Electronics Merit Badge · Tell about the need for and the use of test equipment in electronics....
Transcript of Electronics Merit Badge · Tell about the need for and the use of test equipment in electronics....
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Electronics Merit BadgeClass session 2
9/8/2018 1Electronics Merit Badge Class 2
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Electronics Merit BadgeElectronics test and measurement
Requirement 5B
9/8/2018 2Electronics Merit Badge Class 2
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Tell about the need for and the use of test
equipment in electronics.
9/8/2018 3Electronics Merit Badge Class 2
Name three types of test equipment. Tell
how they operate-how they are used.
Requirement 5B
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Two of the most important kinds of equipment
Your Brain A brain assistant.
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Volt/Ohm/Amp Meter or MultimeterUsually referred to as a DVM. With this we can measure current, voltage and resistance.
OscilloscopeUsually referred to as scope.With this we can ‘see’ voltages.This is very useful when voltage is changing, as a meter is no good to us when this is happening.
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Equipment UsedRequirement 5B
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Digital Logic ProbeUsed to check the logic state (High/Low) of a digital circuit.
Spectrum AnalyzerUsed to measures the
magnitude of an input
signal versus it’s frequency
within the full frequency
range of the instrument.
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Equipment UsedRequirement 5B
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RF AnalyzerUsed for measuring the condition of antennas, transmission lines and overall radio system performance
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Requirement 5B
Equipment Used
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Electronics Merit BadgeElectronic signals demonstration
By Bill Byrom
9/8/2018 8Electronics Merit Badge Class 2
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Tell about the need for and the use of test
equipment in electronics.
9/8/2018 9Electronics Merit Badge Class 2
Name three types of test equipment. Tell
how they operate-how they are used.
Requirement 5B
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Electronics Merit BadgeSchematic Drawings and how
components work
9/8/2018 10Electronics Merit Badge Class 2
Requirement 2A
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DC Circuit WiringRequirement 2A
What does the
term “Circuit”
mean?
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Switch
BuzzerLight
Power
Supply
Switch
BuzzerLight
Power
Supply
Switch
BuzzerLight
Power
Supply
DC Circuit Wiring
Definition of Circuit;
•A circular journey or
one beginning and
ending at the same
place; a round.
•Electrical current
must flow in such a
way that it returns to
the source.
Requirement 2A
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Switch
BuzzerLight
Power
Supply
Switch
BuzzerLight
Power
Supply
Switch
BuzzerLight
Power
Supply
DC Circuit Wiring
Definition of Circuit;
•A circular journey or
one beginning and
ending at the same
place; a round.
•Electrical current
must flow in such a
way that it returns to
the source.
Requirement 2A
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (SCHEMATIC)
+
SWITCH LAMP
GROUNDGROUND
FLASHLIGHT
THE GROUND SYMBOLS IS THE SAME AS CONNECTING WITH A WIRE
GROUND = 0 VOLTS
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Requirement 2A
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Simple Schematic diagram of a Receiver. Identify components.
ARRL Amateur
Radio
Handbook,
©2005 ◼
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A PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (SCHEMATIC)
Simple Audio Amplifier with Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) chip
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Multiple components such a transistors can be built into a single
chip of silicon. In this case, several of these “Building blocks” of
components are used together with a few external parts, to build a
simple stereo amplifier circuit.
Requirement 2A
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Open Circuit
• No path is available to allow current to flow from out to in of a power source.
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Closed Circuit• Path for current flow available to do
meaningful work.
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Short Circuit• A path of no resistance for current to flow.
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Short Circuit• An unimpeded path for current to flow.
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Short Circuit• Fuses or breakers should be placed as close
to the power source as possible.
/
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Electronics Merit BadgeElectronic components
9/8/2018 22Electronics Merit Badge Class 2
Requirement 2B
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Name some of the different types of
electronic components and how they might
be used in a circuit.
9/8/2018 23Electronics Merit Badge Class 2
Requirement 2B
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Electronic Symbols
Single Pole, Double Throw Switch (SPDT)
Battery
Resistor
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Buzzer
Fuse
Lamp
or
Capacitor
Ground
WNC
NO
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Requirement 2B
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (SCHEMATIC)
+
FLASHLIGHT
Name the components
GROUND = 0 VOLTS
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Simple Schematic diagram of a Radio Receiver.
ARRL Amateur
Radio
Handbook,
©2005◼
Name the components
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Schematic symbols and the jobs the parts do.
◼
• Batteries produce a Direct Current and voltage by means of chemical reaction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_symbol
Requirement 2B
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Resistor
ValveVariable
Resistor is a
Potentiometer
1” Pipe
1/2” Pipe
1 ohm
10 ohm
100 ohm
1,000 ohm = 1 K ohm
10,000 ohm = 10 K ohm
100,000 ohm = 100 K ohm
1,000,000 ohm = 1 M ohm
Resistor restricts
flow of current.
Resistors are made of
carbon or wire.
Smaller pipe
restricts
flow of fluids
Pipe
Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = Ω)
Valve restricts
flow of fluids
2” pipe
1” pipe
¾” pipe
½” pipe
¼” pipe
The smaller the
pipe the more
restriction of flow
The larger the
resistor value
the more
restriction
to current flow
This could be used to control volume in a radio
Electronic Components: ResistorsRequirement 2B
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Schematic symbols and the jobs the parts do.
