exports of goods and services,• The largest share of investments is from the European Union.

THERE IS A LACK OF INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS OF ECONOMIES. 

ALL CEFTA PARTIES  COMMON GOAL IS THE EU MEMBERSHIP. 

THEY LACK A STRONG ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY.

DIFFERENT LEVEL AND SPEED OF LEGAL APPROXIMATION TO  THE EU ACQUIS COMMUNAUTAIRE AND IN ADOPTING THE WTO RULES CREATE NTBs.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADE BETWEEN CEFTA PARTIES

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Characteristics of CEFTA Trade

THE EXPORT STRUCTURE OF CEFTA PARTIES IS VERY  SIMILAR and it has not considerably changed over the last 5 years. 

MUTUAL TRADE INTEGRATION IS UNEVEN – to most of the Parties the leading trade partner is the EU. Trade with the EU makes between 50 to 80% of their total exchange with the world.

ABOUT 2/3 OF TRADE IS OPERATED BETWEEN NON WTO MEMBERS. 

30% OF TRADE RELATES TO THE AGRICULTURAL GOODS. 

THE EXPORT OF GOODS IS VERY DIVERSIFIED, but small amounts of products are offered which adversely affects transportation costs. 

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Characteristics of CEFTA Trade (2)

The INDUSTRIAL GOODS produced in CEFTA are mostly labor and recourse intensive, with low value added, with a small profit margin and with the low growth in demand on the international market. 

INTER INDUSTRIAL TRADE AND COOPERATION in CEFTA is law

TECHNOLOGICALLY INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES, that require highly skilled labor do not represent a large segment in the CEFTA region.

INTRA-CEFTA SUPPLY CHAINS APPEAR HIGHLY UNDERDEVELOPED; 

EXPORTS OF CEFTA PARTIES are mainly in mineral fuels and lubricants, agriculture, ferrous metallurgy, chemical, textile, wood processing industry, machine building.

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Share in CEFTA Parties Exports

*This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSC 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence*

Source: CEFTA Secretariat 2013/VI

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Share in CEFTA Parties Imports

**This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSC 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence

Source: CEFTA Secretariat 2013/VI

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CEFTA PRIORITIES, CHALLENGES

AND STRUCTURES

FOCUSING ON GREATER REGIONAL INTEGRATION

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CEFTA Priorities in 2008 - 2013

Full liberalisation of trade in goods • industrial products liberalized by signing of the

Agreement • agricultural products gradually - currently full

liberalization Diagonal cumulation in the context of regional 

Convention on pan-Euro-Mediterranean preferential rules of origin,

Opening of Public Procurement Market, Notification of TBT and State Aid, IPR review, Non-discrimination in investment, Establishment of transparency tools

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CEFTA Priorities for 2015

             Synergy with the SEE Strategy 2020 first Pillar

I Free Trade Area:

1. Further liberalisation of trade in services,2. Mobility of experts, professionals and skilled labour3. Eliminating main NTBs,4. Facilitation of trade,5. Simplification  of  trade  related  procedures  by  creating 

mutually recognised AEO Programme,6. Facilitation  of  free  flow  of  investment  through 

coordination of investment policies and better protection of investment and investors,

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CEFTA Priorities for 2015 (2)

II Competitive Economic Environment:

7.  Promoting  the  regional  cooperation  in  competition     policy, IPR and Public Procurement, 

III Integration into Global Economy

8.  Improvement  of  market  access  through  completing  a single diagonal cumulation zone under the PEM,

9. Enhancement of participation  in  regional  supply  chains and global supply networks.

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Integrated Growth Pillar of the SEE Strategy 2020

anticipates actions toward deeper regional trade and investments linkages and policies enhancing the flow of goods, investments, services and persons 

                Free Trade Area

Goo

ds

Serv

ices

 

Inve

stm

ent

Skill

ed 

labo

ur

Competitive Economic Environme

nt Co

mpe

titio

n Po

lic y  IPR

Publ

ic 

Proc

ure

men t 

Integration into 

Global Economy

Mar

ket 

Acce ss 

Parti

cipa

tio

n  in 

Glo

bal

 Su

ppl

y Net

wor ks

Capacity TransparencyData 

availability and quality 

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SEE Strategy 2020 Pillars

1. Integrated Growth (Trade and Investment)

Free Trade AreaCompetitive Economic 

EnvironmentIntegration into the Global Economy

4. Inclusive Growth (Job Growth)

EmploymentHealth

5. Governance for Growth (Good Governance)

Effective public servicesAnti-corruption

Justice 

2. Smart Growth (Education and Innovation)

Research & Development and InnovationEducation and Competences Digital Society

Cultural and Creative Sectors

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Development of CEFTA Structures

