ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER LEADING THE CONSUMER …€¦ · annual report states. And due to the...

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ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER

LEADING THE CONSUMER AND

INDUSTRIAL SERVICE MARKETS

IIBJ A HARCOURT BRACE JOVANOVICH PUBLICATION

Wiry ACaribbeanCruise For TwoSecond Prize: RCA Video Cassette RecorderThird Prize: Litton Microwave OvenFourth Prize: 50 Luggage SetsFifth Prize: "100 CalculatorsSixth Prize: -,000 PTS T -Shirts

Enter the PTS 1980 Sweepstakes as many times asyou wish. Increase your chance of winning byreturning the official entry blank that you willreceive with every tuner you have repairedbetween now and the contest closing.No purchase necessary to enter.

'The PTS 1980 Sweepstakes opens 4

May 1, 1980 and closesJuly 21, 1980.

1`°Mail entries to:PTS Tuner SweepstakesP.O. Box 489Brazil, IN 47834

PTSAll entrants

-moglIMIIINvagree to abide

by rules. The PTS1980 Sweepstakes is open to TV

servicing dealers/technicians throughoutthe United States. A copy of officialrules is available from contest head-

quarters. Employees of PTS Electronicsand its subsidiaries, authorizeddistributors and its advertising

agencies are not eligible to participate.No purchase is required. Reasonable

facsimile of official entry blank is accept-able. This contest is void where pro-

hibited by law. Allfederal, state and local

laws apply. Entriesmust be postmarked

no later thanJuly 21, 1980.

I For the PTS locationnearest you, see

servicenter guideol next page.

PTSSERVICENTER

GUIDE

MIDWESTHome OfficeBLOOMINGTON, IN 47401

5233 S Hwy 37, P.O.272812-824-9331

CLEVELANDParma, OH 441345682 Slate Road216-845-4480

KANSAS CITY, KS 661063119 A. Merriam Lane.P.0 6149911831-1222

MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55408815 W Lake St.,P.O.8458612-824-2333

ST. LOUIS, MO 631308456 Page Blvd.,P.0 24256314-428-1299

DETROIT, MI 4823514745 W 8-MIle Rd313-862-1783

GRAND RAPIDS, MI 495011134 Walker N WP.O 1435616-454-2754

CINCINNATI, OH 452168172 Vine St.. P.O.16057513.821-2298

MILWAUKEE, WI 532187211 W Fond do Lac414464-0789

COLUMBUS, OH 432274005A E. Livingston614.237-3820

INDIANAPOLIS, IN 462021406 N Pennsylvania Ave317-631-1551

DAVENPORT, IA 528032024 E River Dr.319-323-3975

OMAHA, NE 681046918 Maple SI402-571-4800

CHICAGO, IL 606595744 N Western Ave312-728.1800

SOUTHCHARLESTON, SC 29411

3839 Rivers Ave.P.O 10203803.554.8434

JACKSONVILLE, FL 322101918 Blanding Blvd .P 0 7923904-389-9952

WASHINGTON, DCSilver Spring, MD 209108950 Brookville Rd.301-565-0025

CHARLOTTE, NC 282252542 Lucena St P.O.5512704-332.8007

BIRMINGHAM, AL 35201210 N 9th St., P.O. 1801205-323-2657

MEMPHIS, TN 381041289 Madison Ave.,P 0 41043901.726-1260

NORFOLK, VA 235043118 E Princess Anne Rd804-625-2030

NEW ORLEANSMetairie, LA 700043920A Airline Hwy..P O. 303504-837-7569

PACIFICSACRAMENTO

North Highlands, CA 956606131 Watt Ave., P.O. Box X916-334-2012

SAN DIEGO, CA 921055111 University Ave..P.O. 5794714-280-7070

LOS ANGELESParamount, CA 907237259 E Alondra Blvd,213-634-0111

PORTLAND, OR 972135220 N.E.Sandy Blvd.P.O. 13096503-282-9636

SEATTLE, WA 98188988 Industry Dr., Bldg 28P.O. 88831. Tukwila Branch206-575-3060

NORTHEASTSPRINGFIELD

Westfield, MA 01085300 Union St.. P.O.238413-562-5205

PHILADELPHIAYeadon, PA 19050548 Penn St P.O.129215-6221450

PITTSBURGH, PA 15202257 Riverview Ave WP.O 4130412.761 7648

ELMWOOD PARK, NJ 07407158 Market SI P.O.421201.791-6380

BALTIMORE, MD 212155505 Reisterstown Rd..P.O 2581301 358 1186

BOSTONArlington. MA 021741167 Massachusetts Ave..P.O.371617-648-7110

BUFFALO, NY 14214299 Parkside Ave716-837-1656

MOUNTAINDENVER

Arvada, CO 800024958 Allison St303.423-7080

SALT LAKE CITY, UT 841061233 Wilmington AveP.O.6218801-484-1451

PHOENIX, AZ 850092916 W McDowell Rd.602-278 1218

TUCSON, AZ 85719801 E. Broadway602624-6493

SOUTHWESTLONGVIEW, TX 75601

110 Mopac Rd., P.O.7332214-753-4334

OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73147TAMPA, FL 33690 4509 N W 10th P.0 74917

2703 S MacDill. P.O.14301 405-947-2013813-839-5521 HOUSTON, TX 77207

NASHVILLE, TN 37214 4326 Telephone Rd.,2426A Lebanon Rd. P.O.26616615-885-0688 713-644-6793

N um ismL i. lism111211111 weimis

OMMIIIIIIIIIIIM611111111611011111111O S

PTS ELECTRONICS, INC.

Circle No. 102 on Reader Inquiry Card

IRDUSTRYREPORT

Florida Sets 16th Annual MeetingThe Florida Electronic Service Associa-tion has announced its 16th annualmeeting for Don CeSar's Beach Hotel atSt. Petersburg Beach, Fla., July 10-13.

According to a FESA spokesman, themeeting opens Thursday July 10 withfour technical seminars scheduled. Alsoduring the first day there are plans for aCET test for those hoping to qualify. Fri-day's activities will be highlighted byFESA's three-hour long business man-agement school.

Other activities scheduled during thefour -day event are a dealer -manufacturer "rap" session, an insur-ance seminar, the election and installa-tion of officers and a board of directorsmeeting.

More information is available fromFESA by writing 13850 WalsinghamRoad (E), Largo, Fla. 33540.

NESDA Announces ProgramAgendaThe annual weeklong Electronics Ser-vice Convention sponsored byNESDA/ISCET will be headquarteredthis year in Louisville's Galt House.

The convention, August 18-23, will behighlighted again by a business man-agement school, technical seminars, thenational service conference-which is ageneral discussion of the state of theindustry-and many social events.

Kicking off the week-long activities willbe the annual golf tournament spon-sored by ET/D magazine on the 18th. Anew feature for this year's conventionwill be a conference for electronics in-structors featuring such subjects as cur-riculum development, program stan-dards, and student motivation.

Registration fees are $110 for a singleand $200 per couple. Registration in-formation for individuals or companies isavailable from NESDA, 2708 WestBerry, Ft. Worth, Tex., 76109.

In a separate announcement, NESDAreports its new booklet, Careers in theElectronics Industry, is now availablefrom the office of the International Soci-ety of Certified Electronics Technicians.The publication covers such things asjob opportunities, pay, employmentoutlook, and working conditions. Thecost is 10 cents per copy.

Zenith Reports Reduced1979 EarningsDespite record sales of $1,075 million in1979, up $980 million, Zenith's 1979earnings fell 23 cents to $1.01 per sharedue to increased labor, materials andinterest expenses, the company's 1979

annual report states. And due to the un-certain economic outlook at this timeZenith has reduced its quarterly divi-dend to 15 cents.

In an overview of its operations during1979, Zenith reported the acquisition ofthe Heath business and the formation ofZenith Data Systems to concentrate onthe development and marketing of smallcomputer systems.

In commenting on its agreement withRCA to market the RCA developedcapacitance format video disc player,Zenith said it expects the video discplayer to be a significant business op-portunity during the 1980s. "We intendto be an important factor in this market."Zenith plans to begin selling the playersby mid 1981.

"In another diversification," Zenithsaid, " ... Zenith has contracted to man-ufacturer decoders to unscramble overthe air subscription television . . In addi-tion, plans are now underway for theintroduction of a line of cable televisionconverters for use by cable TV sub-scribers."

ETA -I Picks Ames asConvention SiteThe Electronic Technician's Associ-ation -International (ETA -I) has set July11 and 12 as the dates for its annualconvention which will be held this year inAmes, Iowa.

According to Ron Crow, ETA's di-rector of certification,format will follow that of previous educa-tional sessions held in Indianapolis andHastings. Certification exams, elec-tronics instructors conferences andelection of officers will take place duringthe two days.

Among the technical session topicswill be satellite ground station receivers,Microwave oven familiarization, VTRalignment, Micro computer servicingand troubleshooting digital IC circuits.Scheduled business session topics willbe managing your technicians, hourlyrate setting, calculating your productiv-ity, and service shop advertising.

Further information is available fromETA, 7046 Doris Dr., Indianapolis, Ind.46224.

NATESA Slates ConventionProgramNATESA's Executive Director FrankMoch has announced this year's pro-gram agenda for the association's an-nual convention Aug. 7-10, at Ramada,The O'Hare Inn, in Chicago.

An extended business managementsession will occupy one of the days. In-cluded in the presentations will be a re-port by the RCA Service Company onprofitability in the industry; a round tablediscussion to explore specialization ver-sus diversification; and a program onfinancial management.

Also included is a general overview ofelectronic servicing in the 1980s and this

ETID - May 1980 I 1

RICHARD W. LAYEditor

WALTER H. SCHWARTZManaging Editor

DAVE NEIMANAssociate Publisher

TOM GREN EYPublishing Director

JOHN PASZAKGraphic Design

KATHY TARNOWSKIProduction Manager

LILLIE PEARSONCirculation Fulfillment

On the cover: Parts inventoryrepresents a major financial

investment. Don't tie up yourmoney in obsolete or slow

moving items; yet make sure youhave available what you need

for efficient operation.

ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER

LEADING THE CONSUMER AND

INDUSTRIAL SERVICE MARKETS1I E or/ I) MAY 1980, VOL. 102, NO. 5)FERTURES

Profitable repair parts managementGetting the right part, in place, on time

Digital equipment power suppliesSolving those computer related regulation problems _

The professional audio test benchA look at what's available

16

22

30

Microprocessors the easy way, part VIIHigh level language versus Op Code 34

DEPRRT111611TSINDUSTRY REPORT 1

NEWSLINE 6

SERVICE SEMINAR _8LETTERS 12

EDITOR'S DESK 14

TEST INSTRUMENT REPORT 38

NEW PRODUCTS 40

DEALERS SHOWCASE 42

CLASSIFIED ADS 46

READERS SERVICE 49

TEKFAX 51

H B J A HARCOURT BRACE JOVANOVICH PUBLICATION 1..ABP ABC o S

ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER [ISSN 0192.7175] is published monthly by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publications. Corpo-rate offices: 757 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10017. Advertising offices: 757 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10017 and111 East Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60601. Editorial offices: 111 East Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60601. Accounting,Advertising Production and Circulation offices: 1 East First Street, Duluth, Minnesota 55802. Subscription rates: one year, $11; twoyears, $18; three years, $24 in the United States and Canada; all other countries: $30. Single copies: $1.50 in the United States andCanada; all other countries: $3.50. Controlled Circulation postage paid at Dansville, New York 14437. Copyright ©1980 by HarcourtBrace Jovanovich, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission inwriting from the publisher. ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER is a registered trademark of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.

POSTMASTER: Send Form 3579 to ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER, P.O. Box 6016, Duluth, MN 55806.

2 / ETID - May 1980

ECG, RCA AND GE

SEMICONDUCTORS SOLVE SERVICE PROBLEMS.

MCM SEMICONDUCTORS

SOLVE THOSE SAME PROBLEMS AND COST LESS.

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Here's Proof! SAVE UP TO 40% ON 10 OR MORE OF THE SAME ITEM!ECG is a registered trademark of GTE Sylvania.

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special-_

'RF OutpLts110 .40 144A .40 184 1.30 277 7.80 312 .60 525 1.35 729 4.20 807 3.20 1006 2.20 1049 3.90 MRF450A

5165°113 .55 145A 185 .90 279 7.40 313 .80 526A 18.80 731 1.50 814 4.00 1009 2.20 1050 2.00

.

116 .20 152.40

130 186A .60 280 3.40 315 1.00 551 2.00 737 3.80 815 3.80 1010 2.20 1051 5.90 MRF45422360

117 153 187A .80 281 4.60 320 10.60 601 .30 738 4.80 818 3.80 1011 2.25 1052 1.0002480118

.20

.90 155.90

2.90 190 1.80 282 2.00 321 3.60 605 1.65 739 3.20 823 1.20 1014 1.90 1053 2.70 MRF454A121 2.75 156 60 192 .45 283 4.60 323 2.20 612 .35 740A 2.60 824 2.50 1016 2.20 1054 1.70 018"123A .35 157 1.50 193 .55 284 4.30 324 2.50 613 .40 742 4.20 904 6.90 1019 1.20 1055 2.70 MRF455

124 2.00 158 40 195A 2.00 285 6.20 325 29.20 703A 1.50 743 3.80 905 4.50 1020 2.20 1056 2.8051 98°

125 .20 159 110 196 1.30 287 .70 333 19.00 708 1.50 744 5.20 912 2.40 1021 2.20 1057 3.10 mrirqD5A126 .80 169 1.80 197 1.50 289 .60 334 19.00 709 1.50 746 3.80 917 3.20 1024 4.20 1058 1.95 52980127 2.95 161 1.20 198 1.50 290 .60 335 26.00 710 3.00 748 2.80 923 1.30 1025 5.90 MRF644

128 1.40 162 460 199 60 291 1.30 336 26.00 712 2.25 749 2.90 925 7.80 1027 4.90 Many more MRF646129 1.20 163A 4 60 220 1 60 292 1.50 373 2.50 713 1.50 778A 1.80 941M .90 1028 10.40 hems to

... .03260

130 1.30 1E 135 221 1.40 293 1.00 374 2.60 714 2.80 780 3.20 955M 1.40 1029 2.60 choose from MRF648 $4280131 1.00 166 1 45 222 1.60 294 1.10 375 1.50 715 3.20 783 2.60 966 1.30 1030 3.60 but space does

132 .60 167 1.45 229 .80 295 .610 376 2.25 718 1.50 788 1.50 973 1.80 1032 2.90 not permit MRF800A 5390133 .60 180 1.45 230 4.60 297 1.00 380 3.00 719 1.50 790 2.80 973D 2.00 1035 4.60 listing them all. Plo minimum paler

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Circle No. 115 on Reader Inquiry CardETID - May 1980 / 3

session will deal with such topics astypes of equipment that will be needed,education, anticipated products and cir-cuitry, and a presentation by the Elec-tronic Industries Association on whatthey are doing related to the service in-dustry.

Preceeding the opening of the con-vention will be the annual golf tourna-ment sponsored by ET/D magazine.Registration will be $35 per person.

House of Future FeaturesComputer Technology

The "house of the future," a moder-nistic, energy efficient unit now open tothe public in Phoenix, Az., leaves littledoubt as to the role of consumer elec-tronics in the American home of the fu-ture.

Within the walls of this solar orientedenvironmental system is a sophisticatedmicrocomputer control system designedand implemented by Motorola's con-sumer strategic marketing group.

The home itself, by Presley ofArizona, and designed after consultationwith the Frank Lloyd WrightFoundation, uses theories spawned bythe leading edge of sociology, ecologyand technology to "show the public analternative to the homes they were usedto," according to the developer.

The microcomputer control systemsmonitors five functions. They are en-vironmental control, security, electricalload switching, energy management,and information storage and retrieval.

According to spokesman for the proj-ect, the computer can open doors andwindows for passive heating or cooling."There are three different ways to ac-tively heat the house-solar, heat pump,and resistive electrical heating. Thereare three different environmental zoneswithin the structure and different tem-peratures can be maintained in each.

"Most of the system's security func-tions are carried out by sensing the stateof smoke and motion detectors locatedin almost every room. Motion detectorscan be used even to turn lights on or offdepending on the direction of the motioninto, or out of a room.

There are no keys either. Instead of akeyhole there is a calculator keyboardnear each door-simply type in the codecombination and the door opens au-tomatically.

In case anyone is asking-is there aplace for consumer electronics repair inthe home of the future? Take a guess.

Collins Gains Medal of HonorArthur A. Collins, a pioneer in the appli-cation of electronics communications foraviation and specialized military usesand founder of the Collins Radio Com-pany, has been named winner of theElectronic Industries Association'shighest award, the EIA Medal of Honor.

In 1931 Collins founded the CollinsRadio Company and during the next 40years built it into one of the nation'smajor electronics firms. He currently ischief of the Arthur A. Collins Corpora-tion, a company which conducts re-search and development in communi-cations in Dallas, Tex.

Matsushita Sets Sales/EarningsRecordsMatsushita Electric, the giant Japaneseelectronic -industrial firm, says 1979 re-sults showed record sales and earnings.

Sales of $9.38 billion in 1979 were up9.2% and earnings of $390.4 millionrose 9.3% over 1978, according to thecompany's financial statement.

Consumer electronic products, in-cluding TV, VCRs, and audio equipmentlead the firm's sales gains. Consumerelectronic sales of $4.1 billion were up9%. according to Matsushita, consumerelectronics comprises 43 per cent of itstotal world-wide business. ET/D

CorrectionIn Sony for '80 (Feb. '80, ET/D),two illustrations contain errors.Corrected data from Sony indi-cates the channel up and downfunction designations at pins 23and 24 of IC032 to be reversed inFig. 2, as are the same functionson 16-17 and 18-19 of IC 2002 inFig. 6.

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Richard W. Lay, Editor(Chicago)

Walter H. Schwartz, Managing Editor(Duluth)

Dave Neiman, Associate Publisher(Chicago)

Tom Greney, Group Vice President(Chicago)

John Paszak, Graphic Design

Kathy Tarnowski, Production Manager

Debi Harmer, Production Supervisor

Lillie Pearson, Circulation Supervisor

Gene Bailey, Reader Service

Julie Laitin, Promotion Director

Dawn Anderson, Classified Ad Mgr.

Please submit editorialmanuscripts to:Editor, ET/D, 111 East Wacker DriveChicago, III., 60601

ADVERTISING SALES

Please send all advertising material to:ET/D, Production Mgr.120 West Second StreetDuluth, Minn. 55802(218) 727-8511

East RegionThomas Palmisano757 Third AvenueNew York, N.Y. 10017(212) 888-4382

Midwest RegionDave Neiman111 East Wacker DriveChicago, III. 60601(312) 938-2325

Southern & Western RegionChuck Cummings613 N. O'ConnorIrving, TX 75061(214) 253-8678

Sheila Connolly10741 Moorpark St.,Suite #21North Hollywood, CA 91602(213) 980-7750 or (213) 760-1684

IIRJ

HARCOURT BRACE JOVANOVICHPUBLICATIONS

Robert L. Edgell, ChairmanRichard Moeller, PresidentLars Fladmark, Executive Vice PresidentArland Hirman, TreasurerThomas Greney, Group Vice PresidentEzra Pincus, Group Vice PresidentLois Sanders, Group Vice PresidentJoe Bilderbach, Vice PresidentJames T. Gherna, Vice PresidentGeorge A. Glenn, Vice PresidentHarry D. Ramaley, Vice President

4 / ET/D - May 1980

Catch the fastest C- meter under '200...the autoranging 830

It's happened again. B&K-PRECISIONwas the first company to offer a lab -quality C -meter for under $150, nowwe're first with autoranging for under$200. The new Model 830 autorangingcapacitance meter is fast, accurate andbuilt with famous B&K-PRECISIONdependability.

The 830 offers features that are toughto match at any price, such as 0.1 pFresolution, large 3% digit LCD displayand fuse protection against chargedcapacitors. Basic accuracy is 0.2%,much greater than the toleranceof most capacitors.

