Elemmaq i 1 copy copy
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ELEMENTOS DE MAQUINAS
Introducción
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¿Qué involucra el diseño de
elementos de maquinas?
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Normas y códigos
• Aluminum Association (AA)
– www.aluminum.org/
• American Gear Manufacturers Association
(AGMA)
– www.agma.org/
• American Institute of Steel Construction
(AISC)
– www.aisc.org/
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Normas y códigos
• American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
– www.steel.org/
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)1
– www.ansi.org
• ASM International 2
– www.asm.com/
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME)
– www.asme.org/
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Normas y códigos
• American Society of Testing and Materials
(ASTM)
– www.astm.org/
• American Welding Society (AWS)
– www.aws.org/
• American Bearing Manufacturers
Association (ABMA) 3
– www.abma-dc.org/
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Normas y códigos
• National Institute for Standards and
Technology (NIST) 4
– www.nist.gov/
• Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
– www.sae.org/
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Normas y códigos
• British Standards Institution (BSI)
• Industrial Fasteners Institute (IFI)
• Institution of Mechanical Engineers (I. Mech. E.)
• International Bureau of Weights and Measures
(BIPM)
• International Standards Organization (ISO)
• National Institute for Standards and Technology
(NIST) 4
• Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
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UNS
• En USA se han clasificado los metales
usando el Sistema Unificado de
Numeración (UNS)
• Esta unificación es coordinada con: – Aluminum Association (AA)
– American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
– Cooper Development Association (CDA)
– Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
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Normas Técnicas Peruanas
http://www.indecopi.gob.pe/
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Sistemas de Numeración SAE
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Sistemas de Numeración SAE
PARA EL CASO DE ALUMINIOS
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Sistemas de Numeración AISI
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Clasificación AISI
Carbon steels
10XX Plain carbon, Mn 1.00% max
11XX Resulfurized free machining
12XX Resulfurized/rephosphorized free machining
15XX Plain carbon, Mn 1.00-1.65%
Manganese steel 13XX Mn 1.75%
Nickel steels 23XX Ni 3.50%
25XX Ni 5.00%
Nickel-chromium steels
31XX Ni 1.25%, Cr .65-.80%
32XX Ni 1.75%, Cr 1.07%
33XX Ni 3.50%, Cr 1.50-1.57%
34XX Ni 3.00%, Cr .77%
Molybdenum steels 40XX Mo .20-.25%
44XX Mo .40-.52%
Chromium-molybdenum steels 41XX Cr .50-.95%, Mo .12-.30%
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels 43XX Ni 1.82%, Cr .50-.80%, Mo .25%
47XX Ni 1.05%, Cr .45%, Mo .20-.35%
Nickel-molybdenum steels 46XX Ni .85-1.82%, Mo .20-.25%
48XX Ni 3.50%, Mo .25%
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Chromium steels
50XX Cr .27-.65%
51XX Cr .80-1.05%
50XXX Cr .50%, C 1.00% min
51XXX Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min
52XXX Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min
Chromium-vanadium steels 61XX Cr .60-.95%, V .10-.15%
Tungsten-chromium steels 72XX W 1.75%, Cr .75%
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
81XX Ni .30%, Cr .40%, Mo .12%
86XX Ni .55%, Cr .50%, Mo .20%
87XX Ni .55%, Cr .50%, Mo .25%
88XX Ni .55%, Cr .50%, Mo .35%
Silicon-manganese steels 92XX Si 1.40-2.00%, Mn .65-.85%, Cr 0-.65%
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
93XX Ni 3.25%, Cr 1.20%, Mo .12%
94XX Ni .45%, Cr .40%, Mo .12%
97XX Ni .55%, Cr .20%, Mo .20%
98XX Ni 1.00%, Cr .80%, Mo .25%
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Los Tamaños Estándar
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Los Tamaños Estándar
,
Donde b es el valor de la serie
seleccionada (por ejemplo b = 40 para la
serie R40), e i es el i-ésimo elemento de
esta serie (donde i = 0 para el inicio).
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Las Tolerancias
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Materiales del diseño
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Integración de los elementos de
una maquina
• Engranajes
• Ejes
• Cojinetes
• Cuñas
• Cajas
• Pernos y Tornillos.
• Perfiles.
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Propiedades de los Materiales:
• Resistencia a la tensión.
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• Ductilidad . ¿Qué es lo opuesto?
• Resistencia al Corte.
• Modulo de Elasticidad en Cortante . G
• Dureza.
• BHN o HB
• Rockwell : Rb (HRB) y Rc (HRC)
• Vickers
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• Maquinabilidad.
• Tenacidad. ¿Qué es? ¿Con que se mide?
• Resistencia a la Fatiga.
• Arrastramiento.
• Relajación.
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Propiedades Físicas
• Densidad
• Coeficiente de expansión térmica. a
• Conductividad térmica.
• Resistividad eléctrica.
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Tratamientos térmicos
• Recocido.
• Normalizado.
• Endurecimiento por:
• Temple. (Austenizado)
• Inducción
• Carburización. (Carbonitruración)
• Nitruración.
• Cianuración.
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Materiales de Diseño
• Aceros Inoxidables
• Acero Estructural.
• Acero para Herramientas.
• Hierros.
• Metales Pulverizados.
• Aleaciones no ferrosas.
• Plásticos.
• Materiales Compuestos.
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Materiales Compuestos
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Tipos de Matrices
COMPUESTOS PARTICULADOS :
• Refuerzo a base de partículas con
formas aproximadas a la esférica.
COMPUESTOS LAMINADOS :
• En ellos suelen alternarse las fases
componentes en forma laminar, y no
siempre con espesores semejantes.
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COMPUESTOS FIBROSOS :
• Refuerzo a base de Fibras, elementos en
los que una dimensión predomina
dominantemente sobre las otras dos.
• Las Fibras se orientan de diversas
formas:
– De forma Unidireccional, Fibras Largas.
– De forma Aleatoria, Fibras Cortas.
– Con disposición Ortogonal, Mallas
Ortogonales.
– En varias Capas Alternadas.
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La orientación de las fibras
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