Joint Committee

SC on Agriculture and SPS

SC on Customs and RO

SC on NTBs and TBT

WG on TBTNegotiating WG 

on Trade in Services

Secretariat

WG on Risk Management

Deputy MinistersMeetings 

2007

2010 - 2013

WG on Electronic 

Exchange of Information

Committee on Trade 

Facilitation

2014 - 2015

SC on Trade in Services

Subcommittee (SC)Working Group (WG)Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary  Issues (SPS) Non-tariff Barriers (NTBs)Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

 JJWG on Mutual Recognition of Professional Qualificationswith the RCC

To be established

18CEFTA CONTACT POINTS

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Joint Working Group on Investment

The Mandate of the WGI is to coordinate investment policy and investment promotion activities, facilitate free flow of investments by improving market access for investment in goods and services in the region, support the inclusion of the regional supply and value chains into the global networks, all in the light of the implementation of the SEE 2020 Strategy’s Integrated Growth Pillar.

The group gathers delegates from Investment Promotion Agencies, relevant ministries coming from the South East Europe committed to SEE 2020 Strategy, as well as representatives of CEFTA  and  the WB. 

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SHORT INTRODUCTIONON NTMs-NTBs

CEFTA CONTACT POINTS

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While the efforts to reduce tariffs have largely been met with success, 

wide range of non tariff measures/barriers have been proliferating 

and becoming prime obstacles in international trade.

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NON TARIFF MEASURES (NTMs) are necessary and legitimate, relates to regulations, measures, procedures facilitate/restrict foreign trade flows

COULD CREATE 

NON TARIFF BARRIERS  (NTBs) - to trade if applied to discriminate on the basis of  origin – favor/protect  

domestic industries at the expense of foreign competition; used as a mean to bypass free-trade rules - inconsistent with 

the WTO rules and principles.

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NTMs and WTO TRADITIONAL – quantitative restrictions, non automatic 

licenses, trade remedies, subsidies, state aid, variable levies  seasonal duties, state trading, price control, monopolies         government  procurement,  TRIMs, buy domestically produced campaign = GATT/WTO; 

TECHNICAL – derive from implementation of different  quality requirements, inspections - standards and technical regulations = TBT & SPS/WTO;

  ADMINISTRATIVE – customs procedures/formalities - customs 

valuation, classification, inspection, RoO, pre-shipment  inspection,  charges, taxes, excises, transit = TF/WTO;

IPR PROTECTION  = WTO/TRIPS;

SERVICES - INFRASTRUCTURE –  banking, transport, insurance,  telecommunications = WTO/GATS. 

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EX ANTE Elimination of NTBs

Eliminate causes by   Harmonization of domestic legislation with international/EU 

requirements/rules, by accession to the conventions /agreements (WTO, UNECE, ISO, CEN) and  by concluding MRAs

Providing regulatory transparency

International rules/conventions  provide:  procedures, principles, conditions for the implementation of 

NTMs

CEFTA Agreement is based on:  WTO agreements, rules and procedures and EU directives/regulations (rules of origin, competition, state 

aid) OECD Multilateral Monitoring Framework 24

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EX POST Elimination of NTBs

DISPUTE RESOLUTION SYSTEM

   Bilateral consultations   Joint Committee meeting consultations   Mediation   Arbitration   WTO  DSM

CEFTA Market Access Barriers Data Base   is an on-line tool for identification (based on 

UNCTAD classification) and elimination of NTBs 25

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TOOLS FOR IDENTIFICATION AND

 ELIMINATION OF NTBs

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CEFTA Tools for Elimination of NTBs

1. Market Access Barriers Database 2. CEFTA Transparency Pack - GIZ3. Multilateral Monitoring Framework – OECD/EU4. CEFTA Agro-business Supply Chains – OECD/EU5. Addressing Market Access Barriers in Selected 

Supply Chains in CEFTA – financed by GIZ, realized by ITC and UNCTAD

6. Trade facilitation - EU

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1. Market Access Barriers Database

Based on the total 93 NTBs cases reported by  CEFTA Parties, the current status shows that:

• solved issues represent 59%• pending cases 29%, while • newly emerging issues is 12%, 

By areas of NTBs:• almost 1/3 is coming from the SPS area (28%), followed by • issues connected to the price control, including taxes and 

charges (18%), and • technical barriers to trade (16%)• rules of origin  (10%)

By sectors the most frequent barriers exist in beverages &tobacco (33%), vegetables (33%) and live animals (15%) = 80%

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2. CEFTA Transparency Pack 

Important on-line tools – 4 key databases for increasing transparency and eliminating  NTBs are introduced:

Market Access Barriers Database

CEFTA Trade Portal which contains information about customs regulations, licensing procedures, technical requirements, SPS and veterinary controls, trade regimes as well as the regulations for border controls applied in all CEFTA Parties –   www.ceftatradeportal. com   

   SPS Database which is a comprehensive record of the key laws and 

bylaws and specific measures in the sanitary, phytosanitary and veterinary field 

TBT Platform which is an online notification of the relevant technical regulation, conformity assessment procedures and national standards 

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CEFTA SECRETARIAT

CEFTA Transparency Pack www. ceftatransparency.com

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CEFTA SECRETARIAT

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3. CEFTA Multilateral Monitoring Framework 

OECD project (financed by the EU) for EXANTE elimination of NTBs causes in the CEFTA Region which covers administrative barriers, SPS and TBT measures - based on the OECD Investment Reform Index -composed of sets of indicators for identification of NTBs

Most NTBs in CEFTA originate from the fact that CEFTA Parties are on different levels in integration processes – to the WTO (60%) and especially to the EU

Possible way out

Regulatory transparency – web portal, notification Synchronised harmonisation with the EU requirements,      

international regulations and standards  Conclusion of mutual recognition agreements 32

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Results of the OECD Analysis of the State of  Reform in TBT

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

ALBMACSRB

МАCMACSRB MAC

АLBSRB

B&H

UNMIK/Kos

UNMIK/Kos

MOLUNMIK/Kos

B&HUNMIK/Kos

TBT Serbia CEFTA MAX CEFTA MIN

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ALBANIA

B&H

CROATIA

MACEDONIA

MOLDOVA

MONTENEGRO

SERBIA

UNMIK

/KOSOVO

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.53.3

1.8

4,23.8

1.8

2.8

4,1

1,4

CEFTA Parties Average Level of Approximation to the EU Regulation for TBT  

                                                                  in 2012

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Results of the OECD Analysis of the State of Reform  in SPS

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

MAC MAC

MAC

SRB

MAC

MOL MOL

MOL

MOL MOL

SPS Serbia CEFTA MAX CEFTA MIN

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АLBANIA

B&H

CROATIA

МACEDONIA

МOLDOVA

MONTENEGRO

SRBIA

UNMIK

/KOSOVO

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

2,2

1,7

4

3,2

1,1

22,5

1,8

CEFTA Parties Average Level of Approximation to the EU Regulation for SPS 

                                                                                                            in 2012

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Mutual Recognition Agreements

     The Republic of Serbia signed bilateral agreements on mutual recognition and acceptance of SPS and food safety certificates with 

B&H,  Macedonia and  Montenegro 

which considerably facilitate the flow of goods.

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Results of the OECD Analysis of the state   of Administrative Barriers

 

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

5MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC

B&HMACMNE

MNE

MACMOLMNE

UNMIK/KosovoMAC

MAC ALBMAC MNE

UNMIK/Kosovo

MNE ALBB&H

B&H

UNMIK/Kosovo

MOLАLB

MOL MOL

ALB&H

AL

MNEB&HMOL

Administrative barriers Serbia CEFTA MAX CEFTA MIN 38

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АLBANIA

B&H

MACEDONIA

МOLDOVA

MONTENEGRO

СRBIA

UNMIK

/KOSOVO

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

2.5 2,6

3,8

2,5

3,13,5

2,8

Average Level of Approximation to the EU Regulation for Administrative Measures/Procedures

in 2013

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4. OECD Project on NTBs in3 CEFTA Agro-business Supply Chains

 

Initial Results 

Trade within CEFTA is composed by a mix of primary and processed agricultural products; 

Export from CEFTA to the EU is composed mostly by primary agricultural products; 

Intra-CEFTA supply chains appear highly underdeveloped in agriculture; 

Serbia is the largest producer, the largest market and plays a central role in intra-CEFTA supply chains; 

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4. NTBs in Agro-business in the OECD Review    (in order of priority)  (2)

Repeated sampling, testing and physical inspection  Non-aligned and inconsistent procedures of border agencies involved in 

the clearance  Non alignment of SPS regulations and non-recognition of certificates 

and laboratory results  Unsynchronized working hours of border agencies and underequipped 

laboratories at some border crossings  Lack of knowledge and subjective interpretation of the regulations by 

customs officials and inspectors  Lack of transparency of import / export regulation and other trade 

related procedures and information  Non compliance of documents due to untimely notification of new 

procedures / regulations  Additional verification of the origin of goods  Bribery and corruption 

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4. OECD Recommendations for Eliminating NTBs in Agro-business  (3)

Implementation of electronic risk based inspection (joint risk profiles and joint customs control),

Synchronized harmonization of SPS regulations with the EU legislative and WTO requirements,