Ease of operation is another strongsuit for the 830. On the production line,even untrained workers can be quicklyinstructed on proper operation, makingthe 830 ideal for component sortingand selection. If capacitors to be mea-sured are limited to a narrow valuerange, the "range hold" capability of the830 can freeze it onto one range-an

added time saver. This feature, alongwith the fast reading time of the instru-ment, makes the 830 especially valuablefor incoming inspection applications.On the engineering bench, the 830 is anexcellent means of pre -testing criticalcapacitors.

For applications suited to manualranging, B&K-PRECISION offers the820 at an even lower cost. In fact, forthe cost of some autoranging units, you

:PRECISION

could almost purchase both the 820 and830! The 820 also provides 0.1 pFresolution. With full 4 -digit LEDdisplay, readings extend to 1 Farad.

With either B&K-PRECISIONC-meter,you can measure unmarkedcapacitors ... verify capacitor tolerance... measure cable capacitance ... selectand match capacitors for critical circuitapplications... sample components forquality assurance ... measure complexseries -parallel capacitor networks ...accurately set trimmer capacitors ...check capacitance in switches and othercomponents. Both instruments havefront -panel lead insertion jacks forfast in -out testing.

Optional accessories for the 830 and820 include a rechargeable battery pack,AC charger and carrying case. For moreinformation, see your local distributorand see why B&K-PRECISION isnow the leading supplier of digitalcapacitance meters.

DYNASCANCORPORATION

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Circle No. 106 on Reader Inquiry CardET/D - May 1980 / 5

I1ELUSLIIIEMAGNAVOX GETS AM STEREO NOD. Despite the fact the Federal Commu-nications Commission has selected Magnavox's system of AM Stereo tobe the industry standard over competing technologies from Motorola,Belar, Harris and Kahn, there won't be any headlong rush into thenew concept. For one thing manufacturers need time to rid inven-tories of conventional AM devices and then there is the case ofalready depressed audio compact/stereo FM sales. While Magnavoxrefused any comment on the decision or speculation as to when AMstereo broadcasting would begin, several observers indicated datesway past mid 1981 due to lengthy hearings, appeals, and possiblecourt actions that may develop.

SONY KEYS ON RESEARCH AND VIDEO. Sony Chairman Akio Morita sayscompany's future will be heavily into semiconductor research tech-nology and video and magnetic tape products. Sony plans to up newfacilities spending 50 per cent to $200 million annually following1979 results which showed Betamax accounted for about 20 per centof firm's revenues --second only to TV business. Meanwhile, firstquarter results for 1980 showed consolidated net up an incredible343 per cent to $79 million.

TALKS ON HOME EARTH STATION PROJECT END. Negotiations betweenComsat and Sears involving the creation of a direct to home satel-lite television system which apparently wouldhave been the installation and service organization for Comsat'srooftop satellite antenna system, felt a seven -to -10 year delay fora return on their investment was simply not good business. Comsat,however, says it is proceeding with the idea and talks are cur-rently underway with other parties.

MAGNAVISION ADDS 8 NEW MARKETS. Magnavox video disc players willbe available in a total of 16 U.S. markets by mid May, according tocompany statement which says St. Louis, Tampa, Denver, Detroit,Portland, Cincinnati, Kansas City, and Knoxville are the latest tobe added. By the end of the year, Magnavox says, Magnavision willcover 65 per cent of all TV households. The stereo capability ofthe Magnavision optical player is thought to be the ace in the holeby company officials who say 90 per cent of all current Magnavisionowners also own stereo hi-fi equipment.

CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES CORPORATIONS BECOMES GLOBAL. ContinentalSpecialties Corporation, a manufacturer of electronic test instru-mentation, has announced a name change. According to President R.J. Portugal, the firm will henceforth be known as Global Special-ties Corporation.

WESCON SOLD OUT. WESCON, sponsored jointly by the Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers and the Electronic Representa-tives Association, has sold out all space for this year's showSept. 16-18 at Anaheim, Calif. The show annually attracts some45,000 engineers, industry execs, and marketers.

6 / ETID - May 1980

Facts from Fluke on low-cost DMM's

Conductance:What it is, and what it can do for you.We've often referred to

conductance as the "missing function"in DMM's - the capability so many ofyou have wanted in a DMM butcouldn't find until we introduced the8020A Analyst.

Since its introduction, the Fluke8020A has become the world'sbest-selling DMM. And four morelow-cost models with conductanceranges have been added to our line. Butyou'll still find this function only onFluke DMM's.

Simply stated, conductance letsyou make resistance measurementsfar beyond the capacity of ordinarymultimeters. Until the 8020A, therewas no way to make fast, accuratereadings from 20 MU to 10,000 MO -ranges typically plagued by noise

pickup. Yet, measurements at theselevels are vital in verifying resistancevalues in high -voltage dividers, cablesand insulators.

With conductance, the inverse ofohms, which is expressed in Siemens -Fluke DMM's can measure extremeresistances. Simple conversion ofdirect -reading conductance values,then, yields resistance measurements

to 10,000 MO (and100,000 MS2 with

the 8050A),without

8020AMultimeter

special shielding and using standardtest leads.

Here the 8020A is being used tocheck leakage in a teflon pcb. With abasic dc accuracy of 0.1% and anexclusive two-year warranty, thisseven -function handheld DMM hasmade hundreds of new troubleshootingtechniques such as this possible, andmore are being discovered every day.

For more details, call toll free800-426-0361; use the coupon below;or contact your Fluke stockingdistributor, sales office orrepresentative.

FLUKE

IN THE U.S. AND NON -EUROPEAN COUNTRIES:John Fluke Mfg. Co.. Inc.P.O. Box 43210 MS # 2BMountlake Terrace, WA 98043(206) 774-2481Telex: 152662

IN EUROPE:Fluke (Holliind)P.O. Box 5053, 5004 EBTilburg, The Netherlands(013) 673 973Telex: 52237

Please send 8020A specifications. Please send all the facts on Fluke

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Name

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For literature circle no. 111. ETD 5/80

SERVICE SEI1111111RRCA

RCA CTC 87, 88, 96, 97 vertical deflection troubleshootingThe vertical deflection system consists of a high grain poweramplifier whose output drives the series -connected yoke(controlled by a free -running RC relaxation oscillator). Thevertical oscillator acts as a switch to discharge ramp capacitorC3110. The vertical oscillator is not dependent on feedbackfrom the output to sustain operation.

For the purposes of explanation, the entire vertical amplifiersystem can be thought of as an operational amplifier, havingextremely high gain and two inputs-one inverts the outputsignal with respect to the input and one does not. A negativefeedback path consisting of current sampling resistor R3123(1 ohm) and 100 -ohm resistor R3125 delivers a sample ofyoke current to the inverting input of the operational amplifier.

The effect of the negative feedback is to linearize thevertical deflection yoke current, as well as stabilize the gain ofthe amplifier. A secondary voltage supply of -15 v is devel-oped by the voltage divider action of the vertical output de-vices. (This is the "auxiliary" voltage source to which thevertical oscillator is ground referenced.)

The input signal for the operational amplifier is a 60Hzsawtooth signal produced by the charging and discharging of"ramp" capacitor C3110. Notice that capacitor C3110 ischarged from the 30-V source through resistor R3127 and thevertical height control, R3081A. Because of the high closed -loop gain of this amplifier circuit, the actual sawtooth voltage

developed by capacitor C3110 is limited to approximately 1 Vp -p. This sawtooth signal drives the non -inverting ( +) input(03017) base) of the amplifier. Any nonlinearity in the outputsawtooth waveform is cancelled by the feedback signal ap-plied to the amplifier is a 55 V p -p signal to drive the verticalyoke. The output signal is a 55 X gain replica of the input signalwhich is modified by the retrace switch circuit.Test procedurePlace service switch in "service" position. This establishes acommon or static condition for performing checks.

Check B+ supplies to the vertical circuit. +27 V (junction of R3156 and CR3106) +180 V (PW 3000-M1) -30 V (PW 3000-J1)-will read about -37 v when vertical

deflection is unloaded (service switch in "service" position).Step 1. Check Point: Measure the vertical output midpoint

voltage (junction of Q3022 emitter and Q3024 collector-PW3000-Y1); Expected Results: Normal reading is about half of-30 V source voltage (-17 to -18 v); Conclusion: A normalvoltage is proof of correct fixed bias on the error amp andnormal conduction of the error amp pre -driver and top andbottom drivers. Normal midpoint voltage also proves neitheroutput transistor is shorted.

Step 2. Check Point: Using a 470 ohm resistor, "tickle" theemitter/base junction of the error amp 03017; Expected Re-sults: This should produce full up and down movement of thehorizontal line; Conclusion: This confirms normal operation ofthe error amp pre -driver, top and bottom drivers, continuity ofthe yoke circuitry, and again confirms neither output transistoris shorted. Successful completion of this check.

Step 3. Check Point: Monitor the midpoint voltage whilemomentarily shorting together the emitter/base junction of the

Shown here: XL100 Horizontal Color TV Module

8 / ETID - May 1980

error amp Q3017. Expected Results: The voltage should be to+15 V and decay to +1.5 V. Conclusion: This proves theretrace switch Q3020 is turning "on."

NOTE: Do not prolong this check as the retrace switch issaturated. Also, in chassis employing a fixed resistor (R3156,18 ohm) in place of PTC 3001, the voltage will not decay.

Step 4. Check Point: Short the emitter to the collector on theerror amp Q3017. Expected Results: The midpoint voltageshould go to the -30 V source potential (about -37 V). CONCLU-SION: Full -30 V source voltage at midpoint under these condi-tions indicates the bottom driver/bottom output stage is con-ducting.

Step 5. Check Point: Measure the voltage drop across theretrace switch Q3020 collector load resistor (thermistor PTC3001 or fixed resistor R3156). Expected Results: The voltagedrop normally is .05 to .1 V. Conclusion: A normal readingindicates the top output Q3022 is conducting. A high reading(around 1 V) indicates a top output 03022/top driver Q3021circuit defect (probably open), or a shorted 03020.Oscillator operationThe vertical oscillator is a relaxation type: it consists of NPNtransistor Q3015 and PNP transistor Q3016. The free -runningfrequency is determined by an RC network consisting ofcapacitor C3102 and the combined resistance of R3102 andthe vertical hold control.

The vertical oscillator is basically a switch that dischargesramp capacitor C3110. When sync is injected, the oscillatorlocks to the vertical rate and produces a synchronized scan.

The vertical scan, transistors 03015 and Q3016 are turned"off," allowing capacitor C3110 to charge. While C3110 ischarging, capacitor C3102 also charges; Q3015 is at cutoffuntil C3102 charges enough to forward bias the emitter/base

of 03015, at which time Q3015 conducts, applying negativebias to the base of Q3016, driving the device to saturation.With 03016 conducting, the anode of diode CR3102 is con-nected to the -15 V reference point and capacitor C3110 dis-charges to initiate vertical retrace. At the same time, diode CR3101 is forward biased to discharge oscillator timing capacitorC3102 which turns "off" both oscillator transistors. At turn off,the collector voltage of 03016 goes to -30 V which back biasesdiodes CR3101 and CR3102 and vertical retrace starts.

By making the vertical oscillator time constant variable (es-tablished by C3102, R3102, and the vertical hold control), itsfree -running frequency can be set close to 60Hz so that in-coming sync will "fire" the oscillator at the correct instant andthus lock it to the field rate.

Step 1. Move service switch to "normal" position.Step 2. Check for presence of -30 Von both sides of R3110

and -15 V at 03016 emitter. If these voltages are missing orincorrect, troubleshoot the amplifier circuitry.

Step 3. Check at the anode of CR 3102 for oscillator

RCA remanufacturedmodules are as goodas new,or even better.You can be sure you're using a product of the high-est quality when you install RCA remanufacturedmodules.

Each dud module returned to RCA is criticallyinspected. Those that don't meet factory standardsfor remanufacturing are scrapped. Accepted unitsare then cleaned and repaired. If any engineeringimprovements have been made in the moduledesign, they are incorporated, where feasible, tomake sure the module meets or exceeds originalspecifications for performance and reliability.

Included in RCA's rigid remanufacturing processare all IF and chroma sweep alignment adjustments,and setting of all circuitboard pots. Other testsinclude extreme temperature cycling of all modules,and vibration testing of selected types to discloseintermittent problems.

fails to meet the original manufacturing specifica-tions for performance, the entire lot is rejected.

In many cases, an RCA module can replace one ormore earlier versions because it is designed to becompatible in older applications. This RCA design -improvement policy minimizes the number of typesyou need for servicing, reduces the amount of yourinvestment, and improves instrument performance.The remanufactured module shown here, for exam-ple, can be used in place of five different modules.

RCA's remanufacturing process assures you of themost dependable replacement modules you canbuy. You can be sure they are as good as new - oreven better.

Finally, the modules are sample -tested by RCA "tell Distributor andQuality Control Engineering. If only a single module Special Products Division

Circle No. 119 on Reader Inquiry CardET 'D - May 1980 9

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operation-should be 1 V peak -to -peak sawtooth (ramp).Step 4. Check sync input waveform at the junction of R3101

and R3108.Step 5. Check RC network components C3102, R3102 and

the Hold control.Step 6. Check all DC voltages on Q3015 and Q3016 oscil-

lator transistors. FM

Symptom Description Components

Poor interlace CR 3002 reversedCR 3101 (open)

Vertical jitter

Noise lines in picture

Insufficient vertical sweep

MCK 002A module

Q3017

Q302103022Q3017 (shorted)Q3024R3111Q3015CR 3102Q3018

Retrace lines R3116 (open)R3043 (up in value)

No vertical deflection

No vertical sync

Heavy retrace lines at top

Raster stretched at top2 to 3 inches of raster

Intermittent vertical roll

Intermittent shutdown afterlosing vertical deflection

Retrace lines in top halfof picture

YokeQ3024 (shorted)Q3017 (open E -B)C3101 (shorted)C3115 (leaky)C3119

C3101 (openC3109 (leaky)

Q3020 (leaky)Q3019 (short E -B)

(open)Replacement Q3020 installed

wrong (see 1979 C-1 orC-5 Service InformationGoldenrod)

R3122 (open)

CR 3101

CR 3013

Q3019Q3020 (leaky)

Intermittent vertical sweep C3111 (intermittent short)Q3016

Gradual loss of top half ofvertical sweep, Q3020overheats

R3117 (open)R3112 (open)

Intermittent vertical deflection, 03024foldover lower half

Vertical stretches when hot CR 3102

Vertical overscan and retrace CR 3102 (leaky)lines in top half of picture

C3116 (shorted)

C3110 (open)

Extreme top and bottomfoldover

Vertical foldover

Sweep distorted at top CR 3104

Reduced vertical deflection,off frequency

Extreme vertical overscan C3110 (open)CR 3102 (leaky)

Hold control (leakage to case)

101 ETD - May 1980

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4 11

LETTERSBOUQUETS:Just a note to say I enjoy your fine mag-azine very much and have for manyyears. For far too many years (18 ormore) Computer Technology was pur-posely made as hard to understand aspossible. The effort had to be intendedor it would have mellowed and inte-grated for easy understanding after 4-6years. The series by Bernard B. Daien isthe best I've seen to date and he alsostates this policy and was carried in ourlast EEA issue by ETA. This whole crazyfield needs to grow up, and efforts suchas these will go far towards helping thisto evolve. I have been associated withthe Consumer Electronics field for 27years and the biggest problem wehave, and continue to have is "wolves insheeps clothing" leading us to theslaughter! We cannot continue this bet-rayal or our very existence will be totallythreatened. A man installing water sof-teners will think nothing of making sev-eral hundred dollars on a simple instal-lation. His organization encourages thisand he may even brag about making30-50 thousand a year.

Our manufacturers have all theseyears bragged about how many setsthey've sold -often at a loss -many goingout of business -Arvin, Packard Bell,Crosley, Tele King, Olympic, Truetone,Firestone, Motorola, Philco, Admiral,Sentinel, all American radio manufac-turers, many CB manufacturers, andmany more -yet they all have advocatedthat the Retailer & Servicer follow theirpolicy & do likewise. ETA is designed tohelp the total field -all technicians -to re-alize that past policies have not reallyworked, (simply required the techni-cians and shop owner to do 3 to 5 timesthe work that should have been re-quired to make a reasonable wage andprofit), nor will it work for the future. We,our total field -(including your trademagazine) must recognize that elec-tronics is not a hobby, it is a businessand should be conducted as such frombottom to top! The hobbyist should beleft to him for himself as all other fieldsdo. He will exist as he always has butshould not be given special importanceas has been the case in the past.

I want to thank you personally for thecoverage you've given to ETA -ourSeminar on Hastings covered in yourFeb. issue, etc.

As Sec. and Nat. membership di-rector for ETA I have more than a pass-ing interest in this group and have spent

many, many hours working towards itsgood. The structure is unique to our fieldand I personally feel that it may well beour last chance to put some order to ourfield. I'm sorry that I've not taken the timeto type this letter -but had a few mo-ments and didn't want to put it off.

In closing -keep up the great work -itis much appreciated by us field techni-cians and please advise Bernard B.Daien of my very high approval of hisseries of articles.

If I can ever be of any help -pleaseadvise.George Savage, CETNational Secretary and Membership Di-rectorElectronics Technicians AssociationDoniphan, NB 68832

Editor: ET/D has been cognizant sinceits very inception 26 years ago of thegreat span between the hobbyist andthe true professional electronics servicetechnician. With hobbyist magazinesabounding, and with our main com-petitor now having vacated the field witha public renounciation of the homeentertainment/consumer electronicsservice industry as unimportant, ET/Dremains the sole survivor and main sup-porter of this major and vital segment ofthe electronics industry.

We do indeed intend to carry the ban-ner.

Enough already! The February issue ar-rived this morning and I've just finisheda solid six hours initial study including asearch of the basement for my old textson split sound detectors.

Poor old brain is "bent" almost be-yond tolerance but keep up the goodwork you're doing a fine job of providingthe "Continuing Education" those of uswho plan to stay in this screwy businessmust have.Best regards,Bob Buker, CETBob's TV2542 YellowstoneBillings, MT 59102

HELP NEEDED:Please publish in your letters section ofnext issue:

I need a schematic for Philco TV 49-1278 or Sams #92, 93A.Clingan's Electronic Repair Service4406 Teen Barnes Rd.Jefferson, MD 21755

I have an RCA home study kit HSK-T2black and white TV set in my shop forrepairs.

As the company's home study schoolis no longer in business, I don't know

where to order parts. RCA parts neededare 40-757 and 51-137.

Would you know where these partscould be ordered?Darrell Smith C.E.T.R.R. 5, Box 116Portland, IN 47371P.S.: This same TV set was pictured inthe Dec. 1979 issue of ET/D on page 13with a Heathkit ad.

Editor: These numbers do not check outwith any RCA numbers we can find. Cananyone help?

Do you know or any of your readersknow who the distributor or companyaddress for International Audio VisualInc. or Eiki Industrial Co. is. I have a16mm sound projector that I need aschematic for and parts list. ProjectorModel No. ST -OH, Sound Board SeriesST -O.

Thank you.W. H. VanderbiltVanderbilt's TV & RefrigerationBox 143Lynxville, WI 54640

I need vertical centering control, 15 2W8 tap, for Singer Model HE -8015 ColorTV. Manufacturer part No. 489763-078(new or used) EVW56AM1OBC1.

If any of your readers can help me Iwould appreciate it.Eino 0. Williams18 Russell Ave.Troy, NH 03465

I would like to obtain information onwhere I can get a schematic for a 12 in.B&W Goldstar TV Model # 310EUB4.Serra Video19 Leroy DriveBurlington, MA 01803

Editor: The model number given soundslike a picture tube number. HoweverGoldstar is at 330 Madison Ave., NewYork, NY 10017.

