Electron Beam Irradiation of Nylon 66 Characterization by ...
Electron Beam Irradiation Applications Sunil...
Transcript of Electron Beam Irradiation Applications Sunil...
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Electron Beam Irradiation Applications Sunil Sabharwal International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA Atoms for Peace
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Greetings from the IAEA!
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Outline of the presentation • Fundamental aspects of radiation processing
using electron beam accelerators • Established applications of electron beam
accelerators • Emerging applications and the challenges
before electron beam technologists for such applications
• Role of IAEA in enhancing applications of electron beam accelerators 3
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Greenhouse Effect
High Energy Consumption !
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Toxic residues!!
Issues related to conventional techniques
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Expectations from new technologies
• Energy Saving • Must provide superior products • Environment friendly • Cost effective • Public acceptance
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Thermal energy is very strongly coupled to Translational, Rotational and Vibrational modes of the energy absorber. Ionization, bond rupture and other processes leading to chemical reactions occur P. E. only in the high energy region of the Maxwellian tail. Ionizing radiation is almost entirely absorbed by the electronic structure of absorberwhich increases the energy level of its orbital electrons. Effective, Efficient generator of reactive Species.
How is Radiation Different from Thermal energy ?
Energy in the form of large quanta can have more pronounced chemical effects than energy in the form of small quanta
Ionizing Radiation
Internuclear distance
Thermal energy
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Effects of radiation on a covalent bond
Ionizing Radiation
AB+ + e-
AB*
Recombination
Dissociation
Solvated ions
A� + B � Radicals
A-B
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Production rate (kw-hr) = 3.74x10-4G.M.f kg where f is efficiency of radiation absorption • G-value (yield) of reaction should be very high • M - (mol. wt. of product) should be high • Small change produced should have very large effect on the properties • Value addition to the product is very high
WWhat kind of reactions are amiable with radiation (EB) processing?
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The real dot -com
Free radical, R.
Mutli- billion dollar industry providing unique high technology products !!
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Applications of Radiation Technology • Crosslinking of polymers
•Curing of polymer coatings
•Graft polymerization
•Flue gas treatment
•Waste water treatment
•Sterilization of medical products
•Food irradiation
•Sewage Sludge Hygienization
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Radiation Chemistry based applications
Radiation Biology based applications
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Electron Accelerators: Tools for radiation processing
Electron Accelerator (EB): Energy: low (300-700keV), medium (2-3MeV) high (5-10MeV) Power: Medium (20-100kW) High (0.5-1MW) Electron mode X-ray mode (>2000 worldwide)
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Penetration Depth of ��-ray and e-beam
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Applications of Medium Energy Accelerators
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Standard Plastics
Engineering Plastics
High
Performance Plastics Performance Price
Volume 14
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AMORPHOUS CRYSTALLINE
UPGRADATION THROUGH RADIATION CROSSLINKING
STANDARD PLASTIC HDT<100 o
ENGINEERING PLASTIC HDT>100 o
HIGH PERFORMANCE PLASTIC HDT>100 o
PE
PES
PEK FP LCP PPS
COC PSUPC PPO PMMA ABS
BLENDPA4,6PBT PET PP-GR
PP SAN PVC
PP PE
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Benefits of crosslinking
• Increased tensile strength • Increased form stability • Resistance to deformation • Resistance to solvents • Shrink memory • Viscosity or melt flow behavior change
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Benefits of Electron Beam crosslinking
• Can be carried out at any temperature and in any phase
• No toxic additives are required • Crystallinity of the material is retained as
crosslinking occurs only in the amorphous phase
• Only one parameter viz. Radiation dose to be controlled in the process
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Comparison of Energy Input of Thermal and Radiation Vulcanization of Rubbers
Rubber Vulcanization at 80 kGy = 80 J/g Thermochemical vulcanization of rubber at 150 C to achieve the same crosslinking = 281 J/g Radiation vulcanization is 3-6 times more energy efficient! Ref: V.S.Ivanov, Radiation Chemistry of Polymers, Utrecht (1992)
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Radiation Crosslinking
Improvement by crosslinking Heat stability High strength Processability insoluble
Film, Powder Solution
Polymer chains Electron beam
Crosslinking
Radicals
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Courtesy: Dr Bumsoo Han, EB Tech
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Value addition to materials using electron beams
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Unique advantage of electron beam (selective crosslinking)
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EB crosslinked HDPE
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Heating for expansion
Re-heating for shrink
(a) (b)
PE&PP
Irradiation
Shrinkable Tubes
Fix after expansion
Poly(lactic acid)
Expanded after irra.
