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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 20111
Electromagnetic Force Coupling in Electric Machines
Mark Solveson, Cheta Rathod, Mike Hebbes, Gunjan Verma, Tushar SambharamANSYS, Inc.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 20112
Introduction
• Low noise regulation– Aimed at reduction in noise pollution
• Comfort Criteria– Noise causes discomfort and fatigue– Noise suppression demonstrates technological/marketing edge
• Component Failure– Sensitivity of structure to acoustic resonances
• The above Applies to many Industry sectors:– Transportation, Power, Environmental, Building services

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 20113
• Noise and vibration in electric machines come from many sources.
• ANSYS provides excellent capabilities for the design and analysis of electric machines: – Electromagnetic performance– Electric Drive performance– Structural analysis– Thermal analysis– Acoustics analysis
• ANSYS field coupling technology allows mapping of electromagnetic forces for Mechanical analysis
Introduction

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 20114
• Different machines may have different considerations depending on their architecture or control strategies.– Primary Forces are in‐plane (radial and tangential)
• Single and Three Phase Induction Machines. • PM Synchronous Machines (Surface Mount, IPM).• Switched reluctance machines
– Primary force are Axial• Axial Flux Machines
Machine Types

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 20115
Noise Sources [1]
Magnetic
Radial
Slot Harmonics
Magnetic Unbalance
Mechanical
Self
Stator
Modes of Vibration
Rotor
Bearings Balancing
Dynamic Eccentricity
Unbalanced Rotor
Elliptical Rotor Surface
Static Eccentricity
Auxiliaries Load Induced
Couplings
Foundation
Aerodynamic
Fluid Cooling Phenomena
Electronic
Switching Harmonics
[1] P. Vigayraghavan, R. Krishnan, “Noise in Electric Machines: A Review,” IEEE, 1998
Audible Frequencies
20 Hz 20 kHz5 kHz261.63 Hz60 Hz 4.186kHz

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 20116
ANSYS Machine Model

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 20117
• ANSYS Machine Design Methodology– RMxprt: calculate rated performance for machine– Maxwell: Calculate detailed magnetic FEA of machine in time
domain– Simplorer: Calculate detailed drive design with coupled
cosimulation with either RMxprt or Maxwell.
Electromagnetic Design and Analysis
0
IGBT3
IGBT2D10
D11
D8
IGBT1
IGBT4
IGBT5D7
D12
D9
IGBT6
SINE2SINE1 SINE3
TRIANG1
+ VV
M1
E1
E2
RphaseA
RphaseB
RphaseC
+V_ROTB1
PhaseA_in
PhaseB_in
PhaseC_in
MotionSetup1_in
PhaseA_out
PhaseB_out
PhaseC_out
MotionSetup1_out

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 20118
Machine Model in Maxwell ‐ Simplorer2D IPM (Interior Permanent Magnet) motor model created from RMxprt and Maxwell UDP (User Defined Primitive) for rotor
• 4 pole, 1500 RPM, 220 Volt DC bus.• Two Control Strategies used:
• 6 step inverter – In Maxwell• PWM current regulated – CosimulationMaxwell with Simplorer
0
0
LPhaseA
LPhaseB
LPhaseC
2.00694ohmRA
2.00694ohmRB
2.00694ohmRC
0.000512893H*KleLA
0.000512893H*KleLB
0.000512893H*KleLC
LabelID=VIA
LabelID=VIB
LabelID=VIC
+ -11VLabelID=V14
+ -11VLabelID=V15
+ -11VLabelID=V16
+ -11VLabelID=V17
+ -11VLabelID=V18
+ -11VLabelID=V19
100ohmR20
100ohmR21
100ohmR22
100ohmR23
100ohmR24
100ohmR25
LabelID=IVc1 LabelID=IVc2 LabelID=IVc3 LabelID=IVc4 LabelID=IVc5 LabelID=IVc6
-
+ 110VLabelID=V32
-
+ 110VLabelID=V33
D34
D35
D36
D37
D38
D39
D40
D41
D42
D43
D44
D45
V
S_46
V
S_47
V
S_48
V
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V
S_50
V
S_51
Model
DModel1
ModelV
SModel1
0
IGBT3
IGBT2D10
D11
D8
IGBT1
IGBT4
IGBT5D7
D12
D9
IGBT6
SINE2SINE1 SINE3
TRIANG1
+ VV
M1
E1
E2
RphaseA
RphaseB
RphaseC
+V_ROTB1
PhaseA_in
PhaseB_in
PhaseC_in
MotionSetup1_in
PhaseA_out
PhaseB_out
PhaseC_out
MotionSetup1_out
20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00Time [ms]
-1.10
-1.00
-0.38
0.25
0.88
1.10
Y1
Basic_Inverter1Sine Triangle ANSOFT
Curve InfoSINE1.VAL
TRSINE2.VAL
TRSINE3.VAL
TRTRIANG1.VAL
TR