I need help in obtaining a schematicservice manual (if possible) for a Pilotradio receiver Model G-184.J. ZevallosPO Box 369New York, NY 10001

Help! I need a schematic for a wa-terman S -17A Pocketscope and/or atube base diagram for the 3YP1 CRT.The information would be worth anynominal fee.Mike Mutchka1031 Findley -4Pittsburgh, PA 15221

12 / ETID - May 1980

I need service information for a Brad-ford B&W 9 inch portable ModelD-MAT55988-Chassis #H866. I needvalue and type information on resistor#420 and transistor TR42.Russell PostPost TV154 5th St.Hudson, FL 33568

Schematic and power transformer for aPhilco chassis #91. Any informationwould be appreciated. Will buy or copyand return.Barry Braton707 Arbutus Ave., S.E.Roanoke, VA 24014

Need for a Zenith Trans -Oceanic radio:3Q5G, 1LD5, 1LN5, 1LA6, 1LE3. Pleasestate quanity and price.Terry SatrangSatrang's Service424 County Rd. 19RR #1Aberdeen, SD 57401

I need service data and parts list for aZenith Model 2D30 -7D30Stereophonic Hi Fi. Pleaseyour letters column. Samsavailable.Jim EstesElectronic Service Shop922 E. 3rd St.Jackson, GA 30233

Extendedrun this inno longer

TEKFAX NEEDED:I need TEKFAX 113 and all volumesbefore 110. Thanks.Tom Lutz614 Edwards St.Aurora, IL 60605

TEKFAX FOR SALE:I turned 65 over 11 years ago and hadvery little need of ETID but continuedsubscriptions to get TEKFAX to add tomy collection, starting with #1 Sep-tember 1952 a "Circuit Digest" of Admi-ral Series N chassis. I have 9 binders todate. I would sell the complete collec-tion it there are any nostalgic TEKFAX-ians around.John A. Dipinto47-19 197th St.Auburndale, NY 11358

I have TEKFAX from #200 (1958) todate for sale to anyone who wishes tomake an offer. Also I have TEKFAX vol-umes #100, 101, 103, 111, 112.Richard McDaniel715 N.E. AinsworthPortland, OR 97211 ETD

$140Gets It All.

We just knocked down the last reasons for not going digital in amultimeter. Fast continuity measurement. And price.

Beckman's exclusive Insta-OhmsTM feature lets you do continuity checksas fast as the analogs. And Beckman's superior technology and experiencelet you own this beauty for such a reasonable price.

Of course you get a lot more. Like 7 functions and 29 ranges including10 amp ac/dc current capability. 0.25% Vdc accuracy. In -circuit resistancemeasurements and diode/transistor test function. Two years' typical operationfrom a common 9 -volt battery. In other words, all the features you want inone hand-held unit of exceptional good looks and design.

With 1500 Vdc overload protection, 100% instrument burn -in, plusrugged, impact -resistant case, you're assured of the utmost in dependability andlong-term accuracy. You get a tough meter that keeps on going, no matterhow tough the going gets.

So visit your dealer today and get your hands on the DMM that does itall. Or call (714) 871-4848, ext. 3651 for your nearest distributor.

BECKMANCircle No. 107 on Reader Inquiry Card

ETID - May 1980 I 13

FROMTHE

EDITOR'SDESK

I recently was privileged to spend the most educationally rewarding-and personallyastounding-two days I have enjoyed since I became editor of ET/D magazine almostthree years ago.

This occasion was as a guest of Mr. Geoffrey Power, the young and aggressivenational service manager of the Yamaha Audio Division, at their 1980 National ServiceAdvisory Council held at American headquarters in Buena Park, CA. For three solid daysand nights (I was there for only two) the 15 members of the council-all servicemanagers from widely divergent service settings ranging across every geographic sectorin the United States, spent most of their time crammed together in a motel room thatwas really too small, and often too stuffy, discussing areas of mutual concern to theirservice businesses back home and of equal concern to Yamaha-a worldwidemanufacturer. That's right, I said discussing service problems of equal concern toYamaha.

They talked about problems. But more importantly from my standpoint, they talkedabout what was right with their industry. During this three day period, eachparticipant-some dealer/owners, some independent service shops owners, and someservice managers of dealer operations-told how they as professionals ran their servicedepartments and businesses and how they related to other manufacturers across theaudio and video industries.

As for myself, an observer attempting to gain insight into the audio service business, itwas an eye opener.

Why, I asked when I learned to my astonishment that Yamaha is the only audiomanufacturer to conduct regularly scheduled instructional service seminars for its servicedealer network, only Yamaha?

Why, I asked, when I learned that Yamaha has been conducting similar nationalservice advisory councils for five years, only Yamaha?

Why, I asked, when I learned that Yamaha has opened up a two-way avenue ofcommunications between itself and the service industry, only Yamaha?

Why, I asked, when I learned that Yamaha marketing people were invited to attend aswell as several representatives of competing manufacturers, was Yamaha doing this?

Anyone who as a member of the independent consumer electronics service industryhas experienced the "doormat" image of service fostered by far too many manufacturersin the broad spectrum of consumer electronics would-like myself-have to ask: "Whatis going on here?"

There is no question that Yamaha audio is charging the market hard, annual U.S.sales having grown from about $3 million some five years ago to over $50 million lastyear. They are a major factor in high end audio.

Mr. Power and his small yet highly skilled and professionally polished national servicestaff enjoy a unique relationship with Yamaha's marketing and sales divisions. Theyrespect each other as professionals in their own right and consequently they talk to eachother-regularly. This rather unique relationship in a consumer electronics industry thathas seemingly gone bananas for marketing at all costs, has spawned another unusualattitude at Yamaha which has filtered down through the entire national network ofauthorized Yamaha service/dealers. This is a basic recognition that the service aspect ofconsumer electronics is to be regarded as a highly skilled profession dedicated towardexcellent performance and is-in the final analysis-really a major factor in the overallmarketing program. Why? Well, because in high end audio, you see, they sell "specs,"not sound. And, these things do have to work right.

Mr. Power, during his five years as national service manager at Yamaha, hasdeveloped another "unique" theory about service. "The 1980s," he says, "is indeed theage of service. There is a lot of money to be made in both manufacturing and service-ifit is done right."

Doing it right, from his point of view, means satisfying the customer from everyconceivable point of view-through product excellence and from the standpoint of aprofessional, competent, and profitable service industry.

"We are professionals," he will tell you, "but too few people realize this. It is up to usto pull ourselves up and elevate the service industry to its proper status because no oneelse will do it for us."

With such an attitude, displayed not only through his philosophy but through theactions of the Yamaha audio division, I hope I will be excused if-on a scale of ten-Irate Yamaha right at the top.

Why Yamaha?You figure it out.

Sincerely

14 / ET/D - May 1980

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Managingrepair partsinventoriesToo much or too little?

The only two sources of profitfor your service business arelabor and parts sales. Whilemany shops have attemptedto deal with labor and partspricing systems, the hiddenkey to partsprofitability-inventorymanagement-is oftenignored. In this article theauthor, a veteran of some 30years in the service industry,shows you exactly how toupgrade your parts inventorysystem to a high level ofproductivity.

By William Joseph

In many ways, repair parts are theorphans of the service business; notbecause they merit that status, but, likeRodney Dangerfield, they just don't getthe respect they deserve. The fact is thatrepair parts may be the most underratedasset in our business.

Your inventory of repair parts servestwo separate purposes in the successfuloperation of your service organization.While these functions are interrelated,each is important in its own right andshould be analyzed separately.

First, your parts inventory serves as asupport arm for the technical servicesyou perform. As you know, electronicservice is heavily dependent on the useof repair parts and components. Having

Spare parts inventory: Is it eating away your

the right part at the right place in the rightquantity is what parts management is allabout.

You don't have to be in the business tounderstand the frustration that developswhen a repair job must be delayed forthe lack of a needed part. Just ask anycustomer who has waited (usually toolong) for a service technician to show up,only to be told that a part not carried inthe truck is needed for the repair.

While the customer and thetechnician are suffering from thefrustration brought on by "lack part-itis,"the service dealer must bear the costs oflowered productivity and lost customergoodwill.

Referring to the world of business in

profits?

general, someone once said, "Nothinghappens until somebody sellssomething." In the service business, wemight paraphrase that old chestnut bysaying; nothing happens if you don'thave the part you need."

The other role played by your repairparts inventory is direct andmeasureable-it makes (or shouldmake) an important contribution to theprofits of your business.

It's natural to think of the servicebusiness as dealing primarily with laborcharges. The truth is that most servicedealers must make significantinvestments in the parts inventoriesrequired to support their work, and thisinventory plays a more important part in

16 /ETD - May 1980

the success or failure of the businessthan is sometimes realized. Your partsinventory can be a source of significantprofits, thus justifying the investment, orit can be a serious -even terminal -drainon profits.

We'll talk about the direct financialaspects of the parts business a little lateron. Let's look first at repair parts in theirrole as a vital support arm for yourservice operation.

Level of serviceIdeally, of course, your parts departmentwould supply a 100% level of service.That is, every repair part would be onhand every time you needed it.Obviously, that objective is impossible tomeet because it would require that youstock an infinite number of parts (whichwould require an infinite amount ofmoney).

On the other hand, you couldcompletely eliminate the need for anyinvestment in inventory by maintaining azero level of service. This is alsounacceptable since the need topurchase each individual part as it isneeded would cost far more thanmaintaining a reasonable inventory; notto mention the incalculable loss ofcustomer goodwill that would result fromsuch a policy.

The object, then, is to develop a repairparts inventory that provides a level ofservice somewhere between 0% and100%. the precise point at which thatfigure should fall depends on suchthings as the nature of your serviceoperation. The urgency of your partsneeds, the cost of the parts you use, andyour own interpretation of all thesefactors.

A business providing service formedical equipment or a fleet of jetairliners will normally demand a higherlevel of service than would a servicedealer repairing TV and stereo sets(although I know a few TV viewers whowould challenge the hypothesis).

Let's say that for your purposes youhave set 90% as the objective for yourlevel of service. Here's how you can tellhow you've been doing: for a givenperiod of time, count all repair jobs forwhich a part was required. For the sameperiod, count all jobs for which therequired part was on hand in yourinventory. Then divide the number ofon -hand parts calls by total parts requiredcalls, and the result is your level ofservice.

parts on hand callsparts required calls

Experience in various parts of the

= level of service

industry sets 95% as about the highestlevel attainable within the constraints ofeconomic reality. And remember, 95% isthe highest practical level, attainableonly by dealers who specialize in anarrow range of products or brands.Most service dealers have to settle for alower figure. An objective of about 90%is a reasonable goal for most operations.

If you do road calls as well as benchservice, you may want to calculate yourlevel of service separately for each. Inmost cases, road calls will be handled ona somewhat lower level of servicebecause of the practical limitations onthe amount of inventory that can becarried in the truck.

If you review the arithmetic involved incalculating the level of service, you willreadily see that an increase beyond anygiven point requires an increase ininventory. In actual practice, this willusually be be a geometric progression;that is, a small increase beyond areasonable level of service will require adisproportionately large increase ininventory. This relationship has beenused in many computer programs todetermine optimum inventory levels.When shown in graph form (see figure1), the impracticality of service levelsbeyond 95% becomes readily apparent.

Another relationship that has shown asurprising consistency has resulted inwhat is now called the 80/20 rule in partsusage. That is, 80% of your partsrequirements will be met by about 20%of the stockkeeping units in yourinventory. This is another goodillustration of the price that must be paidin inventory investment in order to reachthe higher levels of service. Conversely,any decrease from your current level ofservice will permit a reduction in yourinventory. How, then, do we determinethe optimum level of service for yourbusiness?

How much inventory?Unfortunately, customer satisfaction is asubjective consideration that does notlend itself to precise measurements-and it must be balanced againstpractical financial limits if the businessis to survive. And so, in a practicingservice organization, inventory level ofservice will be weighed against anotherparameter: inventory turhs.

Probably the best way to determineyour own optimum inventory is throughthe measurement of turnover. As thename suggests, turnover simplymeasures how many times the"average" part in your inventory is used(turned over) in one year's time. Ingeneral, a range of three to five turns per

year will be encountered in well -runparts operations. Many experiencedparts managers consider four turns asthe optimum figure. This will vary, ofcourse, with the requirements of theservice level chosen. Using four turns asyour objective, the formula for optimuminventory is:

cost of parts sold4

optimum averageinventory indollars

Unless your present partsmanagement is better than average, thisformula applied to your sales for the pasttwelve months will probably show thatyou are carrying too much inventory. If,on the other hand, your actual inventoryis far less than the optimum shown in theformula, your level of service is low andmay be affecting both technicianproductivity and customer satisfaction.

This same formula can be transposedto give you a means for measuring howwell you are doing in meeting yourobjectives for turnover:

cost of goods soldaverage inventory ,

= turnover

To determine average inventory, addthe cost value of inventory on hand atthe beginning of the period beingmeasured to the cost value at the end ofthe period; then divide the total of thesefigures by two.

Please note that these formulasspecify cost and not selling value ofinventory. Actually, selling value can besubstituted without altering the finalresult, so long as you do not attempt tomix cost and selling value in the sameformula. However, generally acceptedaccounting practices call for the use ofcost values when working withinventories and I recommend that youstick to that rule. It simplifies things andlessens the chances for errors.

To illustrate how the formula works,let's say that the cost of parts sold for thepast year was $88,000, and that youraverage inventory during the sameperiod was $25,200.

$88,000$25,200

= 3.49 turns

For periods of less than a full year, theanswer must be multiplied by theappropriate factor to get the annual rate.For example, if the figures used were fora six month period, the answer must bemultiplied by two to arrive at the effectiveannual rate of turnover; for quarterlysales, the answer is multiplied by four.

Turnover is a highly regarded means

ETID - May 1980 / 17

for evaluating the effectiveness of partsmanagement. If you have a partsmanager responsible to you, you wouldbe well advised to review his turnoverperformance on a regular basis. If you'rethe one responsible for partsperformance, you may want to tear outthis page before the boss sees itbecause poor turnover means lost profitdollars.

A turnover less than optimum meansthat you have invested more money inyour inventory than needed to supportyour requirements. A turnoversignificantly higher than the optimumfigure may seem desirable at first blush,but hold on. When you relate it back toservice level, you can see that havingtoo little inventory can be at least as badas having too much.

If you've been paying attention up tonow, you know that the optimum size ofyour parts inventory is determinedthrough careful consideration of thelevel of service you would like to provide,balanced by the rigid restraints of yourpurse strings. Calculating the amount ofmoney that you can afford to invest inyour inventory is just a matter of applyingthe turnover formulas to your ownrecords of sales and inventory. Onceyou have determined how much to buy,however, you still have the job ofdeciding what to buy.

Which parts?Using the history provided by yourrecords of last year's sales, and a carefulapplication of the formulas for optimuminventory, you could wind up with atheoretically correct inventory that wouldput you in big trouble. The size of yourinventory is, of course, vitally important.However, knowing how much to buy isnot enough; you must also know what tobuy.

The cruel fact is that computing howmuch inventory to buy is kid stuffcompared to the job of determingspecifically which parts to buy, and inwhat quantities.

Record keeping does not rank veryhigh on the list of favorite activities formost service dealers that I know, butwhen it comes to inventory control forrepair parts, an accurate set of records isan absolute must.There is no other wayto fulfill the requirement mentioned in theopening paragraphs of this article: Theright parts in the right place in the rightquantities.

Specifically, your parts operationmust include a system that will recordthe use of each part you carry, and theparts that you must special -order. Onlythen can you determine the demand forany given stockkeeping unit (SKU). As I

40% 50%1 I i

60% 70%

Service Level80% 90% 100%

Fig. 1 You must determine the level of service that fits your service situation best and thelevel of inventory required to maintain that level.

pointed out earlier, once you havedetermined how much you can afford toinvest in your inventory, you must thenmake certain that you select the fastestmoving SKU's for stocking.

There are, of course, an infinite varietyof record keeping systems in use tosupply this information. If you are part ofa large corporation, you will almostsurely have the advantage of acomputer program for inventory control.Because of the amounts of detailrequired to do a good job, many smallercompanies are turning to time-sharingcompute' arrangements availablecommercially or through tradeassociations such as The NationalAssociation of Retail Dealers of America(NARDA).

As with most record requirements,though, there are perfectly adequatemanual systems that have been aroundsince long before the first computerarrived on the scene. The so-calledperpetual inventory system can be keptquite successfully by simply entering thenecessary information on a control carddesigned for the purpose. Normally, a

card will be maintained for each SKU.In the final analysis, it makes no

difference whether your system involvesa sophisticated and complex computerprogram, or entries on ordinary 3x5index cards, as long as it provides youwith the information you need to makewell-informed managementdecisions. Repair parts control cardsspecially designed for manual inventorycontrol entries are available from suchcompanies as VISIrecord Systems ofWorcester, Massachusetts, and AcmeVisible Records of Crozet, Virginia.Acme Visible's line includes specialcabinets designed to provide readyaccessibility to each card in the system.

Normally, a parts inventory controlcard will carry the part number, source ormanufacturer, cost, and columns torecord usage on a monthly basis: Number on hand Number sold current month Number sold last month Number sold prior month

This sort of arrangement allows you tosee 90 days (one -quarter of a year)usage at a glance. Average annual

18 / ETID - May 1980

usage can then be calculated simply bymultiplying this figure by four.

The purpose of all this, of course, is toprovide you with the information youneed to identify the specific parts thatyou should be carrying in your inventory.If you have set four turns as your goal,you will stock every part that moves atleast once every three months. In actualpractice, an average inventory turnoverof four will permit you to stock someparts that move less than four timesbecause many parts will turn over at amuch faster rate. Accurate records willhelp you to make sound decisions onwhich of the slower moving parts youcan carry while still maintaining youraverage turnover objective.

Inventory deletionsAnother purpose of the perpetualinventory system is to single out SKU'sthat should be eliminated from yourinventory because they are no longermoving at the required rate. Sinceoptimum inventory size is fixed byformula, any parts with little or nomovement that are allowed to remain inyour inventory take the place of partsthat you should have on hand.

Once these obsolete parts areidentified through your records, theyshould be marked -down (removed fromyour inventory both physically and inyour records). Policy in largercompanies will usually require that partsmarked out of inventory be immediatelydestroyed and discarded. Of course,any parts that may be returned to yoursupplier for credit should be sent back.

If your company policy permits, partsmarked out of inventory can be held.However, when such parts are sold,proper business and tax considerationsrequire that the entire selling value betaken as income (zero cost).

Many business owners andmanagers, though, frown on the practiceof retaining any merchandise once it hasbeen marked out of the inventory.Repair parts held on the premises oncethey have been officially removed fromthe inventory records can be atemptation for employee pilferage. Also,the fact that some parts are in theinventory and some are not can lead toerrors and confusion in record keepingand inventory control.

Out -of -stocksNow that you know how large yourinventory should be, and specificallywhich parts you should stock, you mustsee to it that those parts are on hand insufficient quantities when they areneeded. An empty parts bin is just asbad as no parts bin at all.

Keeping in stock is done through adisciplined ordering system based onthe proper "order quantity" (OQ) and"minimum quantity" (MQ). Let's take alook at minimum quantity first.

MQ is simply the point at which it istime to place an order. The MQ may bewritten on the control card, on the partsbin, or on both. Let's say that the MQassigned to a given part is eight. Whenthe parts clerk notices that the quantity inthe bin is down to eight, an order for anew supply is promptly placed. If the MQhas been properly determined, thereplenishment stock will normally arrivebefore the on -hand quantity reacheszero; thus avoiding an out -of -stockcondition.

The formula for determining MQ willdepend on your own objectives and onthe average time it takes to receive partsafter they have been ordered. Assumethat your records show an average totwo weeks from the time parts are firstordered until they are received. In thiscase, you may decide to establish a twoweek supply as your re -order point(MQ), or you may prefer a three weeksupply to provide a safety factor.

Depending on the number of differentsources from which you order, you maywell have a number of different leadtimes for establishing MQ's. If, forexample, you order many or all of yourSKU's from a local distributor whoprovides dependable next -day service,you may well operate with a one weeksupply, or less, as your MQ on thoseparts.

If, on the other hand, the bulk of yourparts are ordered through companychannels or out-of-town sources, youwill need to establish MQ's related toyour experience with order life cycle.

The other half of your professionalreorder program is the calculation andproper use of the order quantity (OQ).

Once your MO signal has told you thatit's time to re -order, you must decide onthe proper quantity to order; this is yourOQ.

