ELEMENTS OF ARGUMENT: THREE APPEALSmrsbradleymms.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/7/8/17789069/... · 2018....
Transcript of ELEMENTS OF ARGUMENT: THREE APPEALSmrsbradleymms.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/7/8/17789069/... · 2018....
ELEMENTS OF ARGUMENT:
THREE APPEALS
Logos, Pathos, and Ethos
OBJECTIVES
• To acknowledge the literary terms associated
with arguments
• To identify literary terms within text
• To apply the literary terms to text
THREE ARGUMENT APPEALS
• Logos (Logic)
● The appeal to reason
• Pathos (Emotion)
● The appeal to emotion
• Ethos (Credibility)
● The appeal of one’s character
All persuasive appeals are really about
involving your audience.
Three Forms of Argument
■ _______: Appeal to _______. Pathetic or emotional appeals, persuades audiences by _________ the emotions stirred up.
PATHOS emotion
getting
WORKS OF AN EMOTIONAL
APPEAL (PATHOS)
EMOTIONAL APPEAL (PATHOS)
• Not surprisingly, emotional appeals target the
emotions of the reader to create some kind of
connection with the writer. Since humans are in
many ways emotional creatures, pathos can be a
very powerful strategy in argument. For this
same reason, however, emotional appeal is often
misused...sometimes to intentionally mislead
readers or to hide an argument that is weak in
logical appeal. A lot of visual appeal is emotional
in nature (think of advertisements, with their
powerful imagery, colors, fonts, and symbols).
EMOTIONAL APPEAL (PATHOS)
• When done well, emotional appeals...
● Reinforce logical arguments
● Use diction and imagery to create a bond with the
reader in a human way
● Appeal to idealism, beauty, humor, nostalgia, or pity
(or other emotions) in a balanced way
● Are presented in a fair manner
EMOTIONAL APPEAL (PATHOS)
• When used improperly, emotional appeals...
● Become a substitute for logic and reason (TV and
magazine advertising often relies heavily on
emotional rather than logical appeal)
● Uses stereotypes to pit one group of people against
another (propaganda and some political advertising
does this)
● Offers a simple, unthinking reaction to a complex
problem
● Takes advantage of emotions to manipulate (through
fear, hate, pity, prejudice,embarrassment, lust, or
other feelings) rather than convince credibly
Three Forms of Argument
■ _______: Appeal to ________. When the speaker is seen as trustworthy, knowledgeable, and ___________ in the audience, the audience will likely accept what the speaker says as true.
ETHOS character
interested
LEVERAGING YOUR CREDIBILITY (ETHOS)
• credibility is the audience’s
response to you as the source of
the message
• credibility has three sources: ● knowledge
● image
● relationships
QUESTIONS TO TEST CREDIBILITY
• Has the reader been able to rely on what you have said in the past? If they are unfamiliar with you…
• Do you know what you’re talking about? Are you familiar with all sides of the issue?
• Have you done your research on the issue?
• Have you documented your research thoroughly and accurately?
• Have your thoughtfully addressed the opposition?
ETHICAL APPEAL (ETHOS)
• Ethical appeal is used to establish the writer as
fair, open-minded, honest, and knowledgeable
about the subject matter. The writer creates a
sense of him or herself as trustworthy and
credible.
• When used correctly, the writer is seen as...
● Well-informed about the topic
● Confident in his or her position
● Sincere and honest
● Understanding of the reader's concerns and possible
objections
● Humane and considerate
ETHICAL APPEAL (ETHOS)
• When used incorrectly, the writer can be viewed
as...
● Unfair or dishonest
● Distorting or misrepresenting information (biased)
● Insulting or dismissive of other viewpoints
● Advocating intolerant ideas
Three Forms of Argument
■ _______: Appeal to ______. Logos refers to different systems of reasoning, working together to persuade an audience.
LOGOS reason
“I think; therefore, I am.”
EXAMPLE OF LOGICAL APPEAL (LOGOS)
• There is no room for the
clouds of emotion in this
straightforward formula;
it makes purely a logical
appeal.
Logic is the most important and the most effective of the persuasive appeals.
LOGICAL APPEAL (LOGOS)
• Logical appeal is the strategic use of logic, claims,
and evidence to convince an audience of a certain
point.
• When used correctly, logical appeal contains the
following elements...
● Strong, clear claims
● Reasonable qualifiers for claims
● Justifications that are valid
● Clear reasons for claims
● Strong evidence (facts, statistics, personal
experience, expert authority, interviews,observations,
anecdotes)
● Acknowledgement of the opposition
LOGICAL APPEAL (LOGOS)
• When used poorly, logical appeals may include...
● Over-generalized claims
● Reasons that are not fully explained or supported
● Logical fallacies
● Evidence misused or ignored
● No recognition of opposing views
SOME WAYS TO USE THE THREE
APPEALS
ETHOS LOGOS PATHOS
▪ Show that you are
fair- and open-minded
▪ Point to other
“experts” or an
authority other than
yourself
▪ Cite research
▪ Show why people
should listen to you
and believe you
▪ Rely primarily on
facts
▪ Use deductive or
inductive reasoning to
reach your conclusion
▪ Use classical
argument, including
reason and evidence
to support your claim
▪ Use emotionally
charged or highly
connotative words
▪ Appeal to peoples
fears, concerns,
passions, vanity,
sense of justice, and
so forth
▪ Take advantage of
rhythm and refrain in
language
WHICH ONE IS IT?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PplMjgh_QlM&list=PLB759AD429C74993
2&index=1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vFhBqu50bM&list=PLB759AD429C7499
32&index=3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0OVngTHkNg&list=PLB759AD429C749
932&index=5
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72MqAn2gKUM&index=6&list=PLB759A
D429C749932
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsSnugqGRKU&index=9&list=PLB759AD
429C749932
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J8QX6XVJq8&list=PLB759AD429C7499
32&index=10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAsxyffBqm0&list=PLB759AD429C74993
2&index=20