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 20119
Machine Model in Maxwell ‐ Simplorer
20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00Time [ms]
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
Y1
[A]
SAS IP, Inc. Basic_Inverter1Currents ANSOFT
Curve InfoRphaseA.I
TRRphaseB.I
TRRphaseC.I
TR
20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00Time [ms]
0.00
2.50
5.00
7.50
10.00
12.50
15.00
FEA
1.TO
RQ
UE
SAS IP, Inc. Basic_Inverter1Torque ANSOFT
Curve InfoFEA1.TORQUE
TR

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201110
Force Calculations• Force calculation using air gap flux density
• Maxwell Stress Tensor [9]
– Force calculation at a point on the stator.– Force on a line in the airgap– Force on a line co‐linear with the stator toothThis is common method in literature.
• Edge Force Density– Default field quantity available in Maxwell– Can be used for creating lumped force
calculations on tooth tips
• Automatic Force mapping from Maxwell to ANSYS Mechanical. (2D‐2D, 2D‐3D, 3D‐3D)

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201111
Edge Force Density in Maxwell
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00Time [ms]
-250.00
-200.00
-150.00
-100.00
-50.00
-0.00
50.00
Forc
e (N
ewto
ns)
02_DC-6step_IPMRadial Force on Tooth Tips ANSOFT
Curve InfoExprCache(ToothTipRadial_Full1)ExprCache(ToothTipRadial_2)ExprCache(ToothTipRadial_3)ExprCache(ToothTipRadial_4)ExprCache(ToothTipRadial_5)ExprCache(ToothTipRadial_6)
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00Time [ms]
-30.00
-25.00
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
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Forc
e (N
ewto
ns)
02_DC-6step_IPMTangential Force on Tooth Tips ANSOFT
Curve InfoExprCache(ToothTipTangent_Full1)ExprCache(ToothTipTangent_2)ExprCache(ToothTipTangent_3)ExprCache(ToothTipTangent_4)ExprCache(ToothTipTangent_5)ExprCache(ToothTipTangent_6)

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201112
Eccentricity Model
Right Side Tooth
Left Side Tooth

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201113
Parametric Study of Eccentricity Electromagetic Force
• Rotor missaligned0%, 25%, 50%
• Solved simultaneously on multi‐core computer
• Shown: Radial Force on Right Tooth Tip
• FFT of Radial Force

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201114
Edge Force Density, 50% Eccentricity

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201115
50% Eccentricity: Radial and Tangential Force on Right Side and Left Side Tooth
20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00Time [ms]
-300.00
-250.00
-200.00
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Forc
e (N
)
Radial Tooth Tip Forces ANSOFT
Curve InfoRadial Force Small GapRadial Force Large Gap
20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00Time [ms]
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-25.00
-20.00
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Forc
e (N
)
Tangential Tooth Tip Forces ANSOFT
Curve InfoTangential Force Small GapTangential Force Large Gap

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201116
ANSYS Force Mapping

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201117
• Direct Force Mapping– Electromagnetic forces from Maxwell to Mechanical by linking systems in Workbench
– Maps 2D Edge Force, and 3D Surface force
– Transient Analysis for Stress prediction
• Lumped Force Mapping– Tooth Tip objects created for mapping calculated lumped force using ‘EdgeForceDensity’ in Maxwell.
– Apply these lumped forces manually or through APDL Macro
– Further harmonic and Noise Analysis
Two Approaches

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201118
– Case 1: 0% Eccentricity• No misalignment
– Case 2: 50 % Eccentricity• Eccentricity amount is set to
50% of gap width• Creates unbalanced electromagnetic forces
Approach 1 ‐ Direct Force MappingScenario: Study the effect of Rotor Eccentricity
Peak Edge Force Density 1.5e6 N/m2
Peak Edge Force Density 1.9e6 N/m2

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201119
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Directional Deformation Radial
• Case 1 0% Eccentricity
• Case 2 50 % Eccentricity
Max Deformation vs time

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201120
Von Misses Stress
• Case 1 0% Eccentricity
• Case 2 50 % Eccentricity
Max Stresses vs time
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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201121
Results: Comparison
• Total Deformation– Deformation higher for eccentric model
• Peak Stresses– Stator Stresses are non symmetric and higher for eccentric model where the air gap is minimum
Higher the amount of eccentricity, higher is the variation of electromagnetic forces, causing deformation of stator, vibration and noise
Stresses at time=12 ms

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201122
Approach 2 Lumped Force Mapping
Electromagnetic Forces
Lumped Forces in Time Domain
Real/Imaginary Forces In Frequency Domain
Harmonic Response
Extract Acoustic Pressures
Export forces
APDL in Workbench
APDL in Workbench
ANSYSMaxwell
ANSYS Mechanical
ANSYSAcoustics
Perform FFT in MaxwellWorkbench Flow Chart forNoise Prediction