One basis for determining OQ makesuse of a figure known as insight. Insightis simply the total of the quantity on handplus the quantity on order. Managersstriving for four turns per year oftenestablish three month's supply as theinsight. Using your earlier example of atwo week minimum quantity, that wouldleave a ten week supply as your orderquantity. Thus, your insight at re -ordertime would be the two weeks on handplus ten weeks on order for an insight oftwelve weeks.

Remember, since MQ and OQ arebased on actual usage of each part, theymust be calculated separately for each

part. In actual practice, you may have anumber of different order life cycles fromwidely varied sources andmanufacturers.

Special circumstancesThe precise mathematics of minimumquantity and order quantity should notbe treated as inviolable. Specialcircumstances such as seasonalfluctuations may call for you to massagethe figures a bit from time to time. That'sperfectly OK as long as it's done topermit the flexibility that would belacking if you followed rigid rules withoutregard to changing circumstances.

For example, the frequency ofordering very low-priced items must beconsidered in light of the cost ofpreparing an order, receiving it, placingthe parts in bins, etc. Carefulconsideration of these costs may leadyou to conclude that the cost of carryinga one year's supply of some low-priceditems would be less than the expense forordering them four or five timesthroughout the year. In such a case, youmay want to establish a one year'ssupply as your insight. Some examplesof this type of part would be nuts, bolts,inexpensive gaskets and the like.Please remember, though, that thisprocedure must be an exception to yournormal parts policy. Too much inventorycan cause a lot of red ink.

A different problem is the SKU that isvery large and bulky, requiring adisproportionate share of the spaceavailable for your inventory. Indeference to the harsh demands of thereal world, you may decide to stock asmaller quantity of this type of part thanyour formula calls for.

In actual practice, there are an infinitenumber of variations on this basictheme. What really matters is not somuch the specifics that you use toestablish your MO's and OQ's, but thatyou understand the principles behindthe simple arithmetic involved, and thatyou apply these principles in the mannerthat best serves the needs of your ownorganization.

Let me digress here long enough for alittle reminder: You would do well toremember that your efforts to establish aprofessional inventory control systemwill be for naught if you and your peopledo not observe your reorder points andorder quantities with meticulous care. Ifa parts order is not triggered as soon asthe MQ is reached, a costly out -of -stockcondition will usually result.

One simple system that can help tokeep you on the straight and narrow isthe divided parts bin. It requires only thateach parts bin or container be divided

ETD - May 1980 / 19

into two sections. The smaller sectioncontains the minimum quantity; the restof the bin holds the balance of the stock.When it is necessary to take a part fromthe MO section of the bin, it's til ie tore -order.

Stocking the truckNormally, every part that is carried inyour trucks is also carried in your regularbin inventory. Seldom, if ever, though,will every part in bin inventory be carriedin trucks. Working up the propersub -assortments to carry in your trucks,then, is a kind of spin-off of the basic jobof selecting inventory.

The principles of good inventorycontrol are precisely the same forstocking service trucks, except that theneed for good recrods and carefulcontrol is even greater than for yourregular inventory. The time of yourservice technicians is the most valuablecommodity with which you will deal, andthe waste that occurs when an outsidetechnician needs a part that is notcarried in his truck is compounded by thetime and expense involved in histraveling.

The place to begin inventory control inservice vehicles is in the vehiclesthemselves. A neat and orderly set ofbins and shelves is an absolute requisiteif top efficiency is to be expected. Everyday, in the best of families, servicetechnicians write lack -part calls whenthe needed part is in the truck all thetime. A disorderly hodge-podge of partsscattered about in a service truck is astanding invitation to customerdissatisfaction and lost profitopportunities.

Maximum productivity from your truckstocks requires that all parts bins in thetrucks must be numbered and that theplacement of parts in these bins bestandardized. Many service dealers alsoprovide each road technician with anup-to-date printed list of the parts carriedin his truck. These procedures not onlyminimize the chances of overlookedparts, they also make it a great dealeasier to maintain accurate records.

Truck vs. shop stocksFor the most part, the fastest movingparts in your shelf inventory will be themost likely candidates for your truckstocks. However, you cannot rely on thatrule -of -thumb to do the job for you. Thework performed on outside calls will bedifferent enough that parts usage intrucks must be analyzed separately.

Because the parts carried in yourservice vehicles are a part of your totalinventory, they will have to fit within thelimitations imposed by your overall

policy on service level and turnover. Youwill want to remember, though, that alack -part call on the outside will usuallybe more costly than would be the casefor a shop repair.

For years, four turnsper -truck -per -year was a familiarstandard for stocking service vehicles.Today, with the cost of lack -parts callsclimbing at a breaktaking rate, manyservice dealers are lowering theirrequirements to as little as two, or evenone, turn per -year -per -truck. Wheretruck inventories were always well under$1,000 selling value a few years ago,inventories of $3,000 and more are notat all uncommon today.

The basic purpose of truck stockinventories is to keep lack -parts calls toa practical minimum, consistent with thecost of carrying the inventory. In sometypes of service operations, a goal of 5%or less lack -parts calls is notunreasonable. However a figure of 7 to10% probably represents a morerealistic objective for most electronicservice dealers.

Lack -parts calls cost money; so doesmaintaining an inventory. As one servicedealer puts it, "It costs you money tohave a good inventory-it costs youmoney if you don't have it." Somedealers are losing both ways (by havinglots of the wrong inventory).

Industry studies indicate that theaverage cost of maintaining an inventoryof repair parts runs a little better than 2%per month (about 25% per year). This isthe cost for such things as interest,taxes, overhead, insurance,obsolescence, and other items in thecost -of -doing -business. What it meansis that a part that sits on your shelves forone year has actually cost you 125% ofits original cost. Any parts that sit on yourshelves for four years have cost youmore than double what you originallypaid for them (without even countinginflation). Obviously, these costs mustbe measured against the expensesincurred as a result of lack -parts calls inorder to determine a reasonable level ofservice for your truck stocks.

Parts department profitsIn order to generate a respectable profitfrom your investment in parts inventory,it is necessary only that you "buy rightand sell right." Buying right is what we'vebeen talking about up to now. Here are afew more tips on buying:

Beware of "package deals." Yoursuppliers have to deal with the samelaws of economics as you do. When theyfind themselves with obsolete orslow -moving merchandise, they canunload them on you by putting together

tantalizing "attractive" package deals.What does it matter how cheaply youmay have purchased a supply of parts ifthey remain on your shelves unsold?And don't forget; while they are sittingthere, they're accumulating expense tothe tune of 25% per year.

Take every opportun, .y to returnsurplus parts to your sources orsuppliers for credit. Make it a point tolearn the exact surplus return; policy ofevery supplier with which you dobusiness, and then be sure to takeadvantage of every chance to purgeyour inventory of unwanted SKU's.Cleaning out your inventory this waygives you the double benefit of a full orpartial credit, plus the room that iscreated for inventory that will sell.

Parts pricingJust as the amount of inventory that youbuy must be carefully calculated, sodoes the amount you charge for thoseparts when you sell them to yourcustomers. Careless, unprofessionalpricing of repair parts is a commonmalady in service organizations-onethat is responsible for the loss of untoldprofit dollars.

In order for you to do a professionaljob of pricing your repair parts, you musthave a clear understanding of the basicterms involved, and their relationship toeach other. The ones you will be workingwith most often are:

Markup. This is a term often confusedwith the term mark -on. If you pay onedollar for a part and sell it for two dollars,your markup is 50% not 100%. markupsimply expresses the differencebetween the cost and the selling as apercentage of the selling price. Stateddifferently, cost of the goods plusmarkup equals selling price.

As you can see from the definition,100% markup is not possible unlessyour cost for the item is zero. Yet, youwill frequently hear complaints about themerchant who gets "100% markup" forhis goods. The mark -on (a seldom usedterm) in the example above is 100%.

Cost of goods. This is the actual priceyou paid for the goods, plus any directbuying expenses such as transportationcosts.

Gross profit. This term is used todescribe the difference between the costof the goods and the selling price, lessany allowances or returns. The grossprofit in our example is one dollar.

Net profit. This is the final profitremaining after all other applicableexpenses have been deducted fromgross profit. The chances are that youwill have to be satisfied with adetermination of gross profit for your

20 / ETID - May 1980

parts business. Computing true netprofit for a specific department or portionof a business is an extremelycomplicated affair. It requires that allexpenses for the business by preciselypro -rated, and this can be a nearlyimpossible task for anyone other than aqualified cost accountant. True net profitfor the entire business, of course, is easyenough to compute. It is simply allexpenses subtracted from all income.

These descriptions are necessarilybrief and lacking in some importantdetails. Your accountant (or a memberof the accounting department if you workfor a large company) will be able toround out your knowledge of these basicaccounting terms. As they are presentedhere, however, they will be all you'll needto understand pricing fundamentals.

Pricing errorsThe most common parts pricing error isthe simplistic "across the board"markup. This approach requires that allparts, no matter what their price range,be priced at double their cost (or someother fixed multiple). This is aself-defeating system, particularly if youhave a parts manager whoseeffectiveness you are trying to measurethrough his ability to generate grossprofit for the business.

If you always set your selling price bydoubling the cost, your gross profit willalways by 50% no matter how carefullyyour parts manager makes his buys. Infact, if he is an especially shrewd buyer,you will actually make less profit.

Let's say your company has beenpaying $4.00 for a given part and thatyou have been selling it for $8.00. In thiscase, your 50% gross profit amounts to$4.00. Now let's say that yourconscientious parts manager has founda supplier who will sell him that samepart for $3.00. Your system of doublingthe cost will now result in a selling priceof $6.00. That same 50% gross profitnow amounts to only $3.00. Dollarsgo in the bank, not percentage points.

There is nothing wrong with setting anaverage 50% markup as the objectivefor your parts business. It is, in fact, awidely accepted figure. However, theword "average" is an important key.

By their very nature, some parts mayappropriately take much higher markupsthat others. For example, parts costingless than a dollar or two may requiremarkups of 60, 70% or even higherbecause of the ratio of handling expenseto selling price. Conversely, veryexpensive components such as picturetubes, complete circuit boards, etc. willgenerate quite satisfactory profits with

less than your average markup.As you know, there is some

controversy over the value of the"recommended" or "list" pricesfurnished by the manufacturers of someparts. Whatever your position on thematter, these prices can supply goodreference points for studying markupand setting your own prices.

A final word about pricing repair parts.Because of the consumer's universaldislike of paying for intangibles such aslabor, too many service dealers havegiven way to the temptation of chargingunrealistically high prices for parts inorder to present the appearance of lowlabor rates in the final bill to thecustomer.

In addition to the serious moral,ethical, and legal implications of thispractice, it's simply a lousy idea. Askilled electronic technician is a trueprofessional in today's business world,and charging properly for his services isa responsibility to the profession.

As a service organization, you havetwo products to sell: skilled labor (seeET/D January 1980) and repair parts.Each must stand alone in a professionalorganization. Parts and labor are madeup of separate ingredients; the pricingof each must be based on soundbusiness principles. ETD

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ET/D - May 1980 121

Digitalequipment powersuppliesBasics and special requirements

Digital circuitry often placesrather stringent requirementson associated power supplies.Here are methods used tosolve the regulation andfiltering problems thesecircuits present and a fewtrouble -shooting hints.

By Joseph J. Carr

The dc power supplies used inmodern digital equipment must beregulated. It is not tolerable for dcvoltage levels to vary markedly withchanges in either load current or acinput voltage. The problem isaggravated somewhat by the fact thatdigital circuits use pulses, so thechanges in load current are very rapid.

Different microcomputers often havevery similar power supplyrequirements, even though the powerspecifications of the different IC logicfamilies are quite different. TTL, forexample, requires a well -regulated +5volt dc source. The voltage levelofficially must be held within ±250mV,although experience has shown thatmany of the complex -function TTLdevices become a bit flaky if thevoltage is not 5 volts ±50 mV. TypicalCMOS (and the related PMOS/NMOS)devices are quite happy with powersupply voltages in the ±4.5 to ±18 voltregion. Note that both positive andnegative supplies can be used,although most use a positive voltage( +4.5 to +18V) and ground. When

Ep

Erms

IP

TRANSFORMER

V"

AirFOR SINE WAVES:

Erms = (3-7°7EpEp = 1.41 ErmsE = 2 E = 2 82

P -P pErms

Ep- p

Fig. 1 A) Transformer circuitB) Voltage relationships

Es

operated at +5 volts, however, thedevices become somewhat morecompatible with TTL.

CMOS and TTL also differ in theirrespective current requirements. MostTTL devices require between 15 and25 milliamperes, while most CMOSdevices are happy with as little as 50microamperes. A digital computermade almost entirely ofCMOS/PMOS/NMOS devices, then,requires only a lightweight powersupply. But if an equivalent computeruses an appreciable number of TTLdevices, then a high current +5 voltdc power source is required.

ANODE CATHODE

CURRENT

ANODE CATHODE

NO CURRENT

/ss,

MISSINGHALF CYCLES

Fig. 2 Half -wave rectifier A) On positive halfof input cycle, B) on negative half of inputcycle, C) output waveform across R,.

A typical microcomputer will actuallyhave several power supplies on board.Several might be low current (i.e. 1

amp) circuits: ±12 (or ±15) volts, and(sometimes) -5 volts dc. In addition,there will be a high current powersupply.

Two different protocols are inevidence regarding the high currentpower supply. In some machines, thepower supply on the mainframe will be+5 volt operating level to the variousPC cards in the computer. The otherprotocol uses an 8 to 10 voltunregulated supply on the mainframe,and then depends upon 1 to 3

22 / ET/D - May 1980

Fig. 3 A) Full -wave rectifier using center -tapped transformer Fig. 4 A) Full -wave bridge rectifier, B) output waveform, C)B) Output waveform prepackaged bridge rectifier.

Fig. 5 A) Simplest form of power supply filter B) Solid lines show output waveform without capacitor Cl, dotted lines show waveformwith Cl connected. Shaded area represents energy dumped back into the circuit that had been stored in Cl.

ampere, monolithic IC regulators oneach PC card to supply the +5 volts.This system is sometimes calleddistributed regulation, and has showncertain advantages.

Power supply basicsBefore studying the basic forms ofregulator circuits used inmicrocomputer power supplies, let'sfirst review some of the basics of lowvoltage dc power supply circuits.

Transformers. The transformer (Fig.1A) is used to scale the 110 volt acpower line voltage down to the levelrequired by the circuit. Thetransformer for most solid-statecircuits, including digital circuits, mustbe a step-down type; i.e. thesecondary voltage E, is lower thanprimary voltage E,. In microcomputerapplications, the transformer E, will be6.3 - 7.5Vac for the +5 volt supply,and 25 - 26 Vac for the ±12 voltsupplies.

Transformers operate only from acsources, and will probably burn out ifconnected to dc mains (not verycommon in the public mains, but still

found in some factories). Transformerswill obey the eollowing relationship:

Ep Is(1)

Es Ip

Note from Eq. (1) that the current ratiois the inverse (i.e. it is upside-down) ofthe voltage ratio. A transformer thatsteps a voltage down will apparentlystep the current up. This sometimescauses confusion among newmembers of the electronics trade,because it doesn't square withobservations. In truth, the secondarycurrent I, is determined solely by loadresistor RI and the secondary voltageE, (remember, Ohm's law). Itsometimes helps to express Eq. (1) inanother form:

IPEP = IsEs (2)

We can see that the two sides mustbe balanced, so if I, goes up, then lmust also go up in order to keep thebalance in effect.

Note that neither Eq. (1) nor Eq. (2)contains any term that expresseslosses. Since most common

transformers are 95 to 99.9 percentefficient, we are quite justified in usingsuch a simple expression; the errorterms are negligible.

Transformers have several differentratings. In addition to the primary andsecondary voltages, and thesecondary maximum current, there isalso something called a primary VArating. This is not too important inmany servicing applications, especiallywhere a transformer manufacturerprovides a crossover number. But insome industrial digital servicing, weknow for example that a 6.3/7.5 volt actransformer is needed, so can makeour own crossover from ordinary stockfilament transformers. Here the primaryVA rating is critical. We consider theprimary VA rating (even in the light ofEq. 2) because the primary is usuallywound closest to the core, andtherefore does not dissipate heat asfast as the secondary. The primary VArating is the product E times I, (max),and cannot safely be exceeded. Somepeople try to get away with it, but thisis possible only when themanufacturer has rated the

ET/D - May 1980 / 23

transformer conservatively.Note that all transformer voltage

and current ratings are the rms values(Fig. 1B).

Rectifiers. A rectifier will passcurrent in only one direction; a usefulproperty that allows them to convertac (bidirectional) to pulsating dc(undirectional). The simplest form ofrectifier is the halfwave rectifier of Fig.2. On the positive half of the input ac(see Fig. 2A), the diode is forwardbiased, and so will conduct current.On the negative half -cycle, however,the diode is reverse biased, and willnot conduct current (Fig. 2B). Theoutput waveform shown in Fig. 2C isundirectional, even though it cannotbe called pure dc as yet. It is calledpulsating dc. Because of the missinghalf -cycles, the average output voltageis only 45 percent of the applied rmsvoltage. This means that a transformerused in a halfwave rectifier circuitMust be able to deliver a primary VArating (i.e. power) 40 percent higherthan in the fullwave case.

There are two main reasons whythe halfwave rectifier is not usedextensively in digital power supplies: itis inefficient and it requires a muchlarger filter to smooth out thepulsations.

A simple fullwave rectifier is shownin Fig. 3A; it uses two diodes and atransformer equipped with acenter -tapped secondary. If thecenter -tap is taken as thezero -reference point, then (on anygiven half -cycle) one end of thesecondary will be positive with respectto ground, and the other is negative.On one half of the ac cycle, point Awill be positive and point B will benegative. In that case, diode D1 willbe forward biased, and D2 is reversebiased. Current flows from thecenter -tap, through load resistor R,,,diode D1 back to the transformer atpoint A.

On the second half of the appliedAC cycle, the situation becomesreversed: point A is negative and pointB is positive. Diode D1, then, isreverse biased while D2 is forwardbiased. Current flows from thecenter -tap, load R,, diode D2 and backto the transformer at point B.

It is important to note that thecurrent flow through the load is in thesame direction on both halves of theac cycle. This action produces thecharacteristic double -humpedwaveform of Fig. 3B. The averageoutput voltage is twice that of thehalf -wave case; i.e. 2 x 0.45 - =

Rs

Fig. 6 Equivalent circuit of any powersupply

L

4

E =IRs

RL Es

Fig. 7 Ditto from Fig. 6

0.90, or 90 percent of the rms.A fullwave bridge rectifier is shown

in Fig. 4A. This circuit does requiretwo additional diodes. Note thatprobably a majority of the digitalequipment power supplies usefullwave bridges instead of the regularfullwave rectifier.

On one half of the ac cycle, pointA in Fig. 4A will be positive withrespect to point B. In that case, diodesD3 and D4 are forward biased, andD1/D2 are reversed biased. Currentflows from point B, through diode D3,load R, , diode D4 and back to thetransformer at point A. On the secondhalf of the ac cycle, the situationreverses; point A is negative withrespect to point B. Diodes D3/D4 arereverse biased and D1/D2 are forwardbiased. In this case, the current flowsfrom point A, through diode D1, loadR,, diode D2 and back to thetransformer at point B.

Once again we see that the currentthrough the load resistor is in thesame direction on both halves of theac input cycle. The output waveform inthe bridge rectifier (Fig. 4B) is thesame as in Fig. 3B. Again the averageoutput voltage is 0.9 times the appliedrms voltage.

Remember that we do not need atransformer center -tap with the bridgerectifier. The zero -volts reference pointis designated as the junction of theanodes of D1 and D3. This point islabelled negative ( -), while thejunction of the cathodes of D2 and D4become the positive (+) point. Mostequipment uses prepackaged bridgerectifiers (i.e. as in Fig. 4C), on whichthe +, -, and ac terminals are

Fig. 8 A) Zener diode curve B) TypicalZener regulator circuit

marked. Note that either the sinewavesymbol shown in the example (4C) willbe used, or the letters "AC."

