ELEMENTS OF ORAL DISCOURSE

1. PAUSES2. REPETITIONS

3. FALSE STARTS/BACKTRACKING

4. INCOMPLETE UTTERANCES5. ELLIPSIS/OMISSION

6. TURN-TAKING

7. ADJACENCY PAIRS8. BACK-CHANNELLING

9. INTERRUPTIONS/OVERLAPPING

10. FILLERS11. VAGUE EXPRESSIONSHesitations

False starts

Repetitions

Incomplete utterances

Vague language

Informal register

Connectors

Back-chanelling

Lexical chain

Lexical Chains.

The players gathered on the pitch and kicked the ball around, before playing in earnest (more seriously, or with more energy).

The students attending the lecture all took notes and asked a lot of questions.

Illocutionary act/Speech act

An act performed by a speaker by virtue of uttering certain words, as for example the acts of promising or threatening.

Linguistic acts in which one can be said to do something.

In general, speech acts are acts of communication. To communicate is to express a certain attitude, and the type of speech act being performed corresponds to the type of attitude being expressed. For example, a statement expresses a belief, a request expresses a desire, and an apology expresses a regret.

Linguists, rhetoricians, and philosophers employ specialized terms when evaluating human speech acts. "Locution" refers to the literal meaning of a speech act. "Illocution" refers to the effect the speaker wants to achieve in making the utterance, while "perlocution" refers to the actual effect of the utterance upon the audience. The latter the "perlocution" of a speech act, the way it is received by audience is often affected by what is known as "extra-locutionary" factors.

For example, if a man wants to motivate his son to get up early and work, he might utter the clich, "you know, son, the early bird gets the worm." The man is not so much concerned about the locution of his utterance most likely he cares very little about the actual eating habits of birds. Instead, what is significant is his illocution; that is, he intends to provide ample motivation to get his sons tail out of bed. If the mans son responds with an indifferent shrug of his shoulders, coupled with a "yeah, maybe," that is the perlocution, the actual effect of the fathers utterance upon his audience. This perlocution could have been influenced by numerous extra-locutionary factors: perhaps the son was particularly tired that day, or maybe he just had enough of his fathers pathetic attempts to motivate him.Connectors.