Bundled wire Original size
Expanded size
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Courtesy: Dr M.Tamada, JAEA
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Electron Beam Crosslinked Heat-Shrink Products
Packaging Tubing Sheets
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• Wire and Cable
• Foam
• Shrinkable Tube
• Tire
• Polyswitch
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Car Parts Produced by Radiation Crosslinking Technology
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Applications of Low Energy Accelerators
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EB irradiationLiquid polymer layer Bar Coater
Substrate
Final Cured Surface
(Abrasion, scratch resistance, hardness, glossy coatings)
Electron Beam Curing for Surface Modification
Packaging Sheets Coating on metal, wood, glass..
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Energy Demand to Dry/Cure Coatings System Solvent Solvent Water EB cure Solids 30% 40% 40% 100% Diluent heptane toluene water none Boiling Point,
98 0C 111 0C 100 0C -
Vapour pressure at 20 0C
35 mm Hg
22 mm Hg 17 mm Hg -
Heat of vapourization (cal/gm diluent)
76 88 540 -
Energy to dry 1g dried coating
740 555 3390 30 at 30 kGy
Ref: A.J.Berejka, IAEA-TECDOC-1386, 2004, 6 65-72 31
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Applications of High Energy Accelerators
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Electron Beam Sterilization of Life Saving Equipment
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Over half the food produced globally is lost, wasted or discarded as a result of inefficiency in the human-managed food chain.
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Enhancing food safety and security
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36 Ref: R.Eustice, NIC-2010, Mumbai
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Radiation Treatment of Bio-hazards
Irradiate packaged goods for sterilization
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Electron Beam accelerator for treatment of postal mail in US
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Scale of utilization of radiation in various industries
32%
33%
17%
5%
6%
7% SURFACE CURING
WIRE, CABLE,TUBINGSHRINK FILM
TIRES
OTHER
SERVICE
Over US$ 85 Billion industry! 38
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Emerging Applications And New Challenges
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Wastewater Treatment Flue gas Purification Sludge Hygienization
Electrons Beam Applications for Protection of the Environment
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Tackling environmental challenges
Acid rain 41
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Electron Beam Flue Gas Treatment (EBFGT)
NH3 Process Vessel
By ProductCollector
Stack
Fertilizer
Electron Beam
FlueGas
SprayCooler
Boiler
Air Preheater
AirDry ESP
GGH
Fertilizer By product
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SO2 and NOx removal mechanism
NO NO2
HNO2
HNO3 NH4NO3
SO2 HSO3 SO3 H2SO4
(NH4)2SO4 (NH3)2SO2
OH OH
OH O, OH NH3
OH O2, OH H2O
NH3 NH3
O2, H2O
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� � �
� � �
�
Set up in collaboration with IAEA
Courtesy: Prof A.Chmielewski
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Polluted industrial and municipal wastewater
Dye Detergents Solid waste Pharmaceutical residues Toxic waste….
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Water Molecule
Harmful Organic
in Waste Water like
dyes, POPs, Drugs
Active Radicals
Complete Decomposition Partial Decomposition Suspended solid Monomer to Polymerization
Removal of Toxic group Removal of Color, Odor
H2O,CO2
Coagulation
Bio-Treat
Principles of Wastewater treatment with e- beam
H
O H
47 IAEA CRP on “Radiation Treatment of Waste Water for Reuse”
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- Plant Design and Installation
Pl- PEB-TECH
IAEA BINP IPC
DYECEN Korean Government
DYETEC
City of Daegu
-Technical Support -Consulting
- Research Project - Peaceful use of Radiation Technology
- Analysis of Economy - Electric Power - Bio-treatment
- Funding from Local Gov. Budget
Radiolysis Study
Lab. Analysis
KAERI
48 Established in Collaboration with IAEA
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Accelerator: Energy : 0.6 - 1.0 MeV Beam power: 400 kW Beam current: 500 mA
Irradiators : 3 (0~200mA) Window width : up to 2m Double extraction window Discharge protection High frequency scanning
High Power Accelerator
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WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Daegu, Korea
50 Photograph: Courtsey Dr Bumsoo Han
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ClnClm
Treatment of PCBs using Electron Beam Accelerator
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Mobile Plant is the Solution Pilot scale Experiments (~500m3/day of water) (~2,000Nm3/h of gas)
52 Picture Courtesy: Dr Bumsoo Han
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0
20
40
60
80
0 10 20 30 40 50Depth (g/cm²)
Do
se
(k
Gy
)
10 MeV electrons Gamma rays 7.5 MeV X-Rays
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High Power EB Accelerators for X ray Conversion
7 MeV, 700 KW Rhodotron, IBA
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Value addition to even valuable materials!!
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Conclusion • Electron beam processing of polymeric materials
for value addition and producing commercial products is a well established technology.
• Over 1400 industrial electron beam irradiation facilities for polymer modification, surface curing, sterilization of medical products form a US$85 billion industry producing some unique high quality products in an environment friendly manner.
• The emerging applications, such as food irradiation and remediation of environmental pollution offer the prospects of significant benefits to human health and welfare.
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Thank you!
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