With any given transformer, thebridge rectifier will produce an outputvoltage twice that of the simplefullwave circuit of Fig. 3. This isbecause it uses the entire secondarywinding of the transformer on bothhalves of the ac cycle. But unless thetransformer is especially designatedfor bridge rectifiers,then we must drawonly half of the allowable secondarycurrent. Otherwise, the primary VArating will be exceeded. The full"rated" secondary current can bedrawn only when the regularcenter -tap fullwave rectivier circuit ofFig. 3 is used. The rating for bridgeservice will be one-half of this value.

The rectifier diodes used in digitalequipment low voltage, high current,power supplies tend to be "horses."Of course, the low current supplies willuse 1 amp diodes in the 1 N4000class, but that high current supply mayvery well use stud -mounted individualdiodes, or a big bridge pack.

Filters. Most electronic circuitscannot use pulsating dc. They requireinstead pure, or nearly pure, dc. Thepulsations are called ripple (which inthis case is not a wine). Ripple isexpressed both in percent and byfrequency. Halfwave rectifiers have aripple factor of 120 percent, and aripple frequency (number of humpsper second) of 60 Hz. Both fullwaverectifiers have a ripple factor of 48percent and a ripple frequency of 120Hz (in the USA and other countrieswith 60 Hz ac power mains).

A filter circuit is used to smooth the

24 / ET/D - May 1980

al Ip E0

1,=1b Id

lo(max) = lb x Hie

Fig. 9 A) Zener-referenced series -pass regulator B) Feedback Series -pass regulator.

E1

ELECTRONICSWITCH

Ll

Fig. 10 Switching regulator

pulsations to produce nearly pure dc.In the simplest case of Fig. 5A (mostoften used in computer powersupplies), the filter capacitor C1 isacross the rectifier output, in parallelwith the load. The action of the filtercapacitor is shown in Fig. 5B. Thesolid line indicates the pulsatingwaveform without the filter, while thedoted lines show the output waveformwith the filter capacitor connected.Capacitor C1 will charge toapproximately E,,. But after the peakhas passed the charge in thecapacitor will return to the circuit; i.e. it

is dumped across the load. The effectof the charge returning from C1 is tofill in the area between pulses (shadedzone in Fig. 5B). The filter reduces theripple factor to a low value.

The value of capacitor C1 is criticalin the correct operation of the circuit.In general, the required minimumvalue of capacitor C1 is higher inhalfwave circuits than in fullwave (dueto the difference in ripple factor, 120%vs 48%). For low voltage powersupplies, C1 should be at least 500

of (up to 500 mA), or 1000 of (to 1amp). For supplies delivering over 1ampere, the rule of thumb is at least1000 4f/amp, with some authoritiesasking for 2000 of/amp. This meansthat the minimum value of the filtercapacitor in a 12 amp computer powersupply (i.e. +5 volt) is 1000 of/amptimes 12 amps, or 12,000 µf (withsome asking for 24,000 IA. Mostmicrocomputers currently on themarket beat this minimum by aconsiderable margin; i.e. they usepower supply filters in the 30,000100,000 of range.

The circuit of Fig. 5A accuratelyrepresents the mainframe supply ofmachines using distributed regulation.Even if the filter capacitor is grosslyoversize for the current load, however,some small amount of ripple willremain. A voltage regulator circuit willreduce that ripple almost down tonothing, even though its main functionto maintain the output voltage at adefined level. This has lead somemanufacturers to claim, for theirlow -voltage dc supplies used on

service benches, that they had a "filtercapacitor amplifier (?)" that made the10,000 of capacitor look like 1 farad! Ibet that readers in the auto electronicsbusiness long enough to know whatan OZ4 is remember that claim! Whatthey referred to was the fact that theirsupply used a voltage regulator, and itreduced the ripple to a point thatwould require a 1 farad capacitor toduplicate.

Practical power suppliesA "typical" power supply for smallmicrocomputers, andmicroprocessor -based digitalinstruments will deliver either +12Vdc, or -±15 Vdc, and -5 Vdc at 1ampere on the low current side. Therewill also be a high current, +5 volt,regulated power supply for TTLdevices. The high current powersupply might deliver as little as 1 to 3amperes in very simple, small scale,devices, or as much as 200 amperesin large mainframe computer powersupplies. Most, though, seem to berated in the 5 to 25 ampere range; 10to 12 amps being especially common.

A principle requirement ofcomputer/digital power supplies isgood voltage regulation. It seems thatall dc power supplies have a certainamount of internal, or source,resistance (R,). When a load current Iis drawn from the power supply, thena voltage drop / x R, = E will occuracross the internal resistance.

The value of the internal resistancecan be "determined" by using Ohm'slaw. The voltage used in thecalculation is the power supplyopen -terminal (i.e. load disconnected)voltage. This voltage is measured withload R, disconnected, and the outputcurrent is zero (see Fig. 6). Thecurrent used in the calculation is thecurrent that would flow if the outputwere short-circuited (i.e. R,, = 0).DON'T ACTUALLY TRY THIS... fewpower supplies can withstand an

ETID - May 1980 / 25

T1

Fl ,-12 VOLTS

CASE

GND

CASE

F2 -12 VOLTS

H (To 5)CASE

K (TO 3)CASE

ij3 T (TO 220)

CASE

Fig. 11 Dual voltage, low current, power supply A) Circuit, B) typical three -terminal IC regulator case styles.

output short circuit without beingdestroyed. We can use an alternativemethod for calculating the internalsource resistance R,:

Rs = (E - Eo) / I

Where:R, is the source resistance of the

power supplyE is the open -terminal output

voltageE is the loaded (i.e. R1, not equal to0) output voltage.

I is the load current that producedE

Voltage regulation is a measure ofhow stable the output voltage remainsbetween loaded and unloadedconditions; i.e. as the load currentvaries. Figure 7 shows how outputvoltage changes occur with changesin load current. Note that internalresistance R, is connected in serieswith the load resistance R. Theoutput voltage, then, can only be afraction of the open -terminal voltagebecause R, and R, effectively form aresistor voltage divider. The full loadoutput voltage will be:

E0 = (ERA) / (Rs +RL)

Voltage regulation is usually specifiedin terms of a percentage, which iscalculated from:

Percent Regulation = (E-E)(100%)/(E)

An electronic circuit that keeps thevoltage stable is the voltage regulator(good choice of words, eh?)

There are four basic forms ofregulator circuit used in commonpower supplies: Zener diode,Zener-referenced series -pass,feedback, and switching.

The Zener (pronounced zen-ner)diodes have a property that allowsthem to be used as voltage regulatorsin electronic circuits. Fig. 8A showsthe l -vs -E curve for a Zener diode. Inthe +E, or forward biased, region they

T1

Fl

2 AMPS

GROUND BUSS

01

2N3771 Al F2

HEP 57000 60 MILLIOHMS 15 AMPS

REMOTE

SENSE

Fig. 12 +5 volts DC, high current power supply

operate exactly like any other PNjunction diode. But in the -E, orreverse biased, region they behavequite differently. From Do volts, to apoint called the Zener point (Vi), theyare like other diodes; i.e. only a smallleakage current will flow across thePN junction. But when -E reachesthe Zener point, the diode willavalanche (i.e. breakover) andconducts a reverse current. V, tendsto remain constant (unless thetemperature varies markedly), and it isto this voltage that the diode willregulate the applied voltage.

Figure 8B shows a typical Zenerdiode voltage regulator circuit. DiodeD1 is connected in parallel with theload A. Resistor R1 is a seriescurrent limiter that protects D1 fromexcess current flow. If R1 were notused, D1 would burn out.

Unfortunately, the simple Zener dioderegulator circuit can only be used inapplications that are "light duty." Ageneral working rule is that the loadcurrent should be held to 10 or 20percent of the zener current... hence thelimitation to light service.

A better solution is to use a zenerdiode as a reference source thatcontrols a series -pass transistor, as inFig. 9A. In this type of circuit, theactual control element is theseries -pass transistor, 01. Zenerdiode D1 is used only as a referencesource. The output voltage in thiscircuit is a function of the referencevoltage V, and the base -emittervoltage of 01. It can be foundapproximately from

E0 = Vz - Vbe

The maximum output current is

26 / ET/D - May 1980

FROM POWER

SOURCE

q,rbFUSE

F1

*5 VOLT LINE

Cl0.1 OF

D1

5.6VZENER 1,11

ANODE

15 OHMS

R2

270 OHMS

GATE

D2

SCR

CATHODE

GROUND

Fig. 13 SCR Crowbar overvoltage protector

approximately the normal load current/,, allowed by the Zener diode,multiplied by the beta of the transistor;assuming, of course, that neither themaximum collector current, norcollector power dissapation areexceeded at that level.

The feedback regulator, of Fig. 9B,is another type of circuit that uses acontrol element and a series passelement (Q1). In this case, however,the control element is a differentialamplifier, used in this case as an erroramplifier. In most cases, the amplifierwill have unity, or very low, gain. Areference potential is applied to oneinput of the error amplifier, while asample of the output potential isapplied to the other input. The outputof the error amplifier is used to drivethe base of transistor 01. This outputis proportional to the differencebetween Eref and the output voltagesample E. As long as these voltagesare equal, then Q1 is in equilibrium.But changes in E,,, reflected aschanges in E, either turn on, or turnoff, Q1 a little bit and bring the circuitback into equilibrium.

All forms of series -pass transistorsuffer from at least one fault: there isa high inpuVoutputdifferential (Ein/E)across the series pass element. Thismeans that the series -pass transistormust dissapate a large amount ofpower, and so is inefficient. A TTLsupply operating from a +10 voltsource, for instance, is only 50 percentefficient, at best.

One solution to this problem is touse a switching power supply, orswitching regulator circuit. Anexample of one of the many differenttypes of switching regulator is shown inFig 10. The LC elements L1/C1 form alow-pass filter to smooth out the highfrequency components (many kHz)from the switching action. The key tothis circuit is a pulse width modulatorstage. The PWM produces outputpulses to drive the switching element.The duty cycle of these pulses (i.e.

0

O

the ratio of HIGH/LOW time on thesquarewave) is determined by thedifference amplifier output. Thisamplifier serves a function similar tothat served in the feedback regulatorcircuit; i.e. it produces an output thatis proportional to the differencebetween the reference potential Ercfand the sample of the output voltageE. Then the output voltage rises, thenthe duty cycle of the switching pulsesnarrows in order to keep the L1/C1network disconnected from inputvoltage source Eh-, a little longer. But ifthe output voltage drops, as when theload current demand increases, thenthe pulse width widens, therebykeeping the filter network connected tothe source a little longer portion ofeach second.

The switching regulator can be veryefficient, indeed. If an electronic switchis made from a transistor with a lowV,. saturation voltage, and inductor L1has a high Q, then the efficiency canapproach 90 percent. Switching powersupplies, then, are a lot smaller inphysical size for a given output currentrating. In one microcomputer, a 15ampere, +5 volt dc switching powersupply takes up only 40 cu. in. ofinside -chassis space, and weighs onlya couple of pounds... try getting aregulator 5 Vdc @15 amp regulatedsupply in that space!

Some typical circuitsMost microcomputers use relatively

common components in the dc supply.Few of them will be a great mystery tothe up-to-date service technician. Inthe low voltage, low current, suppliesand on indivudual boards wheredistributed +5 volts is used, they willusually have three -terminal IC voltageregulators. These are shown in Fig.11. The circuit in Fig. 11A is a dualvoltage (i.e. ± 12 Vdc) low currentpower supply. Fig. 11B shows thevarious case styles of the commonthree -terminal regulator devices.

Capacitors C1 and C2 are the main

filter capacitors. These are rated at2000 pf, in keeping with the 2000pf/amp rule given in part 1; i.e. this isa 1 ampere supply. Similarly,capacitors C7 and C8, which are usedto improve the output transientresponse of the circuit, are ratedaccording to the rule 100 µf/amp.Capacitors C3, C4, C5 and C6 areused to improve the immunity tonoise. Devices OV1 and OV2 areovervoltage protectors, about whichmore later.

There are four basic families ofthree -terminal regulators: LM320,LM340, 7800, and 7900. The LM340and 7800 devices are positiveregulators, and are essentiallyidentical to each other. Similarly, theLM320 and 7900 devices areequivalent negative voltage regulators.Note! There are pinout differencesbetween positive and negativeregulator families... take a close lookat U1 and U2 in Fig. 11A!

The different IC regulator casestyles offer different output currentlevels. The H -style case, for example,will pass up to 100 mA of current infree air, although some manufacturerswill try to get 150 - 200 mA byheat -sinking. The H -style package isthe same as the transistor TO -5package. The T -style case, which isthe same as a transistor TO -220 (i.e."P-66") package, is usually rated 750mA in free -air and 1 ampere whenheat-sinked. The K -style package, atransistor TO -3 package, is capable ofdelivering 1 ampere in free -air and 1.5amperes (some push to 2 amps) whenheat-sinked.

The voltage rating of these ICregulators is fixed, and will be given by asuffix on the type number. A 7805, then,is a 5 VDC regulator. In the LM- series,even the case style will be specified: AnLM -340T-5 is a 5 volt, positive, regulatorin a T style package. Similarly anLM -320K-15 is a 15 volt, negativeregulator in a TO -3 (K -style) package.

One of the older regulators availableis the LM -309. These are only found in 5volt models, but are available in H (100mA) and K (1 amp) sizes. The LM309K isessentially the same beast as the 7805and LM -340K-5.

Several manufacturers are offering 3amp (LM323) regulators and even 5amp regulators in the five volt size.Lambda Electronics offers a completeline of regulators, from 100 mA to 30amperes, at voltages ranging from 5volts to 30 volts.

Figure 12 shows a typicalmicrocomputer power supply for the +5

ET/D - May 1980 I 27

volt, high current, source. I built thiscircuit from Motorola application notesfor my own 26K Digital Group Z80system. The transformer is a 6.3/7.5volt, 25 ampere Triad filamenttransformer. It is rectified by a 25ampere bridge stack, and filtered by an80,000 µF /10 volt electrolytic capacitor.A high current transistor, Ql, is used asa series -pass element. A 50 to 100 cu. ft.min. whisper fan was necessary to keepQ1 cool, and was positioned to blowdirectly across the heatsink on which 01was mounted. The regulator was an ICtype, although not a three -terminaldevice. In this case, the MotorolaMC1469R (also sold under HEP numberC6049R) device. The output voltage ofthis IC is applied to the base of theseries -pass transistor. The level of thisvoltage, hence the output voltage, is setby potentiometer R3 (voltage adjust).

I selected my own power supplycircuit, or rather Motorola's, because itillustrates two features of most highcurrent digital power supplies:overcurrent protection and remotesensing. The purpose of overcurrentprotection, also called current limiting, isto protect the power supply and the+5V/ground foil patterns on thecomputer's PC boards in the event of ashort circuit. If a short occurred on one of

the PC boards, for instance, and thesupply was able to deliver 20 amperes,or so, then all of the foil between thepower supply and the affected cardwould likely vaporize. The supply wouldalso probably be damaged. TheMC1469R provides current protectionthrough pin no. 4. If this pin goes LOW,then the regulator turns off the outputvoltage. The mechanism of theprotection circuit includes a small (60milliohms) series resistor and controltransistor Q2. Q2 is normally turned off,because its base -emitter voltage is lessthan 0.6 volts. The effective bias on Q2is formed by the voltage drop across the60 milliohm series resistor. Since theoriginal supply was designed for 10amps output, the value of the resistor(0.060 ohms) will drop 0.6 volts. If anyhigher output current is drawn, then Q2is forward biased and turns on. Thislowers the voltage at pin no. 4 of theregulator IC and turns it off. This featuresaved my mother board when a piece ofthe aluminum foil that the DMOSdevices were wrapped in found its wayacross the +5 volt high current line andground.

Remote sensing is required to keepthe voltage at the PC boards up to thespecified level. Pin no. 5 of the regulatorIC is the feedback amplifier input for E

(i.e. the sample of the output voltage. It isrun as a separate line out to the PC landswhere it is required to keep the voltageclose to +5 volts dc. We have to becomeaware of things like the I R drop of powerdistribution leads in digital devices. Eventhough the PC lands are quite wide, andvery low resistance, they will drop thevoltage a few dozen millivolts. In my ownmicrocomputer, the voltage at the lastcard on the mothorboard was only+4.65 Vdc when the input voltage was5.05 VDC. Using the sense raised thevoltage at the last card to +4.98 volts,reasonable for TTL. A point must beselected for the sense line, where it isconnected to the +5 VDC line, that willkeep the voltage level at the farthestcard within spec, yet does not place toohigh a voltage on the first card in thecomputer!

Overvoltage protection is mandatoryon computer systems. The TTL devicesused in computers and other digitalapplications will burn out if a sustainedpower supply potential of more than+5.6 Vdc occurs. Can you imagine whatwould happen to several kilobucks worthof computer if the series -pass transistorin the power supply went out? The +8 to+30 volts from the main filter capacitorwould be applied to the +5 volt line...continued on page 45

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GENERAL ELECTRIC

ET D - May 1980 29

The audio benchTest instruments for audio service

There is an entire area of testinstruments for specializedstereo Hi-Fi, audio, servicing.Here's a rundown on whatthose instruments do and atabulation of many of thoseavailable.

By Walter H. Schwartz

The troubleshooting and repair ofaudio equipment, particularly if youwish to do warranty repairs on one ormore brands of quality equipment,requires at least as much specializedtest equipment as does TV service. Inaddition to the basic test instruments,scopes, semiconductor testers, VOMs,DMMs, etc., such instruments asdistortion analyzers, stereo generatorsand WOW -flutter meters arenecessary to satisfactorily testamplifiers, tuners, tape decks andturntables.

We are going to discuss andtabulate here many of thoseinstruments intended specifically foraudio troubleshooting and ignorethose equally necessary but moreuniversal such as the oscilloscope.

You will find a wide price rangebetween instruments of similarfunction. Here you can base yourdecision on cost on your intendedapproach to audio service. If you wishto simply be able to repair mostequipment satisfactorily-and perhapsspend a little more time doing it-youcan get by quite well with testequipment of somewhat relaxedspecifications. If you intend towarranty work for one or more of themanufacturers of high -end audioequipment you may find them veryparticular indeed as to thespecifications of the test equipment

1.1=La. 1E *;

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Amber 201 203

B&K-Precision 204'

BPI 205 206 207 208 209

EICO 210 211 212 213

Fidelipac 214

FSI 215

Heath 2162 2172 2182 2192 2202

Hewlett-Packard 2213 2224 2235 232'

Hickok 224

Kikusui 2257 2268 2279 22810

Krohn Hite 22911 230'2 231

Leader 233 234 235 236 237 238 239

Marconi 240 241 242 243

Meguro 244 24513 24614 24715 24816 24917

3-M 250 251 252

Radiometer 253 254 255

Sound Technology 256 257 258 259 260

Sencore 261 262

Tektronix 26318

VIZ 264

1 Two models. 11, 12 Several models of each.2 In kit form, unassembled. 13,14,15,16,17 Several models of each.3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 Several models of each. 18 Part of the TM 500 Series.

Manufacturers of test instruments for servicing stereo Hi-Fi equipment. For moreinformation check the reader service numbers as indicated in the appropriate column.

30 / ETID - May 1980

Hewlett Packard 339A

Meguro MAK-600A

Krohn Hite 6801

Leader LDM-170

sSound Technology 1710A

Kikusui Model 630

Heathkit IM -5258

Marconi F242A

Amber 3500

Heathkit IM -5248

Fig. 2 Harmonic and Intermodulation Distortion Meters.

Sound Technology,Model 1000A Leader Instruments

LSG-231

Radiometer SMG40 and 110

Fig. 3 FM -Stereo Signal Generators

you use. The cost difference from onebench to the other might be as muchas five to one.