◼
• A Resister causes a limitation on the amount of current that can flow.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic
_symbol
Requirement 2B
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First Ring
Red = 2
Black = 0
Second Ring
Red = 2
Red = 2
Third Ring
Red = X 100 = 2200 ohms
Brown = X 10 = 020 ohms
Example of Color Rings
First Ring
Brown = ____
Green = ____
Second Ring
Green = ____
Red = ____
Third Ring
Brown = _____ = ______ ohms
Yellow = _____ = ______ ohms
Test of Color Rings
First Ring is TENS
Second Ring is ONES
Third Ring is Number of Zero’s
RingBlack = 0
Brown = 1
Red = 2
Orange = 3
Yellow = 4
Green = 5
Blue = 6
Violet = 7
Gray = 8
White = 9
Resistor Value ExamplesRequirement 2B
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RingBlack = 0
Brown = 1
Red = 2
Orange = 3
Yellow = 4
Green = 5
Blue = 6
Violet = 7
Gray = 8
White = 9
Resistor Value ExamplesRequirement 2B
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Series and Parallel Resistance
Series resistances add together to make
Total Resistance.
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3…
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Series and Parallel Resistance
Parallel resistances divide by the totals.
If only two
resistors are in
parallel, then…
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Schematic symbols and the jobs the parts do.
◼
• A Variable Resister (Potentiometer) allows selection of it’s resistance value.
www.tpub.com/neets/book1/chapt
er1/1p.htm
Requirement 2B
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Schematic symbols and the jobs the parts do.
• Switches allow the ability to open or close a circuit to the flow of current.
http://www.kpsec.free
uk.com/symbol.htm
Push to close
Push to open
SPST
SPDT
DPST
DPDT
Electrically operated
switchARRL Amateur Radio
Handbook, ©2005
Requirement 2B
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Schematic symbols and the jobs the parts do.
◼
• Capacitors store electrical energy in an electrostatic field between metal plates.
ARRL Amateur
Radio
Handbook,
©2005
Requirement 2B
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Schematic symbols and the jobs the parts do.
◼
• Inductors are coils of wire that store electrical energy in a magnetic field.
ARRL Amateur
Radio
Handbook,
©2005
Requirement 2B
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Schematic symbols and the jobs the parts do.
• Transformers are two inductors positioned so they transfer energy from one coil to another.
ARRL Amateur
Radio
Handbook,
©2005
Requirement 2B
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Schematic symbols and the jobs the parts do.
• A Diode is a semiconductor device that only allows current to flow in one direction.
www.kwanms.com/tech/diode/diode.htm
-+
Requirement 2B
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Schematic symbols and the jobs the parts do.
• A Device called a “Power Supply” is used to change AC line current to DC for device use.
http://www.electronicworkspace.com/2011/09/diodes-and-basic-diode-applications.html
Half Wave Rectifier
Full Wave Rectifier
Requirement 2B
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Schematic symbols and the jobs the parts do.
• Add a capacitor to filter and smooth the output and you have a DC Power Supply. (Wall Wart)
http://www.electronicworkspace.com/2011/09/diodes-and-basic-diode-applications.html
Requirement 2B
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Schematic symbols and the jobs the parts do.
• A light Emitting Diode (LED) produces light when forward biased.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode
Requirement 2B
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Schematic symbols and the jobs the parts do.
• Transistors are a dual junction (Or more) semiconductor that can control and amplify a signal.
www.mikroe.com/en/books/keu/04.htm
Transistor symbols: a - bipolar, b - FET, c - MOSFET, d - dual gate MOSFET,
e - inductive channel MOSFET, f - single connection transistor
Requirement 2B
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One important use for a Transistor is as an Amplifier
TransistorsRequirement 2B
A small signal presented at the input of the circuit is translated to a
larger voltage across the output.
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Transistor
NPN
A Transistor can be used as an Electronic Switch
12 Volt
Battery
12 Volt
Battery
Computer can
send a signal to turn
on the transistor which
then turns on the light
NPN Transistor
Light
Mechanical Switch Circuit Transistor Switch Circuit
Switch open
Light off = 0
Switch close
Light on = 1
Transistor come in
different sizes depending
on the amount of current
and voltage required
Switch
TransistorsRequirement 2B
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Schematic symbols and the jobs the parts do.
• Vacuum Tubes; Predecessor to transistors and semiconductors.
• Still used in some high power RF amplifiers and by hard core audiophiles.
www.mikroe.com/en/books/keu/04.htm
Requirement 2B
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An integrated circuit (IC) consists of multiple transistors. The number of transistors
can vary from just a few (circuits shown below), to 3 or more Billion that are in a
modern multi core microprocessor.
6 Transistors in one ICThis IC has 6 inverters
An inverter contains
6 Transistors = 36 total
Functions
Inverters
Gates
Flip flops
Counters
Memory
MPU
Watch ICs
Calculators ICs
Microwave Timer ICs
Radio ICs
Dialer ICs
Car Controller ICs
Integrated CircuitsRequirement 2B
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Microprocessor Integrated Circuit:Late 1970s, 60,000 Transistors
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Modern processors like this Intel i7 Quad Core, have over a Billion
A “Lithography” or photo etching process
is used to print the components onto a
silicon wafer.
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The Xbox One main processor has over 5 Billion Transistors.
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Simple Schematic diagram of a Receiver. Identify components.
ARRL Amateur
Radio
Handbook,
©2005 ◼
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A PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (SCHEMATIC)
Simple Audio Amplifier with Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) chip
9/8/2018 53Electronics Merit Badge Class 1
Multiple components such a transistors can be built into a single
chip of silicon. In this case, several of these “Building blocks” of
components are used together with a few external parts, to build a
simple stereo amplifier circuit.
Requirement 2A
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Electronics Merit BadgeClass 2
9/8/2018 54Electronics Merit Badge Class 2