Elicited or Unconditioned Behavior Occurs without past experience Modifiable with experience...
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Elicited or Unconditioned Behavior Occurs without past experience Modifiable with experience (examples:
habituation and sensitization
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Some Types of Elicited Behaviour An eliciting or unconditioned stimulus elicits a
response without any prior learning Types of Elicited Behaviour
Simple Reflex Orienting Reflex Taxis (taxes) Kinesis (kineses) Fixed/Modal Action Patterns
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FAPs/MAPs
Sequence of behaviors directed at the eliciting (sign or releasing) stimulus
Sometimes requires underlying drive (hydraulic model)
Vigor of response depends on how closely the sign stimulus corresponds to the ideal stimulus (e.g., cute baby) Small (non-ideal) Normal (ideal) Supernormal (exaggerated ideal)
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Supernormal stimulusAn accurate 3-dimensional model of a herring gull's
head (a), and a 'supernormal' bill (b).
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Supernormal stimulus
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Supernormal stimulus?
versus
1950s 1990s
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Habituation
a simple type of learning which is shown by a change in elicited behaviour over trials
defined as a reduction in responsiveness (frequency, magnitude) over successive trials
sometimes short-lasting and sometimes long lasting
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Habituation-One Type of Modifiability
Eric Kandel and Aplysia
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Kandel`s Experiments
Touch Siphon
GillWithdrawal
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Habituation
touch
gill withdrawal
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Forms of Habituation
Short-Term lasts only a few minutes best if stimulus applied at short intervals (2-s)
Long-Term lasts weeks best if stimulus applied at longer intervals (30-s)
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Simplified Circuit
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What’s the Mechanism of Short-term?
loss of skinsensitivity
fatigue
decrease in motorsynapse
decreases in synaptic transmission
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Pinsker et al., (1970) Science 167:1740
Evoked
Spontaneous
Not Muscle Fatigue
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What’s the Mechanism of Short-term?
loss of skinsensitivity
fatigue
decrease in motorsynapse
decreases in synaptic transmission
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Not Motor Synapse
skin
MN
SN
gillrecord
Kupfermann et al., (1970) Science 167:1743
electrical
After
Before
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What’s the Mechanism of Short-term?
loss of skinsensitivity
fatigue
decrease in motorsynapse
decreases in synaptic transmission
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Not Skin Sensitivity
skin
touch
MN
SN
gill
record MNactivity to assay
habituation
Kupfermann et al., (1970) Science 167:1743
Stage 1
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Not Skin Sensitivity
Kupfermann et al., (1970) Science 167:1743
skin
touch
MN
SN
gill
record MNactivity to assay
habituation
block
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What’s the Mechanism of Short-term?
loss of skinsensitivity
fatigue
decrease in motorsynapse
decreases in synaptic transmission
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Mechanism of Short-term Habituation
Decrease in neurotransmitterreleased at the synapse with both the motor neuron and theinterneuron!
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Mechanism of Long-Term Habituation
Change in the number of synapses!
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Some Properties of Habituated Responses
1. Spontaneous Recovery 2. Dishabituation3. Generalization
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Hi
Lo
Response
Number of Presentations
Spontaneous Recovery
Time Passes
Stimulus
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Hi
Lo
Response
Number of Presentations
Dishabituation
Novel Event
(no timepasses)
Stimulus
HabituationDishabituation
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Generalization
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Sensitization- Another Type of Modifiability enhanced response to a “benign” stimulus after
exposure to a “noxious” one (most common) for example, startle
enhanced response after repeated presentations of a “not so benign” stimulus (less common) for example, kindling
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RatStartle
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Human Startle
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Kindling
repeated stimulation of hippocampal cells increases responsiveness
after being sensitized, very little stimulation is required to produce the seizures
related to epilepsy
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Dual Process Theory
1. S-R System: Habituation
2. State System: Sensitization
Competition between two separate processes
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Examples
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NET
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H
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Trials Trials
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Conditions Favouring Habituation
1. Calm organism2. Shorter interstimulus intervals3. Less variable interstimulus intervals4. Low intensity5. Less complexity6. More trials
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Interstimulus Interval
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Complexity
Trials
LookingTime
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Imagine……… Kendra is an overly anxious person. She worries
about the smallest things. Some examples of the unpleasant symptoms she experiences include excessive sweating, heart palpitations, and a fitful sleep. Her anxiety places her at risk for depression, heart disease, and diabetes. A genetic test reveals Kendra has a vulnerability in the promoter region of her serotonin transporter gene. Her doctor tells her that if her mother had been more loving and attentive when Kendra was younger, she might have been calmer. The doctor maintains experience can program calmness, and calmness acquired by experience is inheritable.
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Gene Expression-A third Type of Modifiability Genes affect bodily processes, including emotional
regulation Two copies of the “short” version of a promoter for the
serotonin transporter gene is a risk factor
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Maternal Behavior
licking and grooming (LG) and arched-back nursing (ABN)
Low LG-ABN mothers
High LG-ABN mothers
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Attentive Mothering Licking and arched-back nursing by mother
an immediate “calming” effect on baby rats in the first week after birth
a long-term reduction in stress responsiveness the promoter for the short version of serotonin
transporter gene is “switched on” by attentive mothering so, a vulnerable pup with two short copies of the
promoter for the serotonin transporter gene is cured by its mother’s licking (short gene works better)
this environmental effect is passed along to the pup’s own offspring
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Brain of Vulnerable Baby Rat
high LG-ABN mother
short gene expressed
less anxiety
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Cross-fostering Studies
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Imagine………
Kendra’s doctor gives her a prescription for a pill that will promote the activity of the malfunctioning gene. No other therapy is necessary. Kendra’s children inherit the faulty gene, but its function is enhanced.