Harmonic distortionanalyzersPerhaps the first really specialinstrument that comes to mind whenconsidering audio work is theharmonic distortion analyzer. Insimplest terms, the harmonic distortionanalyzer is an audio oscillator, anaudio voltmeter and a null network.The oscillator signal drives theamplifier under test and the voltmeter

measures the output across a load.The nulling network eliminates thefundamental-what is left is theharmonics. The harmonic contributionof the oscillator and the instrumentamplifiers and whether the nulling isautomatic or manual all contribute tothe cost differences betweeninstruments. A typical lower costinstrument will measure down to0.03% distortion; the most costly($1600-$2000) can measure to0.002% and automatically track theoscillator and the null filters. Most ofthe harmonic distortion meters allow

use of the voltmeter and oscillatorindependently of the THD (totalharmonic distortion) function and anoccasional instrument does not have abuilt-in oscillator.

Intermodulation distortionanalyzersAnother form of distortion occurs whentwo frequencies mix in the nonlinearitiesof an amplifier to produce sum anddifference products. Generally60Hz and 7kHz frequencies areused to drive the amplifier under test,in a 4 to 1 ratio. The high frequency

ETID - May 1980 / 31

AUDIO GENERATOR

-71

)--1

B 1;1 a1

Krohn Hite 4100

0

F. Heathkit IG-1272

Meguro MCR-403

Kikusui 4045

%Vt.% "

Sound Technology 1410A

B&K-Precision 3010

Fig. 4 Audio Oscillators

components are filtered out anddemodulated. The degree to whichthey have been modulated by the lowfrequency (60Hz) is expressed as apercentage intermodulation distortion(IM).

WOW and Flutter metersWOW and flutter are mechanicalproblems of tape equipment andturntables, which result in variations intape or record speed and consequenteffects in the sound produced by thesystem. WOW is variations in thefrequency range of 0.1Hz to 10Hz.Flutter is frequencies above 10Hz.Another factor, drift, is extremely slowtape or turntable speed variation. Areference frequency, usually 3150Hz,is used, derived from a built in sourceor a test tape or record; the play backfrequency variations can be expressedas per cent drift, wow or flutter.There are several weightings (differentstandards to which thesemeasurements are made) possible forthese readings. IEEE/DIN standard isreportedly the most popular.

Audio oscillatorsIn this category we can include almostany audio signal source from simpleaudio generators to sophisticatedinstruments with audio burst output,audio sweep capabilities, and function

generators which offer square wave,and triangular wave output (and otherwaveforms perhaps) as well as sinewaves.

For simple signal injectiontroubleshooting a rather elementarysignal source will do. If checkingdistortion, the source should be verylow distortion. A wide frequency rangeand square wave output are useful forchecking for frequency response anda good output attenuator is necessarywhen driving low level stages. Outputlevel flatness is convenient; you willnot have to readjust the output whenchanging frequency.

Cost varies greatly; in inverseproportion to distortion for example.Low priced oscillators of 1% distortioncan be one fifth the cost of anoscillator with 0.002% distortion.

Audio millivoltmeterThe audio millivoltmeter is used tomeasure signal levels; the output oftape heads and cartridges, to makestage gain measurements, of ac voltagefrom a fraction of a millivolt to severalhundred volts. Usually themillivoltmeter is also calibrated in dB.A few instruments have a choice oflinear or logarithmic volt and dBscales.

Remember that most of thesemeters are average reading meters

calibrated in terms of sinewaves-they are in error whendistortion is present.

RF/FM/Stereo signalgeneratorsThis signal generator must supplysignals for troubleshooting and aligningthe front end of receivers, a sweepsignal for IF and discriminatoralignment and supply a compositestereo signal for stereo decoderadjustments or be capable ofbeing modulated by a separatecomposite stereo generator.

Adequate stability, reasonable dialaccuracy, low leakage and an outputattenuator capable of reducing theoutput to a fraction of a microvolt arealso necessary features of the RFgenerator.

Special InstrumentsThese instruments are the test sets,analyzers, combinations of instruments,for convenience of use or to simplifytroubleshooting or testing. They canrange in sophistication from Leader'sLAV-191 which is an audio oscillatorand an ac voltmeter in one package toAmber's 4400A which can thoroughlyanalyze an amplifier, and with theaddition of an X -Y recorder, plot theresults automatically.

Sencore's SG165 Analyzer is an

32 / ETID - May 1980

8160 FLUTTER METER

0

CIIK,4 COQ*

3M 8160

Fidelipac 65-390

BPI 1000Cand 1600

Kikusui 6702

Fig. 5 Wow and Flutter -Meters

Leader LAS -55001,111.1. 1.111.1101111

StlaNCORIM EGI65AM -FM -STEREO ANALYZER

Sencore SG165

Amber 4400A

V. f. 5 5 ilia r""1au *aim sr oar

a a .5 5- alio ai

a,

111111111111111Leader LFR-5600

Fig. 6 Test Sets, Analyzers

AM/FM/Stereo signal generator, audiosignal source, speaker dummy loadand output meter combination. Itprovides all the signals necessary forroutine service of AM/FM/stereoreceivers. BPI's 7000A Audio Analyzercombines the functions of an audiooscillator, a harmonic distortionanalyzer, an ac voltmeter, and wow,flutter and drift meters in one package.Sound Technology's Model 1500A isintended for complete testing of taperecorders, as is 3 -M's Model 6500.

The Meguro MAT -143 is aninstrument which traces frequencyresponse on an oscilloscope; Leader'sLFR-5600 plots frequency response

on a strip chart recorder.

MiscellaneousFinally, don't forget 4/8/16 ohm loadresistors capable of handling thepower output of the amplifiers you aretesting. Sony has recommended DaleNH250 and RCL ALN-250noninductive resistors for some time.These require large heat sinks if fullrated power is to be dissipated; they(Sony) recommend mounting them ona sheet of 1/8 inch aluminum 72 incheslong and 16 inches high, andmounting the assembly behind thebench.

Also a valuable instrument, is a good

quality bench receiver and a pair ofspeakers-which can be used asnecessary to check out anything youwant to listen to.

Last, but definitely not least, don'tforget a variable auto transformerVariacc*, Powerstar3", or whatever. Itneed not be an extremely large one; afive amp unit can handle, if usedcorrectly, up to 600 watts. Careful useof this one simple device can saveyou from major disaster and untoldanguish and embarrassment.

Again, I repeat, dependent uponyour needs, the equipment required forsatisfactory audio service can vary incontinued on page 45

ET/D - May 1980 I 33

Microprocessorsthe easy way,part VIIBASIC or assembly language, what's the diff?

Thank God for high levellanguages. Within a few yearsall but design engineers and afew hardcore hobbyists willhave washed their hands oflower level languages. For thereasons why-continue on.

By Bernard B. Daien

Most introductory or general texts aboutMPUs discuss machine language, andbriefly mention assembly language.BASIC, an intrepreter language, has upto now, been the most popular choice ofprofessionals for MPU programming.BASIC (for Beginners All-purposeSymbolic Instruction Code) is one of theeasier languages to learn and use. Thisarticle discusses both assembly andBASIC, providing some comparisonbetween them, to help the readerunderstand the neglected area that fallsbetween architecture and programming.

It is generally accepted that for everydollar spent on the MPU's hardware, tenor more dollars will be spent onprogramming. It is obvious that thegreatest savings can be made byimproving programming efficiency, andthis is easily done with a higher levellanguage, such as BASIC, instead ofprogramming in machine code orassembly language.

In the beginningBefore a program can be written in anylanguage, the programmer must go

Fig. 1 Some flowcharting symbols. This is aflowchart of a silly little program whichcontinually increments a varable until itequals three and then prints the result, A-3before ending.

through some preliminary steps. Firstthe problem must be understood. Theproblem then has to be defined, andfollowing that, it must be stated. Next, asolution must be found for the problem,and finally, the solution is written in thecomputer language used.

The instructions so written are fed intothe computer's memory (termed,"loading" the computer). The program isthen run through a dummy run, and

errors corrected (debugging), in order toavoid errors cropping up when thecomputer is actually performing itsprogrammed task. The debuggedprogram is run, and if O.K. is recorded inpermanent form (documentation). Ifthere are still errors, debugging isperformed again, and again, until thereare no detectable errors left.Documentation includes a written recordof the above described steps, includingproblem definition, solution, languageused, flowcharting, etc.

Flowcharting?Flowcharting (see Figure 1) is a meansof illustrating the steps required to solvea computer problem. (Actuallyflowcharting can be used to solveproblems for other purposes too.)Although not used by all programmers, itis especially useful for beginners, sinceit helps to clearly visualize each step inthe solution of a problem, and because italso provides a sort of schematicdiagram of the steps used. Documentingin this manner provides a record thatenables others to understand what youhave done, and why you did it.

Figure 1 shows some symbols used inflowcharting. Although they are shownwith a label inside of each, labels are notalways used in actual practice. Theshape of the symbol indicates its use,just as the standardized signs now usedon many highways tell the driver whateach sign means, by shape.

The "Start" and "End" symbols areself explanatory, indicating thebeginning and end of each flowchart.The "Decision" symbol is moreinteresting. This symbol has input, from

34 / ETID - May 1980

the previous steps in the solution, but ithas two outputs, for the two possibleconditions resulting from the decisionsymbol shown asks, "Does A equal 3?"If it does, we go on to the next step in theprocess, below. If A does not equal 3, wego off (out the side), to another steptowards the solution.

The rectangle indicates a processingstep, such as adding, as shown, orsubtracting, or any other processingoperation.

The slanted rectangle, orparallelogram, is another flowchartingsymbol used to indicate either an inputor output condition, i.e., either theoperator inputing information to thecomputer or the computer printing outinformation on a CRT or teletype.

The numbers adjacent to theflowcharting symbols indicate the linenumber of the program which that

programming, as a road map is inplanning an automobile trip.

A look at assembly languageEarlier in this series we discussed theinstruction set that each MPU has, andthe various languages used forcomputer programming. An instructionset for the Motorola 6800 MPU wasreproduced (ET/D, Dec. 1979, P. 16),and we are going to repeat part of thatset now, in Figure 2, and discuss its usea bit.

Referring to Figure 2, we have takenonly two operations out of the seventytwo in the set, to use as examples for thepoints we are trying to understand. Theexamples chosen are: "Loadaccumulator A," and "Clearaccumulator A," both very commoninstructions. Notice that four differentaddressing modes can be used for

Operation MnemonicAddressing modes (number of MPU cycles in parenthesis) Boolean

arithmeticoperationImmediate Direct Indexed Extended Inherent

Clear

accumulator ACLRA 4F (2) ()CF.- A

Load

accumulator ALDAA

86(2)

96

(3)

A6

(5)

B6(4)

M-..- A

Fig. 2 Some typical instructions for the Motorola 6800 MPU.

particular flowchart symbol represents.Sometimes we may want to go off to

another point in the program, withouthaving lines cris-cross into a mess. Inthat case a little circle is used, with anumber in it, which signifies thecomputer is to jump to the flowchartsymbol identified by that number.

These procedures are considered tobe good programming practice, but quiteoften, when an experiencedprogrammer writes a short program, heskips some of them, on the assumptionthat any other programmer can easilyfollow his program. Unfortunately, whatis immediately obvious to one person,may not be at all clear to someone else.It is advisable that the reader whopursues programming further, use fulldocumentation in all his early attemptsat programming. Errors can be readilyspotted, in the flow chart, and othersteps. Your memory is a poor substitutefor them!

The road mapThere are some other symbols used inflowcharting, but for the purpose of thisarticle, the point is made. Mostprogramming texts include a full list ofthe symbols used, and it is advisable tocommit them to memory (a simple task),because the flowchart is as useful in

loading accumulator A; immediate,using 2 clock cycles, or direct, taking 3clock cycles, or, indexed, taking 5 clockcycles, or, extended, taking 4 clockcycles. You are probably saying, "Iwould use the immediate addressingmode, because it only uses 2 clockcycles, and therefore must be thefastest, simplest, most efficientoperation," and your logic would be veryreasonable. The trouble is that theaddressing mode is dictated not only bythe op code (which is the instruction partof the program statement, and is whatwe have been talking about), but is alsodetermined by the operand whichfollows the op code.

This sounds complicated, butbecomes much easier to understandwhen we proceed with our twoexamples, with the aid of Figure 2, andthe following definitions of the different"addressing modes."

Addressing modesDIRECT. Direct addressing is the mostfrequently used mode and is oftenreferred to as "Absolute" addressing. Indirect addressing, the address isincorporated in the second 8 bit byte of atwo byte program instruction. (The firstbyte is the op code.) When a three byteprogram instruction is used in this mode

of addressing, the address may be thelast two bytes, and in this case may alsobe referred to as "extended"addressing.

IMPLIED. Implied addressing is oftenreferred to as "Inherent" addressing,and both names are appropriate, sincethe address is implied by the op code, or,rephrased, the address is inherent in theop code. An example will clarify this:Suppose the program instruction says"Increment accumulator A." The actionindicated is incrementing. The addressis the register being incremented. Bothare contained in the one byte instruction.Implied is usually used for nonmemorypurposes (as in this example), andtherefore does not require an address inmemory.

IMMEDIATE. In immediateaddressing the data to be operated on isusually the second byte in the programinstruction, and thus is immediatelyavailable for processing. This is betterunderstood when compared with directaddressing mode. In direct addressing,the data might be held in memory, at aspecific address, and that addresswould be the second byte of theinstruction (in the case of extendedaddressing, the address would be thesecond and third byte). The data wouldthen be available only after reading out thecontents of the memory, and thereforewould not be immediately available, asin the immediate mode. Thus theimmediate mode is used when speed isimportant (and the situation permits).

INDEXED. Indexing utilizes the abilityof the index register to modifyaddressing operations. (Refer to theprevious material in this seriesdiscussing the index register.) Theaddress of the memory location desiredis formed by adding the address in theprogram instruction to the address heldin the index register.

RELATIVE. In relative addressing, theaddress desired is the address in theprogram instruction, added to theaddress in the program counter. (Referto the previous material in this seriesdiscussing the program counter.)Remember, the program counterincrements by one, and contains theaddress of the next instruction to beretrieved from memory, in sequence.Thus in relative addressing, the secondbyte in the program instruction is used tochange, or "displace" the programcounter, and is often referred to as the"displacement." By this means theprogram counter can be relocatedanywhere in memory. The first sevenbits of this second byte determine the

ETID - May 1980 I 35

amount of displacement, and the eighthbit indicates whether we want to add to,or subtract from the contents of theprogram counter.

REGISTER. The op code specifies aregister in which the operand is stored.Thus no operand need be noted.

REGISTER INDIRECT. The op codespecifies a register in which the memoryaddress of the operand is stored. (In thiscase the operand is stored in memory,and the address in memory is being heldin a register.)

I/O. Input/output addressing, alsoknown as "port addressing," selects aninput or output device by means of theaddress word (or words in the programinstruction. (Refer to I/O material earlierin this series.)

By now you should know that anoperand can be a data word, or anaddress in memory in which data is held,or the address of a register in which datais held. In any event, we eventuallyoperate on the data desired, thedifference being in the number of stepsrequired to do so. So, although theMotorola instruction set has only 72instructions, many of these can beaddressed in several different modes,yielding almost two hundred differenthexadecimal machine codes! The largerthe instruction set is, the more flexibleand useful the MPU is, and the moredifficult it is to master, as a general rule.

Now, back to assembly language.Figure two tells us that when we use

an op code for loading accumulator A,we transfer the contents of a memoryaddress into accumulator A. This isshown by the symbols under theheading "BOOLEAN/ARITHMETICOPERATION." (Long ago a Mr. Boolestated the math rules for operating underthe restraints that binary machines face,hence the names "Boolean Logic" and"Boolean Mathematics" are oftenencountered in computer books.)

In this case the symbols are, M Awhich says "transfer the contents of thememory into accumulator A." and isreally a self obvious sign language. Ofcourse we can't transfer the entirecontents of a large memory into a smallaccumulator...we are talking abouttransferring the contents of a particularmemory address into the accumulator.But, we said earlier that sometimes wemay use a two word address, and store,information in two locations in memory.So now we see that the op code tells uswhat we want done, but the informationbeing moved around (or operated on),can be one word, or two words...or, asyou have already seen, no words at all!Now here is where these pieces all fit

together, and start making somesense...

It really makes senseIf we have one, or two, words of datafollowing the op code in the programinstruction, then we use the immediatemode. If the data is found at a one wordaddress (in memory), then the wordfollowing the op code will be an address,and we use the direct mode. If the data isto be found at two locations, held inmemory, then a two word address willfollow the op code, and we use theextended mode. If the data is at anaddress which is formed by adding theoperand to the index registers contents,then we must use the indexed mode.

Stated another way, the op code in theinstruction set tells the MPU what wewant done...but that is only half of thestory. We must also tell the MPU whatwe want it done to: the memory word, ordata we want moved...and that meanswe have to consider the operand (whichcan be data, or an address). So we mustask ourselves, "Is the operand data, oran address? And is it a one wordoperand, or a two word operand?" TheMPU has to handle each differently, witha different number of clock cycles. Themore movements, the more clockcycles; the more words moved, the moreclock cycles, since most MPUs movethose 8 bit chunks (bytes) around inparallel format.

Other examplesLet's look at our other example, "ClearAccumulator A," which means we wantto empty accumulator A, in preparationfor using it. The Boolean/ArithmeticOperation column symbology for this is00 -*A which means "put all zeros intoaccumulator A"...and of course, if youput nothing into A you have emptied itscontents by reducing them to zero.Again, the symbols are self explanatory.Now let's look at the possible addressingmodes...and lo! We have no choicebecause there is only one addressingmode, inherent. Note also that it takesonly 2 clock cycles to perform thisoperation. To understand this rememberthat the inherent mode is so namedbecause the operand is inherent in theop code. When we use the mnemonic"CLRA" we are not only saying"CLEAR," we are also saying what wewant cleared, A. Thus the location(address), in this case accumulator A, isinherent in the op code, and no furtheraddress is needed. Since we aren'tmoving information out of one register(or memory), into another, we need onlyone short operation requiring only two

clock cycles.Now that you know why we need to

use different addressing modes, youunderstand that we must specify theaddressing mode when assemblylanguage programming. If you examineFigure 2, under each addressing modethere is a hexadecimal symbol, andthus, in the case for the instruction for"Clear Accumulator A" we need onlyuse the hex symbol 4F and the job isdone. It was simple in this case becausethere was only one choice of addressmode, and we used it. Of course it wouldhave been more difficult in other caseswith several choices of addressingmode, and that is where you would haveto do some thinking. As you can see, itwould become a slow process.

What we have been doing is known as"hand assembling," used by manycomputer hobbyists. Each mnemonicmust be located in the manufacturersliterature for the machine language code(in this case, hexadecimal, which isconverted to binary inside the MPU).This is a slow and boring process(similar to looking up telephonenumbers), and is by nature, error prone.Programmers who make a business outof programming use a more efficientmethod, based on an "assembler" (referto the material earlier in this series aboutcomputer languages). An assembler is aprogram which converts the mnemonicsinto machine language, and does awaywith the need for "Look up tables."

Because different makes and modelsof MPUs use different instruction setsand architecture, you must use anassembler made for the particular MPUtype you are programming, but, as youcan readily appreciate, this takes someof the pain out of using assemblylanguage.

Since there are different assemblers,for different computers, there are alsoslightly different rules for programming,using these various assemblers. Theunderlying principles are the samehowever, and once these principles areunderstood, it is not difficult for aprogrammer to quickly learn theprocedure involved.

Even with an assembler, theprogrammer sometimes specifies theaddressing mode he wants (or must)use. But, instead of the programmerlooking up a hex machine code for theoperation desired, and the mode ofaddressing to be used, he merely writesthe mnemonic for the desired operation(remember, mnemonics are easilymemorized!), and uses a symbol for theaddressing mode desired. In the M6800assembler program, the symbol #

36 / ET/D - May 1980

indicates that the immediate mode isbeing used, which tells the MPU that thedata is in the second byte of theinstruction. If the symbol # is ommitted,the assembler reads the entireinstruction statement, and determinesthe mode of addressing! Isn't that atrememdous help?

It is impossible to cover assemblyprogramming in this article, but it ispossible to convey the ideas of what isbeing done, and why...and that is whatwe are trying to accomplish. At this pointwe will go on to look at BASIC, so thatthe reader may understand thesignificant differences between thesetwo different programming languages,and the way that they are used.

