Element Elements and Compounds Functional Groups Organic Compounds Compounds A compound is a...

ElementElements and Compounds Functional GroupsOrganic Compounds

Compounds

A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.

Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds.

Objectives

Different Functional Groups: Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids.

Preparation, properties and uses of Ethanol, Methanal, Acetone, Ethanoic acid.

ElementElements and Compounds Extraction of SulphurNon-metals

Compounds



Organic Compounds Functional Groups

Functional Groups

A functional group could be an atom or a group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions.

In organic compounds functional groups have atoms like oxygen(O), nitrogen(N), or sulphur(S) in addition to carbon.


Compounds




Functional Groups


Compounds




Alcohols

An alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom.


Compounds



Alcohols

Alkanes and their corresponding Alcohols



Compounds



Fermentation

Functional GroupsOrganic Compounds

Fermentation reaction takes place in the preparation of the food items like idli, dhokla, handva and curd.

The reaction of formation of simple substances by slow decomposition of organic compounds through enzyme and in absence of oxygen is called fermentation.

During fermentation reaction, carbon dioxide gas is produced.


Compounds



Ethanol


Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It also exists as component in dense liquid medicines for cough and for digestion.


Compounds




Preparation of EthanolIndustrial production of ethanol by fermentation

reaction:

Modern Method of Industrial Production of Ethanol:


Compounds




Properties of EthanolEthanol is a volatile, colorless liquid that has a slight odor.

Ethanol is a very combustible liquid. It burns rapidly with a blue flame when combusted and produces carbon dioxide and water by combustion.

Ethanol on reaction with acetic acid in presence of acid gives ethyl acetate which has sweet fruit smell. This reaction is called esterification reaction.

Acetic acid is formed by oxidation of ethanol.


Compounds




Uses of Ethanol


Compounds




Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O.


Compounds




Aldehydes and Ketones


Compounds




MethanalThe common name of methanal is formaldehyde. Its aqueous solution containing 4 to 6% concentration is called formalin. It is antiseptic.


Compounds




Preparation of Methanal

Formaldehyde is produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of methanol. The most common catalysts are silver metal or a mixture of an iron and molybdenum or vanadium oxides.

In principle formaldehyde could be generated by oxidation of methane, but this route is not industrially viable because the formaldehyde is more easily oxidized than methane.


Compounds




Properties of Methanal

A gas at room temperature, formaldehyde is colourless and has a characteristic pungent, irritating odour. It is soluble in water.

Methanoic acid is formed by oxidation of methanal in presence of oxidising substance such as Tollen’s reagent.

Methanol is formed by reaction of methanal with dihydrogen (H2) gas in presence of palladium (Pd) catalyst.


Compounds




Uses of Methanal

Formaldehyde solution is used in laboratories for the preservation of human and animal specimens.

Formaldehyde-based resins are used in the natural gas and petroleum industries to improve the yield of these fuels.An aqueous solution of formaldehyde can kill bacteria, and it is used in the treatment of skin infections.

Methanal is used as a raw material in plastic industry. Methanal is used as a monomer in preparation of bakelite, melamine plastic etc.


Compounds




Propanone

The simplest compound of ketone group is propanone. Its common name is acetone which is one of the compounds of the solution to remove nail polish.


Compounds




Preparation of Propanone

Fisher — Tropsch Process: When a mixture of ethene obtained during cracking of petroleum and water gas is passed over a catalyst cobalt oxide (CoO) at 150 bar pressure and 453 K temperature, acetone is obtained.

cetone


Compounds




Properties of Propanone

It is a colourless, mobile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest ketone. Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent , typically for cleaning purposes in the laboratory.

Propanone gives propan-2-oI on reduction with reducing agent like sodium borohydride or Lithium aluminium hydride.

Ethanoic acid is obtained by oxidation of propanone, with alkaline potassium permanganate.


Compounds




Uses of Propanone

A common use of acetone is as a solvent, which is a substance that is capable of dissolving another substance. It is a popular solvent for many plastics and synthetic fibers. It is also used for thinning fiberglass resin, paint, vinyl, adhesives and varnishes.

Acetone is also used to produce many other important chemicals. Some of these include methyl methacrylate (MMA), bisphenol-A (BPA) and methacrylic acid.

Acetone also has very important applications in the laboratory. It is used as a solvent in many chemical experiments and as an equipment cleaner.


Compounds




Carboxylic acids

Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of at least one carboxyl group.


Compounds




Carboxylic acids


Compounds




Ethanoic acidThe common name of ethanoic acid is acetic acid. Its formula is CH3COOH.


Compounds




Preparation of Ethanoic acid

Ethanoic acid (vinegar) is formed by oxidation of ethanol in air by fermentation in presence of acetobacter enzyme.

In the modern industrial production of ethanoic acid, methanol is reacted with carbon monoxide in presence of catalyst Iodine-Rhodium (I2 -Rh).


Compounds




Properties of Ethanoic acid

Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid.


Compounds




Uses of Ethanoic acidAcetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of chemical compounds. The largest single use of acetic acid is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer, closely followed by acetic anhydride and ester production.

In preparation of vinegar, to have sour taste in food stuffs and as preservative for foods.

As a solvent and reagent in the laboratory.

Element Elements and Compounds Functional Groups Organic Compounds Compounds A compound is a...

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