Mutual recognition of the AEO, certificates, laboratory tests,

Harmonization of working hours, modernization of customs laboratories,

Strengthening of administrative capacity - regular trainings of customs officers and inspectors,

Improvement of the information availability

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5. Addressing Market Access Barriers in 2 Selected Supply Chains in CEFTA

Project financed by GIZ and implemented by ITC and UNCTAD

Mapping of regional supply chains with the aim of selection of two supply chains

Identification of Market Access Barriers (MAB) from TF point of view by establishment of PRIVATE SECTOR ADVISORY GROUPS

Recommendation to eliminate detected NTBs

Elimination of NTBs by modifying/aligning legislation with the EU / international practice

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Implemented by

The Criteria for the Supply Chain Selection 

Economic/trade relevance

• Sector position in CEFTA Exports

• Importance  and links with other sectors /industries

Regional dimension of supply chain

• CEFTA Parties coverage

• Regional supply chain interlinkages 

Affectedness by trade barriers

•  Number and types of NTBs identified in

Potential benefits of trade facilitation 

  

•  Expected benefits from trade facilitation interventions in selected supply chain

Relation to the SEE 2020 Strategy/OECD Competitiveness Outlook 

• Interaction with selected  strategic sectors - automotive, food & beverages and  tourism

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6. Trade Facilitation in CEFTA

One of the main two priorities of CEFTA implementation in 2014-2020,

Committee of Trade Facilitation and new Working Groups are established,

National Experts Programme was established to increase human resources of the Secretariat and improve administrative capacity of CEFTA Parties,

Supported by   The EU - CEFTA Project Facility and Multi-beneficiary IPA II  Relevant International Organisations: WCO, WTO, 

UNCTAD, ITC, World Bank, IFC Other Donors: SIDA - Quality Infrastructure Project, GIZ - 

NTBs Project, USAID - self-assessment of needs according to WTO TFA.

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Doing Trade with CEFTA and the EU

SEE requires 3 documents and 3 days more  than doing trade with the EU 

Trade with SEE costs 200 USD more than in the EU per container

Source: World Bank Doing Business 2014

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6. Trade Facilitation Concept 

Simplification

Standardisation

  Harmonisatio

n

Process of eliminating all unnecessary elements and duplications in  trade formalities, processes procedures and documents

Process of developing internationally agreed formats for practices and procedures, documents and information.

Alignment of national procedures, operations and documents with the EU acquis, and other international conventions, standards and practices.

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6. Trade Facilitation Activities in CEFTAPrivate sector will be included 

Framework Agreement will be signed providing • Electronic data exchange  - on national level /cross border 

between all agencies,• IT connections and  regional database,• Mutual recognition  of  AEOs Programme,• Wider use of risk management in all border agencies,• Joint regional risk profiles

Reduction of the number of documents/fees/charges, Eliminating redundant data requirements not in line with 

the EU/international recommendations/practice, Eliminating non-automatic import licences, Providing joint customs border controls and sharing 

inspection equipment48

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CONCLUSION

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CEFTA Parties from Fragmentation to Integrationlk

CEFTA Parties have demonstrated their readiness to: ELIMINATE BARIERS in goods and services trade and those that inhibit 

private investment.

STIMULATE INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION within the region, SPECIALIZATION and export “CEFTA produsts” to third markets primarily where they have concluded free trade agreements 

CREATE MORE FAVOURABLE, HARMONIZED INVESTMENT CONDITIONS since the region is more attractive than the separate market of each CEFTA Party, with clear, stable and predictive rules.

PROVIDE GREATER LABOR MOBILITY especially of highly skilled and educated labor. 

IMPROVE HUMAN RESOURCES – skills and knowledge, develop innovations and application of the results of research and development in entrepreneurship. 

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CEFTA Parties from Fragmentation to Integration (2)

STIMULATE regional clusters.

IMPROVE AND LINK INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE REGION. 

FURTHER LIBERALIZE AND DEVELOP SERVICES (logistics and profesional)

IMPROVE EFICIENCY, PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY of PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY CHAINS – implement EU standards and technical regulations 

CONCENTRATE ON EXPORT ORIENTED SECTORS - instead of low cost to knowledge intensive and high value added products. 

IMPROVE COMPETENCE AND EFFICIENCY OF ADMINISTRATION. 

ENSURE IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGISLATION IN LINE WITH THE 

      EU ACQUIS AND THE WTO RULES.

PROVIDE MORE BALANCED REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT. 

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION 

Jadranka Zenić ZeljkovićHead of WTO Department 

CEFTA Contact PointМinistry of Trade, Tourisma and Telecommunicati ons

Republic of SerbiaTеl. + 381 11 363 1236 or 264 2127jadranka.zeniczeljkovic@mtt .gov.rs 

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