Details that describe:Details that describe:

FurnitureFurnitureScenerySceneryCustomsCustomsTransportationTransportationClothingClothingDialectsDialectsWeatherWeatherTime of dayTime of dayTime of yearTime of year

Time and place are where the action Time and place are where the action occursoccurs

Setting

Place

Atmosphere

Time

History

EraLife

Mood

Weather

Feelings

WordChoice

Location

Physical

Day

Use as activator to activate prior knowledge. Write the web on the board or overhead and students create one at their seats. Then as class share and fill in.

We left the home place behind, mile by slow mile, heading for the mountains, across the prairie where the wind blew forever.

At first there were four of us with one horse wagon and its skimpy load. Pa and I walked, because I was a big boy of eleven. My two little sisters romped and trotted until they got tired and had to be boosted up to the wagon bed.

That was no covered Conestoga, like Pa’s folks came West in, but just an old farm wagon, drawn by one weary horse, creaking and rumbling westward to the mountains, toward the little woods town where Pa thought he had an old uncle who owned a little two-bit sawmill.

Taken from “The Day the Sun Came Out” by D. Johnson

A writer reveals what a character is like and how the A writer reveals what a character is like and how the character changes throughout the story.character changes throughout the story.

Two primary methods of characterization:Two primary methods of characterization:

Direct-Direct- writer tells what the character is like writer tells what the character is like

Indirect-Indirect- writer shows what a character is like by writer shows what a character is like by describing what the character looks like, by telling describing what the character looks like, by telling what the character says and does, and by what other what the character says and does, and by what other characters say about and do in response to the characters say about and do in response to the character.character.

…And I don’t play the dozens or believe in standing around with somebody in my face doing a lot of talking. I much rather just knock you down and take my chances even if I’m a little girl with skinny arms and a squeaky voice, which is how I got the name Squeaky. From “Raymond’s Run” by T. Bambara

The old man bowed to all of us in the room. Then he removed his hat and gloves, slowly and carefully. Chaplin once did that in a picture, in a bank--he was the janitor.

From “Gentleman of Rio en Medio” by J. Sedillo

Character

Main

Flat

Minor

Not Fully Developed

FriendsRelativesFully

Developed

Protagonist

AntagonistCo-Main

Enemy

Physical appearance of character

Personality

Background/personal history

Motivation

Relationships

Conflict

Does character change?

Inciting incident – event that gives rise to conflict (opening situation)

Development- events that occur as result of central conflict (rising action)

Climax- highest point of interest or suspense of story

Resolution- when conflict ends

Denouement- when characters go back to their life before the conflict

Inciting incident/Opening situation

Introduction

Dev

elop

men

t/

Ris

ing

Act

ion

Climax

Resolution

Denouement

Suspense- excitement or tension

Foreshadowing- hint or clue about what will happen in story

Flashback- interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the past

Surprise Ending- conclusion that reader does not expect

Conflict is a struggle between opposing forcesConflict is a struggle between opposing forces

Every plot must contain some kind of conflictEvery plot must contain some kind of conflict

Stories can have more than one conflictStories can have more than one conflict

Conflicts can be external or internalConflicts can be external or internal

External conflictExternal conflict- outside force may be person, - outside force may be person, group, animal, nature, or a nonhuman obstaclegroup, animal, nature, or a nonhuman obstacle

Internal conflictInternal conflict- takes place in a character’s mind- takes place in a character’s mind

There are four kinds of conflict: 1)  Man vs. Man (physical) - The leading character struggles

with his physical strength against other men, forces of nature, or animals.

2)  Man vs. Circumstances (classical) - The leading character struggles against fate, or the circumstances of life facing him/her.

3)  Man vs. Society (social) - The leading character struggles against ideas, practices, or customs of other people.

4)  Man vs. Himself/Herself (psychological) -  The leading character struggles with himself/herself; with his/her own soul, ideas of right or wrong, physical limitations, choices, etc.

A central message, concern, or insight into life expressed through a literary work

Can be expressed by one or two sentence statement about human beings or about life

May be stated directly or implied

Interpretation uncovers the theme

The title of the short story usually points to what the writer is saying and he may use various figures of speech to emphasize his theme, such as: symbol, allusion, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or irony.  

Some simple examples of common themes from literature, TV, and film are: - things are not always as they appear to be - Love is blind - Believe in yourself - People are afraid of change- Don't judge a book by its cover

“Every man needs to feel allegiance to his native country, whether he always appreciates that country or not.”

From “A Man Without a Country” by Edward Hale pg. 185 in Prentice Hall Literature book