Some definitionsSince we are talking aboutprogramming, it may be helpful toemphasize a few basic definitions, eventhough some of them have beencovered earlier, and others may now befamiliar through use in this series.

An "operation" is an action performedby the computer in accordance withinstructions.

A "program instruction" is a group ofletters, symbols, or numbers, whichdirect the computer to perform anoperation. (The instruction may alsoinclude one or more addresses.)

A "computer program" is a group ofinstructions, written in a form thecomputer can use, in order toaccomplish a desired result.

An "addressing mode" means anaddressing method. There are usuallyseveral different addressing methodspossible in MPUs.

We can break "operations" down intoseveral main categories. Some commonoperations are listed below.

Input/Output. Transferringinformation from an input to anaccumulator, or from an accumulator toan output.

Transfer operations. Transferringinformation from an accumulator tomemory, or from memory to anaccumulator. Transferring informationbetween an accumulator and a register,or vice versa. "Pushing" into, or"popping" out of the stack. Movinginformation to the program counter,stack pointer, etc. There are othersbut these examples should suffice.

Increment/Decrement operations.These are used to increment a register,memory, or accumulator, or todecrement same.

There are also other miscellaneousoperations, such as "Enable interrupt,""Disable interrupt," "Stop"...etc. There

is even an operation for doing nothing!Sometimes we wish the MPU to skip tothe next operation, using up 2 cycles (aform of time delay)...so the instruction"No operation" (mnemonic NOP) exists,for just such use.

On to BASICWe said BASIC is a more efficient way tocommunicate with the MPU, and thefollowing example is a good way toillustrate this. We will assume that theprogram is being entered on a terminalkeyboard. Each statement has anumber preceding it (the reason for thenumber will be explained shortly). Whenthe program is completed, the commandRUN is typed. The computer then solvesthe problem, and types out the answer(in this case, the number 15), followedby the word DONE (signifying taskcompletion).

Here's the problem, as written by theprogrammer, and the result.

10 LET A= 420 LET B =530 LET C=640 PRINT A+ B+ C50 ENDRUN15DONENote that all the letters are capitals.

The form is very important, even thespacing between letter, numbers, andsymbols is according to form.

What the programmer did was to enterthe numbers 4, 5, and 6 as data. He thengave the algebraic formula for addingthe three numbers. (Each number wasassigned a letter. Thereafter only theletter was used, in place of the number.The letter was used exactly as it wouldbe in algebra.)

Remember, we said earlier thatBASIC is a computer language thatpermits stating a problem in shortEnglish statements, and mathematicalequations. Notice that we did not have touse machine coded hexadecimal andwe did not have to use addressingmodes...(by the time you have read thisfar you should have an appreciation ofthe superiority of BASIC in reducingtime, effort, and errors in programming!).

The end of this little program wasindicated by END. The comment RUNtold the computer to execute theprogram...but notice that RUN does nothave a number preceding it. (Morerules.) The computer runs the program,and outputs the answer desired, inaccordance with the PRINT commandpreceding the formula.

(This short sample program was givenonly for the purpose of demonstrating

the simplicity of BASIC, andencouraging the reader to continue thestudy of programming.)

Let us now look at a few of the simplerrules of BASIC programming...

The numbers at the start of each linein the program are spaced in "tens" inthe example we just examined. It isn'trequired to space exactly in tens, but tenis a convenient number to deal with. Wecould have spaced in 20s for example,or even 1s, but the latter is not desirable.The idea is to allow an adequate numberof spaces, which can be used later inorder to modify, or add to the program.Remember, a program usually haserrors in it, and may need considerabledebugging, which could beaccomplished by inserting statementsbetween those already existing.

The print commandAnother rule of BASIC...if a programmerwants the computer to print out part of aprogram exactly as written in theprogram, the word PRINT is typedahead of the material to be printed out,and the material to be reproduced isplaced within quotation marks. Forexample: If you wish to have a titledescribing the program to follow, youwould enter the following...

10 PRINT "THIS IS PROGRAMZEBRA"

After the END and RUN statements,the computer will print out,

THIS IS PROGRAM ZEBRAas its first output, without the quotationmarks.

To give an example of what quotationmarks mean to a BASIC program, let'sgo back to the program in which we hadthe computer print the results of adding"4 +5 +6 =15."

If we had wanted the computer toprint: "A +B +C =15" we would havemodified our program, in line 40 only toread:

40 PRINT "A +B +C ="; A +B +C

The computer, after having beencommanded to "run" the program,would have responded with:

A+B+C=15END

The semi colon in the abovestatement tells the computer to allow nospace between the characters betweenthe quotation marks and the numericalvalue.

There are many other procedures, afew of which follow...

The asterisk, is used instead of the xas a multiplication symbol, because x iscontinued on page 45

ET/D - May 1980 1 37

TESTII1STRUMERT

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In all there are 29 various range set-tings available. It is ideally suited for itsrole as a portable, general purposemeter for either consumer or industrialservice work. It's size and ruggednessmake it compatible for either bench orfield work and one of the accessories is aleather carrying case which is easily at-tached to the user's belt for greater ac-cessibility in the field.

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38 / ETID - May 1980

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ble fused protection network, an Off/Transit switch position, and offers 27ranges of ac/dc voltage, dc current, re-sistance dB and output voltage. Thetaut -band meter movement is varistorprotected. The basic price is $103. Op-tions include mirror scale, relay overloadprotection, and a roll-top case. Acces-sories include probes for temperature,low power ohms and high voltage.

Multi -Mode UniversalCounter -TimerCircle No. 132 on Reader Inquiry Card

Continental Specialities Corporationhas announced a new UniversalCounter -Timer, Model 5001, with an in-troductory suggested price of$360.00. The 5001 is versatile timeand frequency measuring instrument. Itperforms five functions: frequencycounting, period and multiple -period av-eraging, time interval and multiple timeinterval averaging, frequency ratio andunit counting.

As a frequency counter, the 5001 UCTprovides a selection of four gate times

-0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 seconds-andan eight -digit display for a selectable res-olution of 100 Hz, 10 Hz, 1 Hz or 0.1 Hz,respectively. In each range, the decimalpoint is automatically positioned for adirect readout in kiloHertz units.Theselected edge of the UCT's "A" input iscounted during the gate time, providingaccurate, non -redundant frequencymeasurement of digital pulses. Maxi-mum input frequency is 10 MHz.

In the period measurement mode, the5001 measures the time between suc-cessive selected edges at the "A" input.This measurement is taken over a rangeof 1, 10, 100, or 1000 cycles, and theaverage period -per -cycle within thesample is displayed. This results in aresolution of 100 nsec, 10 nsec, 1 nsec,or 100 psec, respectively, in the fourranges. Maximum input frequency is 5MHz.

Time interval measurements aretaken between the selected edge of thesignal at the "A" Input and the nextselected edge occuring at the "B" Input.This reading may be displayed directly

for a single cycle, or averaged over 10,100, or 1000 cycles; the resultant reso-lution is 100 nsec, 10 nsec, 1 nsec or 100psec, respectively. The minimummeasurable interval is 200 nanosec-onds.

The frequency ratio mode displays thenumber of cycles appearing at the "A"Input during 1, 10, 100 or 1000 cycles atthe "B" Input. This information is dis-played as a ratio of cycles of A per cycleof B, with respective resolutions of 1,0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 cycle -per -cycle.

The unit counter (or event counter)displays the total number of rising edgesappearing at the "A" Input, incrementingcontinually until manually reset.

Both "A" and "B" Inputs feature 1

MegOhm 20 pF input impedance, 25 mVRMS sensitivity, and BNC connectors.Each has a 3 -position attenuator (x1,x10 and x100), a positive, negative -goingslope selector and a ± Volt DC Offsetcontrol. Maximum frequency at the "A"Input is specified as 10MHz; the "B"Input as 2MHz.

Test Lead PackageCircle No. 133 on Reader Inquiry Card

Herman H. Smith, Inc. is now producinga universal modular "Safety Test Lead"package. The 9300 Series has an insu-lation piercing tip with a threaded base toaccept a screw -on alligator clip; the9700 Series has a 3/8 inch nose to acceptany of several input adapters. The testleads are rated at 1000v.

Sweep/FunctionGeneratorCircle No. 134 on Reader Inquiry Card

The Model 501 Function Generator byExact Electronics is a sine, square andtriangle wave generator with variablesymmetry, dc offset, internal ramp, gateand trigger, and start/stop frequencycontrols. It has a 30v p -p maximum out-put with 60dB of attenuation in 10dBsteps plus 20dB of variable attenuation.It also offers external VCF input, maingenerator sync output and rampgenerator sync output. The price is$595.

40 / ETID - May 1980

Satellite AntennaCircle No. 135 on Reader Inquiry Card

A new eleven foot diameter parabolicantenna for satellite TV reception is nowavailable from Antenna Developmentand Manufacturing, Inc. Also availableare a polar mount and a rotable feed.The basic dish cost is $2100. The polarmount is $490 and the rotable feed is$175. Equipment is shipped knockeddown and is reportedly easily assem-bled.

Audio Circuit BreakersCircle No. 136 on Reader Inquiry Card

AIRPAX has recently introduced aseries of magnetic circuit breakers de -

LEADERInstruments Corp.

20 MHz, TRIGGERED Single trace; automatic trigger forhighly stable, bright display. 17.5nSec rise time. 10mV/cm to20V/cm Vertical Sensitivity; 11steps.

signed to protect audio power amplifiersagainst overload while discriminatingbetween overloads and legitimatepower peaks. Breakers are available incurrent ratings of from 2.5 to 15 amps, assingle or dual pole units and withmedium or long delay.

Tool KitCircle No. 137 on Reader Inquiry Card

A new tool case of molded polyethylenehas recently been introduced byTechni-Tool. Dynasty Tool Kit No. 9600includes two removable pallets con-taining 120 tools in a reinforced casewith full length piano hinge, anodized

aluminum valence, self -closing draw -bolts, and a padded steel core handle.The silver colored polyethylene repor-tedly can't chip or fade and will not showscrapes and bumps.

Locking Long -Nose PliersCircle No. 138 on Reader Inquiry Card

Now you can buy a locking long -nose.Petersen Manufacturing has just intro-duced Model 6LN, a 6-1/4 inch longVise -Grip '," with long thin jaws and awire cutter. With a standard Vise -Gripwarranty it reportedly costs the same asstandard long -nose pliers. ETD

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ETID - June 1980 141

DEALER'SSHOWCASE

Omni -Sound SpeakerCircle No. 140 on Reader Inquiry Card

The Omni -Sound Home and Auto MiniSpeaker System from Audiotex divisionof GC Electronics is compact in design(just 7-1/2 inches high), but is rated at 25watts rms, with a 2 inch diameter, wide -dispersion tweeter,and 4 inch woofer. Ahigh -temperature voice coil in the twee-ter and woofer dissipates heat, allowingthe drivers to handle high levels of

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ZENITH & RCA MODULES0 9-92 S 5.95 0 1 36691 511.760 9-103-04 $ 5.95 0 1 38 6 97 $14.400 9.121-01 $ 7.96 0 1 3 95 4 6 $18.920 9-147 $ 8.95 0 139685 5 6.480150-190 $12.95 0 1 411 5 4 $22.400132581 S 6.20 0 145260 516.36 133455 5 6.20 0 1 45262 $20.320 133563 $ 6.00 0 Rep.ECG500A 59.95O DIAMOND NEEDLES, Min. 10 ea. $ .790 ZENITH 142 166,8 0 ZENITH 142 1670 PANASONIC EPS 25 ( EPC42)

GENERAL 2./2 Amp 1000 PIV........100 for $6.00O CB Lighting Arrester, min. 100 . ea $ .490 Y88 Yokes eaO DY99AC Color Yoke $3.950 Y107 Yoke $3.950 G.E. Color 76X10 0 76X11 $3.950 Blue Lateral Magnet . $ .89

Quantity Prices Available.Letters of credit and all checks placed on depositwith Manufacturers Hanover Trust Bank, N.Y.C.VISA /Bank Amerlcard & Master Charge accepted.Min. order $75 FOB Brooklyn, N.Y. Catalogue$3, refundable upon order.

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power. Frequency response is rated at55-20,000 Hz.

The Omni -Sound includes a "multi-use" mounting bracket for positioningthe speaker in virtually any direction.This mini speaker is intended for use inautos, vans, trucks, campers, and boats,as well as in homes, apartments andcondominiums, or A -V and P A installa-tions where a small music speaker sys-tem is desirable. It's also useful as asecond speaker pair.

The speaker is housed in a black diecast aluminum cabinet and featuresconvenient pushbutton terminals forquick and easy connection.

Suggested retail price of the Omni -Sound Speaker is $99.95 per pair.

Closed Circuit TV SystemCircle No. 141 on Reader Inquiry Card

A new series of CCTV equipment andaccessories has recently been intro-duced by Columbia Video Systems.These all American made units are forgeneral security monitoring and sur-veillance for schools, industry, home,and any business operation. TheVICOM 100 system can be expanded toadd as many cameras and monitors asnecessary. Basic system consists ofCTC-3000 camera, wall mount, lens,16mm @ F1.9, MV -10A high perfor-mance 10" monitor, and 50' coax cablewith connectors. Dealer net price,$489.00. Same system but with 2 wayintercom for total audio-visual com-munication is $549.00 net.

Videocassette Auto ChangerCircle No. 142 on Reader Inquiry Card

Sony Consumer Products Company in-troduced an automatic videocassettetape changer that permits continuousrecording and playback of up to threecassettes on Sony Betamax ModelsLV-1901/D,SL-7200/A,SL-8200 andSL -8600. The Sony Videocassette AutoChanger Model AG -200, is an easily in-stalled accessory which offers a maxi-mum recording capacity of 4.5 hours(Beta -I Mode) or 9 hours (Beta -II Mode)using three L-750 tapes. Manual opera-

tion (record, playback, stop, etc.) is alsopossible with the changer installed onthe recorder. This auto changer is statedto provide earlier Betatax owners withthe opportunity to upgrade their systemsto match the longer recording timesbeing offered with the newer models. Achanger designed for Sony BetamaxModels SL -5400 and SL -5600 will re-portedly be introduced by the end of1980. The Sony Videocassette AutoChanger Model AG -200 is currentlyavailable for a suggested retail price of$125.

Power Factor CorrectorCircle No. 143 on Reader Inquiry Card

Electronic Relays Inc. has introduced apower factor controller, which is statedto cut power consumption of inductionmotors by from 10 to 60%. Built formotors of 1/2 horsepower or less it is re-portedly effective on washers, re-frigerators, furnaces, fans, power tools,etc. The unit senses the power requiredand automatically corrects the powerfactor. The cost is under $30.

P.A. Amplifier LineCircle No. 144 on Reader Inquiry Card

A new line of all -solid-state public ad-dress amplifiers is being manufacturedby Newcomb Audio Products Co.Bearing the "Pathfinder" brand name,the equipment is designed to meet therequirements of commercial sound in-stallers. There are six models in the lineranging in power from 25 to 100 watts.One of the two 100 -watt booster amplifi-ers is especially suited to telephone lineuse. Most of the p.a. amplifiers havesuch features as mike -precedencemusic muting, a separate and indepen-dent response control for each mikechannel, bridging jacks for joining twoamplifiers together to sum the inputs andoutputs so that all inputs feed both out-puts with an independent master control

Circle No. 117 on Reader Inquiry Card42 / ET1D - May 1980

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for each output. On most, a circuitbreak-in feature is provided for connec-tion of external frequency controlequipment or a reverb unit. In most of thePathfinder p.a. amplifiers, inputs give achoice of low or high impedance mikeswithout the need of transformers. How-ever, there are special sockets forplug-in transformers for each mikewhere balanced line low impedance isnecessary. There's an output -to- tapejack and an output -to -booster jack un-affected by the p.a. amplifier's volumecontrol. There are wall mountings for allmodels as well as conventional rackmountings. A stacking module permitsventilation and deflects heat when a pairof amplifiers is used for stereo, or inter-connected, or when a booster amp isadded to a p.a. amp. The Pathfinder lineincludes two column loudspeakers anda four -speed phono top. All units areU.L. approved.

Mini Indoor AntennaCircle No. 145 on Reader Inquiry Card

Winegard Company has introduced anew mini -sized VHF -UHF -FM antennadesigned to replace and outperform "tvrabbit ears" in apartments and homeswhere an outdoor antenna is not feasi-ble. The AT -5001 mounts overhead on agold color floor -to -ceiling pole whichadjusts from 7 feet 6 inches to 8 feet 3inches. It receives television channels

2-69 plus FM and is recommended forcity and suburban locations. The pack-age includes antenna, wire, VHF -UHF -FM band separator and two planthanger hooks and can be installed with asmall screwdriver. Suggested retail is$44.75.

Auto -Stereo SpeakersCircle No. 146 on Reader Inquiry Card

Electronic Industries, Inc., has an-nounced its new domestically producedModel 94Z auto sound speaker system.This new model boasts a power rating of125 watts RMS each and reportedly hasa frequency response of 25 Hz to be-yond 40kHz. This speaker is stated to

represent the first 6 x 9 3 -way config-uration capable of handling the powerproduced by today's more sophisticatedamplifiers. Some of the features found inthis new speaker are: reflective radiatorarray, 40 oz magnet, piezo electric mid-range and acoustic lens tweeter, bi-ampor conventional hook up capability and a10 year warranty.

Phone Tap DetectorCircle No. 147 on Reader Inquiry Card

Phone -Guard, a device which indicatesthat someone is listening to your phoneconversation, has been developed byCose Technology Corporation. Un-screw the mouthpiece of your telephoneand replace it with Phone -Guard. If youphone is taped or an evesdropper is lis-tening on another extension, Phone -Guard will, according to the manufac-turer, indicate an open line. The retailprice is $49.95.

Vehicle AlarmCircle No. 148 on Reader Inquiry Card

Page Alert Systems has introduced itsnew Theft Alert 500A. A small transmit-ter installed in the vehicle and transmit-ting via the existing auto antenna alerts apocket pager which "beeps" a warningof vehicle tampering. The system rangeis reportedly over one mile depending

upon terrain, etc. The retail price is about$100. A higher power Page Alert 4000reportedly has a range of over eightmiles.

AUDIO EQUIPMENTcontinued from page 33

cost by nearly ten to one. Veryadequate service upon compacts andmid-fi equipment could probably bedone with the Sencor SG -165 ($795)or a few separate instruments totalingno more than $1000 in cost.Authorized warranty work for most ofthe audiophile brands could requireequipment costing up to five or sixtimes this much (in both instancesexcluding such usual instruments asDMM's, scopes, etc.

DIGITAL EQUIPMENTcontinued from page 28

and all that TTL logic would simplyevaporate... vaporized in a silicon cloud!The solution is to supply an overvoltageprotector... or SCR Crowbar as it issometimes called. In my power supply ofFig. 7 the OVP was in the form of aLambda Electronics module, anL35 -0V5. This device will carry 35amperes and is designed to protect +5volt supplies (other models areavailable). The typical circuit, however,is made from discrete components, as inFig. 13. Diode D2 is a high current SCR,and is connected across the powersupply output; i.e. it is between +5 voltsand ground. The gate is controlled byZener diode D1. If the voltage on theoutput line exceeds +5.6 volts, then theZener breaks over, and turns on the gateof the SCR. This, in turn, causes theSCR to conduct a high current, blowingthe fuse. In some circuits the fuse is priorto the regulator, or they depend upon theprimary transformer fuse. In still othercases, the SCR merely absorbs the totalcurrent of the supply until help comes.

Whenever the fuse is found to beblown, special troubleshooting is inorder. Remember the old adage: "A fusedoesn't cause trouble, it indicatestrouble." Disconnect the power supply

from its load before replacing the fuse.This will protect the computer while youtroubleshoot the power supply. If thesupply must see a load in order to work,then use a high power resistor. I usethree 1 -ohm, 100 watt resistors inparallel for this purpose. It will draw 15amperes (i.e. 5 V/0.33 ohms) from thesupply, and the 100 -watt size willdissipate the power. Even much higherrated supplies will usually operateproperly at a load current of 15 amperes.

