Elements of design

Elements of design• Color

• Shape/Silhouette

• Line

• Texture

Textile & Apparel Production I 1

ColorHue: (1) The technical word for

color. (2) The name given to a color, such as red or yellow, that distinguishes one color from another.

Value: The lightness or darkness of a color.Tint: The lighter hue created when white is added to a color.Shade: The darker hue created when black is added to a color.

Intensity: The brightness or dullness of a color.Neutrals: Black, white, beige, and gray. Neutrals can be used alone or with any other colors.


• Primary hues: Red, yellow, blue. These colors cannot be made by using any other color. All other colors are made from a combination of these.

• Secondary hues: Orange, green, violet. These are created by mixing equal amounts of two primary colors.


Color schemes Plans that can be used to provide harmonious color combinations.

• Monochromatic

• Analogous

• Complementary

• Split-complementary

• Triad

• Accented Neutrals


Monochromatic color

• Different tints, shades, and intensities of a single color.

• Example: light blue trousers and jacket with a navy blue vest.

Analogous colors

Two to five colors that are adjacent on the color wheel.

Example: orange, yellow-orange and yellow worn together


Complementary colors

Two colors opposite each other on the color wheel.

Example: Orange and blue

Split-complementary colors

One color plus the colors on each side of its complement.

Example: red combines with yellow-green and blue-green.


Triad colors

Three colors that are equidistant from each other on the color wheel.

Accented neutral

White, gray, black, or beige with a bright color accent.

Example: Businesswoman wearing a gray dress with a red scarf.


ShapeThe silhouette or the overall form or outline of an outfit or clothing style.

The width and length of the neckline, sleeves, and/or waistline.

The width and length of pants and skirts.

Most silhouettes are formed by:


LineA distinct, elongated mark that can lead the path of eye

movement up and down, side to side, or around objects. • Give direction, or a feeling of movement • Provides visual direction• Helps draw attention to good points and play down the bad

ones.

Basic types of linesStraight lines: Lines without curves or bends. Straight lines are severe and formal and suggest power and dignity.

Curved lines: Circular or gently waved lines. Curved lines add softness and roundness to apparel.


Directions of lines•Vertical lines: Lines that go up and down. Vertical lines create a taller, more slender look.•Horizontal lines: Lines that go across. Horizontal lines give a shorter, wider look.•Diagonal lines: Lines that slant at an angle rather than being vertical or horizontal.


Ways to create lines in garments

•Structural lines: Lines formed by the seams, darts, pleats, tucks, and edges when garments are constructed.•Decorative lines: Lines created by details added to the surface of clothing including fabric design and trims such as top-stitching, lace, tabs, flaps, and buttons used to decorate the garment.Textile & Apparel Production I 11

Texture: The look and feel of fabric.

•Can create illusions of size•Can disguise figure irregularities•Can add interest to a garmentTexture can be provided in two ways…

Structural texture: Texture determined by the fibers, yarns, and the method of construction used to produce a garment. Examples: velvet shirt, striped wool pantsAdded visual texture: The finishes and designs applied to the surface of the fabric. Examples: The print of the fabric can give the illusion of height or width to the wearer. Shiny textures make people look larger because they reflect light.


Principles of design

• Balance• Proportion• Emphasis• Rhythm


Balance The principle of design that implies equilibrium or steadiness among the parts of a design or outfit.•Balance in

garments is produced by structural parts and added decoration.•A properly balanced garment appears equal in weight and power of attraction from all sides, from top to bottom, and from front to back.

Formal balance Equilibrium provided by symmetrical parts. One side resembles the other.

Informal balance Equilibrium provided by asymmetrical parts. One side is unequal to the other.


ProportionThe principle of design dealing with the

relative sizes of all the parts in a design to each other and to the whole.

•Garment details and accessories should be proportioned for the wearer.•Proportion is most pleasing when garment areas are unevenly divided.


EmphasisThe principle of design that uses a

concentration of interest or area of focus in a particular part or area of design.

• Emphasis or a focal point can be used to draw attention or to keep the eye away.

• Emphasis can be provided through the use of color, texture, structural lines, decorative lines, or accessories.


RhythmThe principle of design concerned with the pleasing arrangement of the design elements to produce a feeling of continuity or easy movement of the observer’s eye.

Repetition: Rhythm created by repeated lines, shapes, colors, or textures in a garment.

Gradation Or Progression: Rhythm created by a gradual increase or decrease of similar design elements.

Radiation: Rhythm created by lines emerging from a central point like rays, resulting in the parts being an equal distance from a given point.

Alternation:Rhythm created by alternating elements such as light and dark colors or stripes of two colors or sizes.


To appear shorter and thicker

• Sharply contrasting colors• Light, bright, warm colors• Wide silhouettes• Horizontal lines• Bold prints, plaids• Bulky texture• Wide, contrasting belt• Gathers or pleats

To appear taller and thinner

Black, navy blue, charcoal, and chocolate brown

Monochromatic colorsStraight silhouettes

Vertical linesSubtle prints, plaidsSmooth, flat textures

Narrow, matching belt


Elements of design

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