MICROPROCESSORScontinued from page 37

commonly used to denote amathematical variable.

When the answer to a problem hasmore digits (numbers) in it than thecomputer can print out, the answer ifgiven in "scientific notation" (powers often). Thus 180 micromicrofarads, whichis 0.000,000,000,180 in decimalnotation would become 18 x 10-11 inscientific notation...but we just said thatthe computer does not use the x formultiplication, so instead, the print outwould read 18E-11 which is read as"eighteen times ten to the eleventhpower." (The E indicates we are dealingwith an exponent of ten.)

It should be apparent by now that

using BASIC does not requireknowledge of the different MPUsinstruction sets. It does require aknowledge of the rules for using BASIC,which do not change. (It is true thatthere are some variants, other types ofBASIC, but they bear other names. Ifyou are using plain old BASIC, you haveprogramming by the tail, if the MPU youare working with has a BASICinterpreter.) Programming with BASIC isalmost as simple as using one of theadvanced pocket calculators, exceptthat instead of pushing certain buttonswith labels on them, in accordance withinstructions, we typed the labels inaccordance with instructions...but wehave more combinations in BASIC, andmore flexibility in their use.

SummaryIn this article we looked at the essentialsteps in programming, includingflowcharting. Addressing modes,instruction sets, and their application inprogramming was covered. Handassembling, and the use of anassembler was discussed. Some of thedifferent operations were defined. Theadvantages of using BASIC weredemonstrated, and BASIC itself wasexplained, and compared with machinecode and assembly language. ETD

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ORDER ETID's MODERN SERVICESHOP MANAGEMENT MANUAL TODAY!

ETID - May 1980 / 45

CLASSIFIEDRATES: 50 cents per word (minimum charge, $15).Bold face word or words in all capital letterscharged at 65 cents per word. Boxed or display adscharged at $60 per column inch (one inch minimum). Agency commissions will be given only whencamera-ready art is provided by agency. For adsusing blind box number, add $5 to total cost of ad.Send ad copy with payment to Dawn Anderson,ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER, 1 East FirstStreet, Duluth, MN 55802.

BOX NUMBER REPLIES: Mail box number repliesto: ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER, Clas-sified Ad Department, One East First Street, Duluth,MN 55802. Please include box number in address.

FOR SALE

TV analyzer, Sencore VA 48; CB analyzer,Sencore CB42; Hickok 388 CB tester; 5"triggered scope; total cost new $2800. all for$1964. 5304 W. 144th St., Lawndale, CA90260 (213) 679-5900. 5/80

PICTURE TUBE MACHINEWe buy and sell NEW AND USED CRT re-building machinery. COMPLETE TRAINING.Buy with CONFIDENCE from the ORIGINALMFGR. For complete details, send name, ad-dress and zip code to:

LAKESIDE INDUSTRIES

4069-71 N. Elstone Ave , Chicago, IL 60618Phone 312-583-6565

ANALOG MM SWAP DIGITAL MM Send meyour old, beat up, used Analog Multimeterand a check for $180.00 and I will send you anew 31/2 Digital DMM 3020 Digital Multimeterthe same day. Kontron Electronic, Inc., 700So. Claremont St., San Mateo CA 94402,Jack Frye, (415) 348-7291 11/80

SATELITE TVFOR THE HOME

Our receiver lets you get over 75channels of television directly from

the satellites! HBO, Showtime, superstations, sports and movies from

around the world. Works Anywhere -FCC licensing no longer required.

3 WAYS TO GO Buy complete - our 24 -channeltunable receiver. LNA and feed,only$1,600.

Assemble - our kit, all parts in-cluded, 2 -day project.

Construct - from our new step-by-step plans - SAVE!

Complete details covered in our HomeEarth Station manual. Send $7.95 today(refundable against any purchase), or callour 24 -hr. C.O.D. Hotline: (305) 869.4283.

SPACECOAST RESEARCHP. D. Box 442, Dept. 1, Altamonte Springs, FL 32701

ELECTRONIC BARGAINS, CLOSEOUTS,SURPLUS! Parts, equipment, stereo, indus-trial, educational. Amazing values! Fascinating items unavailable in stores or catalogsanywhere. Unusual FREE catalog. ETCO-013, box 762, Plattsburgh, NY 12901. TF

TV TECHNICIAN AND DEALERS, "IN-CREASE YOUR INCOME THOUSANDS OFDOLLARS YEARLY," "RENT -LEASE -SELLTV'S WITH A GUARANTEED SYSTEM,"SEND STAMP FOR FREE DETAILS, BASICPLAN, DELUXE VERSION $25.00, MASTERPLAN $40.00...PERRY'S RENTAL SYS-TEM, 133 BRENDA STREET, MILTON,FLORIDA 32570 904-994-8251 TF

WHO'S FIRST? Make tests, contests, quizbowls sparkle. Tell who pushes button first ...any number buttons. Ingenious, low-cost,two -wire circuit. No relays, ICs, PCs or spe-cial parts. Build public relations loan rental,sales, to teachers, ministers, coaches, clubleaders, party givers, sales motivators, etc.Illustrated plans $5.00 postpaid. WayneLemons Elec. Servicing, Route 2, Box 325,Buffalo, MO 65622. 6/80

CB Modification Manual The BootleggersBible Now with 77 different PLL chips ex-plained $12.95, CB Radio Repair Manual$10.95, 20, 60, 140, and 300 watt LinearAmplifier Plans all for $8.00. A.P. Systems,Dept. ETD, Box 488, Milford, PA 18337.MC/VISA. 717/686/5900. TF

LEARN DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & COM-PUTER PROGRAMMING THE EASY WAYusing video tapes or audio cassettes withsummary sheets included. Available fromInternational Video Technology, P. 0. Box7172, Shreveport, Louisiana 71107. 5/80

Build your own speaker system. Write for freecatalogue. MCGEE RADIO, 1901 McGee St.,Kansas City, MO 64108.

send a message......write here.

1. Number of insertions: (circle) 1 2 3 6 122. Start with (month) issue (Copy must be in by 1st of month preceding)3. Amount enclosed: $

PAYMENT MUST ACCOMPANY ORDER. WE'LL BILL RATED FIRMS

NAME COMPANY

STREET

CITY STATE ZIP

MAIL AD COPY TO: DAWN ANDERSON, ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER, 1 EAST FIRSTSTREET, DULUTH, MN. 55802.RATES: 50 cents per word (minimum charge, $15). Bold face words or words in all capital letters charged at65 cents per word. Boxed or display ads charged at $60 per column inch (one inch minimum). For ads using

I blind box number, add $5 to total cost of ad.

46 / ETID - May 1980

TUNER SUBBER-DEALERS ONLY for VHFW/AGC control, pilot light, knobs, batteryclips, sold less cabinet and less batteries(takes 2 9 -volt batteries). Price is $12.95each. David Sims Enterprises, Inc., 665 Jer-richo Turnpike, Huntington Station, NY11746. 516-549-3925, 800-645-5030. 6/80

REPLACEMENT COLOR YOKES -DEAL-ERS ONLY. Zenith 95-2501-2532-2638-2667-S89633 etc. $19.95. Magnavox361380-1 $21.95 etc. Sylvania, G.E. etc.$17.95 to $22.95. Request for price list onyour letterhead. David Sims Enterprises, Inc.,665 Jerricho Turnpike, Huntington Station,N.Y. 11746. 516-549-3925 800-645-5030

Closed Business-Sencore VA -48 TVanalyzer, CR-31A CRT Tester, CB -42 CBtest set, Philips Dual -Trace scope, Philips PM6664 520 MHZ counter, HP -8654A 10-520MHZ AM/FM signal generator, Lampkin 205cdeviation meter, TV Tube caddy. Call Bob,(303) 366-2380. 5/80

The Original FCC Tests Answers exam manualthat prepares yo at home for FCC Fnst andSecond class Radiotelephone licenses. Newlyrevised multiple choice exams cover all areastested on the actual FCC em Plus 'SelfStudy Ability Test " Proven'xa 59 95 postpaidMoneyhack Guarantee

o5yf SS

COITMUMD PIKODUCTICOS 111P.O. Box 26348 w w

Radio Division 1. Sari Francisco, CA 94126

PICTURE TUBE REBUILDING EQUIP-MENT capable of producing four high qualitytubes per day (WILL TRAIN TO OPERATE)$3600. Call or write Atoll Television, 6425Irving Park, Chicago, Illinois 60634, ph. 312-545-6667. 5/80

SONY -PANASONIC -RCA -ZENITH -EXACTREPLACEMENT PARTS-LARGE INVEN-TORIES-SEND PART OR MODEL NUM-BERS-WILL UPS COD-GREEN TELERADIO DISTRIBUTORS, 172 SUNRISEHIGHWAY, ROCKVILLE CENTRE, N.Y.11570

Automobile radio and tape replacementparts: Delco, Chrysler, Philco-Ford,Motorola, Panasonic and many others. Largeinventory. Laran Electronics Inc. 3768 Bos-ton Road, Bronx, NY 10469 (212) 881-9600out of New York state (800) 223-8314. TF

COPY Television Satellites! Parabolic screenmesh dish kits. Pre-cut ready to assemble. 8,12 and 16 foot sizes available. Reasonableprices. Send SASE for details. MARBLEELECTRONICS, 32 Sea Street North, Wey-mouth, MA 02191. 6/80

Satellite Television -Movies, Sports, etc. Buildor buy your own Earth Station. Article givesalot of hard -to -find, necessary information.Send $3.00 for article to: Satellite Television,R.D.3, Box 140, Oxnard, NY 13830. TF

TUBES-Receiving, Industrial and Semi-conductors, factory boxed. Free price list.Low, low prices. TRANSLETERONIC INC.1365 -39th Street, Brooklyn, N.Y. 11218E800-221-5802, 212-633-2800.

Sams Photofacts. Numbers 272 thru 1549-$1500 00. Also, other service notes, testequipment, parts & tubes in original packag-ing. Call for price and information 212-889-1040.

Picture Tube Rebuilding Equipment. Produce48 Quality Color, B/W Tubes Per Week. SellTo Distributors, TV Shops And Retail. Ev-erything Needed For A Profitable Business.$7500.00. John Culver, 30E Dory Drive,Mystic Islands, N.J. 08087. 6/80

ELECTRONIC REPAIR SERVICELet us be your complete electronic repair specialist.We will repair your tape recorders receivers andtelephone answering machines for $20.00 plus

parts. Free estimates. Warranty station formany companies also. 412-561-6114

ONCUE ELECTRONICS1761 West Liberty Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA. 15226

ALARM systems! Burglar, fire, car. Finestequipment! Save! Catalog, decal: 500, re-fundable! AAS, 186F Oxmoor Road, Bir-mingham, AL 35209. 6/80

TV AND RADIO TUBES 49¢ EA!! Send forfree color parts catalog. Your order free if notshipped in 24 hours. Cornell Electronics4215-17 University San Diego California92105 TF

SUPREME Diagram Manuals, Radio -Television, useful 14 volumes, regular$55.50, special only $25.00. Beitman, 1760Balsam, Highland Park, IL 60035.

PRINTED Circuit Boards: Your artwork, quickdelivery, reasonable. Quantity discounts.ATLAS CIRCUITS, Box 974, Waynesville,NC 28786 (704) 456-3739. 6/80

SCRAMBLED -TV WHAT IT IS -HOW ITWORKS. New publication explains how thetwo encoding/decoding systems used todaywork. Theory, circuits, etc. Send $9.95 to:Workshop, Box 393E7, Bethpage NY 11714.

WANTED

TUNER SERVICE serving over 400 dealersin the Chicago area wants additional lines.Write or call: Economy Tuner Service., 4901N. Elston, Chicago, IL 60630. Phone 312-282-3939. 4/80

Wanted for Cash: 53, 7N7, 7F7, 6L6 metal,6AF6, 6HU8, 304TL, all transmitting, specialpurpose and Eimac tubes, etc. DCO Inc., 10Schuyler Avenue, North Arlington, N.J.07032, Toll Free (800) 526-1270. 7/80

WANTED: PICTURE TUBE REBUILDINGEQUIPMENT working or not. Write or callAtoll Television, 6425 Irving Park, Chicago,Illinois 60634. Phone 312-545-6667. 5/80

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

EXTRA INCOME! NO SELLING! DistributeVIDEO GAMES ad cards from your shop oron service calls and earn easy commissions!Write: VIDEO, Box 27348, Dept. ET1, Mpls.,MN 55427. 5/80

FLORIDA SUNSHINE -TV REPAIR SHOP.Well established and equipped. Provable net.No SONY or warranty. Owner retiring -Pricedto sell. Call or write E. R. Houston, UBI, 3981University Blvd. S., Jacksonville, FL 32216.(904) 731-1750. 5/80

Fantastic opportunity in "God's Country."Thriving TV Sales and Service business inbeautiful Fort Collins, Colorado. Largest ser-vice operation in northern Colorado.$205,000 annual gross. Start tomorrow foronly $130,000 (includes $88,000 in fixed as-sets. Will consider exchange for Colorado orArizona property. Write or call Bob Dunn atWheeler Realty Company, 530 South Col-lege, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524; (303)484-6720.

CHICAGO-TV SERVICE SHOP estab-lished 6 years. Grossing over $50,000.Owner moving. Must sell. $7,400. -Atoll Tele-vision, 6425 Irving Park, Chicago, IL 60634.Ph 312-545-6667. 5/80

Miami, Fla., Drive-in TV -Auto radio business.20 years same location. Service gross$70,000. Lots of business. Partnership con-sidered. $20,000 total. Contact D. Green-wood, 7451 S.W. 8th St., Miami, Fla. Tel.1-305-261-5223. 6/80

ARIZONA. Television sales/service for saleby non -technician owner. Good technician,salesman on payroll. Grosses $100,000 plus.Number one shop in resort community. Makeoffer. Write Box 1075, Wickenburg, Arizona,85358. 5/80

MECHANICALLY INCLINED INDIVIDUALSAssemble electronic devices in your home.Knowledge or experience not necessary. Getstarted in spare time. Above average profits.$300-$600/wk. possible. Sales handled byothers. No investment -Write for free details.ELECTRONIC DEVELOPMENT LAB, Box1560B, Pinellas Park, FL 33565. TF

NEW JERSEY. T.V. Sales and Service.Business and Building. Located in primecommercial location. Established 7 years.Terms available. Pete Hayes, 280 KingstonRoad, Parsippany New Jersey. 201-386-9794 5/80

DREAM COME TRUE! Turn -key establishedTelevision service. Comfortable income.Friendly customers. Pleasant surroundings.Enjoyable living. Available after June 1st.Owner moving to Caribbean island this fall.Bolton's, Box 1221, Shawnee, OK 74801.Phone: day, (405) 273-1900; evening (405)273-8270. No Friday evening or Saturdaycalls, please. 5/80

HELP WANTED

ELECTRONICS/AVIONICS EMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIES. Report on jobs now open.Details FREE. Aviation Employment Informa-tion Service, Box 240Y, Northport, New York11768

Perform adeath -defying

act.Stop smoking.

Give Heart Fund t'American Heart Association\

ETID - May 1980 147

THANKS FORHELPING TO KEEP

UNITED WAYIN BUSINESS.

Every year, United Waysuccessfully continues tosupport local human serviceagencies in communities allacross the United States.

A lot of the credit for thissuccess goes to the dedicatedefforts of people in business -totop corporate leaders whovolunteer their organizationalskills and financial expertise,to middle -management peoplewho work lunch -hours andevenings to help organize localcampaigns and collect money,to the newest mailroom clerkwho swallows his shyness andasks his fellow workers fora last-minute contribution.

And by operating like anyother modern, well -run businessenterprise, United Waysucceeds in delivering themaximum in human servicesfor the dollars thatare collected.

Thanks againfor your help.

Thanks to you, Itworks. For all of us. United Way

r21, A Public Service of This Magazine & The Advertising Council

AD IADEXCircle No. Page No.

106 B & K Precision/Dynascan Corp. ..5

107 Beckman Instruments 13

108 Cooper Group, The 15

109 Electronic Book Club 43

110 Enterprise Development Corp.

111 Fluke Mfg., John

....287

Fordham Radio Supply

103 Fuji-Svea Enterprises

General Electric Co./TV Div.

General Electric Co./Tube Div.

113 Hitachi Denshi America Ltd.

114 Hykon Mfg. Co.

115 MCM Audio Inc.

116 Mallory Dist. Prod. Co. 11

117 Optima Electronics 42

102 PTS Electronics Inc. Coy 2, 1

118 Radiometer Electronics 44

119 RCA Corp./QT Parts Div. 8-9

121 Howard W. Sams & Co. 39

120 Sperry Tech Inc. 28

104 Triplett Corp. (for info) Coy 4

105 Triplett Corp. (for demo) Coy 4

41

Coy 3

10

29

21

4

3

TEST IASTR. RAT.Circle No. Page No.

150 Weston Instruments 38

!NW PRODUCTSCircle No. Page No

130 Spirig 40

131 Simpson Electric Co. 40

132 Continental Specialities 40

133 Herman H. Smith Inc. 40

134 Exact Electronics Inc. 40

135 Antenna Dev. & Mfg. Co. 41

136 Airpax Inc. 41

137 Techni-Tool Inc. 41

138 Peterson Mfg. 41

FEATURES AUDIO BENCHCircle No. Page No.

201-203 Amber Electro Design 30

204 B & K Precision 30

205-209 BPI 30

210-213 Eico Electronic Instr. 30

214 Fidelipac 30

215 Fidelity Sound Inc. 30

216-220 Heath Co. 30

221-223 Hewlett-Packard Co. 30

224 Hickok Electrical Instr. 30

225-228 Kikusui 30

229-231 Krohn -Hite Corp. 30

232 Hewlitt-Packard Co. 30

233-239 Leader Instr. Corp. 30

240-243 Marconi Instr. 30

244-249 Meguro Electronics Inc. 30

250-252 3-M Co. 30

253-255 Radiometer Electronics 30

256-260 Sound Technology Inc. 30

261-262 Sencore Inc. 30

263 Tektronix 30

264 Viz Mfg. Co. 30

DEALER'S SHOWCASECircle No. Page No.

140 GC Electronics 42

141 Columbia Video Systems 42

142 Sony Consumer Prod. Co. 42

143 Electronic Relays Inc. 42

144 Newcomb Audio Prod. Co. 42

145 Winegard 44

146 Electronic Industries Co. 44

147 Cose Technology Corp. 44

148 Page Alert Systems 44

This index is furnished for the readers' convenience.However, the publisher can not guarantee its accuracydue to circumstances beyond our control.

YOU

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Built to fit your hand and budget, the newModel 3400 (shown actual size) is loaded withfeatures. Like a color coded single rangeswitch for one -hand selection of all functions... overload protection for all ranges and 200hour minimum battery life ... time -savingautomatics including auto -zeroing, auto-

polarity, auto low -battery and auto-overrangeindication . . . easy to read .5"LCD readout.Six functions and 24 ranges, typical DCaccuracy .5% Rdg, including High and LowPower Ohms for sensitive IC testing, makesthe Model 3400 ideal for design, productionand maintenance testing, vocational techtraining schools, commercial electronicequipment test and measurement use.1. HAND SIZE, 31/2 digit, single range switch

-6 function, 24 ranges with Hi and LowPower Ohms, Auto -zero and Auto -polarity.

2. OVERLOAD PROTECTION-Protected upto 600 volts on all ranges with special2 fuse arrangement.

3. BATTERY LIFE -200 hour minimum with9V battery, display includes low batteryindication.

ONLY $140Includes test leads, new screw -on insulatedalligator clips for the probe, 9V alkalinebattery, plus instruction book and 1 yearwarranty.For a demonstration, contact your Triplettdistributor, Mod Center or representative.Triplett Corporation, Bluffton, Ohio 45817(419) 358-5015, TWX (810) 490-2400.

lett performance... a tough act to follow...Circle No. 104 for information

...Circle No. 105 for FREE demonstration

TETRIPLETT

ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER LEADING THE CONSUMER …€¦ · annual report states. And due to the...

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Transcript of ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN/DEALER LEADING THE CONSUMER …€¦ · annual report states. And due to the...