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201123
ANSYS Harmonic Analysis

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201124
Modal Analysis: Get Resonant Frequencies
Mode #1, 8502 Hz Mode #2, 8708 Hz Mode #3, 8708 Hz
Mode #4, 9080 Hz
First four Natural Frequency and corresponding mode shapes

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201125
• To make sure that a given design can withstand sinusoidal loads at different frequencies
• To detect resonant response and avoid it if necessary (e.g. using mechanical dampers, changing PWM frequency, etc.)
• To determine Acoustic response
Boundary Conditions
Input Forces
Appling harmonic forces from Maxwell into ANSYS Mechanical
Why Harmonic Analysis

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201126
Harmonic Response – Bode plot
Helps determine that Max Amplitude (1.7mm)occurs at 8710 Hz on the selected vertex
Frequency response at a selected node location of the model.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201127
Amplitude distribution of the displacements at a specific frequency,
Deformation plot at 8710 Hz
Harmonic Response – Contour plot

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201128
ANSYS Acoustics

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201129
Acoustics Capabilities in ANSYS
• Acoustics is the study of the generation, propagation, absorption, and reflection of sound pressure waves in an acoustic medium.
• Acoustic problems can be identified as
– Vibro‐Acoustics: Sound generated structurally (ANSYS Mechanical)
– Aero‐Acoustics : Sound generated aerodynamically (ANSYS CFD)

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201130
Modeling Aero‐Acoustics (ANSYS CFD)
• Free‐Space Problem with no solid surfaces:– sound generated from turbulence, jet noise
• Free‐Space Problem with solid surfaces:– Fan noise, airframe noise, rotor noise, boundary layer noise, cavity noise
• Interior problem:• Duct noise, mufflers, ducted fan noise
Sound pressure fluctuations

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201131
Vibro‐Acoustics (ANSYS Mechanical)Computing the acoustic field radiated by a vibrating structure
• Structure modeled in ANSYS Mechanical where vibration patterns are calculated (Modal, Harmonic Analysis). Applied loads are obtained from Maxwell.
• Vibration patterns used as boundary conditions to compute acoustic field radiated by structure (ANSYS MAPDL, ANSYS Acoustic Structures)

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201132
Acoustic Analysis – Pressure Plot
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© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201133
Acoustic Analysis – Pressure Plot
0.5 m
Pres_1 Pres_2 Pres_3
Freq(Hz)
Pressure (P
a)
Pressure vs Freq

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201134
Summary• Investigated different noise sources for electric machines• Demonstrated an integrated approach from Electromagneticsto Structural to Acoustics.
• Showed the effects of static eccentricity on stator tooth forces, deformation and stresses.
• Performed modal analysis to find the acoustic resonances
Future Work:• Investigation of different noise scenarios (machine types, drives)• Include more mechanical details (windings, housing, etc)• Expand harmonic analysis to include higher frequency content of forces• Further investigation of Aero‐acoustics with ANSYS CFD

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201135
References[1] P. Vijayraghavan, R. Krishnan, “Noise in electric machines: A Review”, IEEE, 1998
[2] K. Shiohata, R. Kusama, S.Ohtsu, T.Iwatsubo, “The Study on Electromagnetic Force Induced Vibration and Noise from a
Normal and Eccentric Universal Motors”, PIERS Proceedings, 2011. [3] S. Fink, S. Peters, “Ansoft ‐ Noise Prediction for Electrical Motors,” CADFEM/ANSYS Presentation, 2011. [4] Wei Wang, Quanfeng Li, Zhihuan Song, Shenbo Yu, Jian Chen, Renyuan Tang, “Three‐Dimensional Field Calculation and
Analysis of Electromagnetic Vibration and Noise for Disk Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines”, Shenyang University of Technology, China.
[5] R. Belmans, D. Verdyck, W. Geysen, R. Findlay, “Electro‐Mechanical Analysis of the Audible Noise of an Inverter‐Fed Squirrel‐
Cage Induction Motor”, IEEE, 2008. [6] M. Anwar, I. Husain, “Design Perspectives of a Low Acoustic Noise Switched Reluctance Machine”, IEEE, 2000. [7] S. Huang, M. Aydin, T.A. Lipo, “Electronmagnetic Vibration and Noise Assessment for Surface Mounted PM Machines,” IEEE,
2001. [8] Rakib Islam, Iqbal Hussain, “Analytical Model for Predicting Noise and Vibration in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors,”
IEEE 2009. [9] Pragasen Pillay, William (Wei) Cai, “An Investigation into Vibration in Switched Reluctance Motors,” IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, Vol. 35, NO. 3, May/June, 1999.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201136
Thank You

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201137
ANSYS Acoustics Structure
ANSYS Acoustics Structures computes noise radiated by vibrating structures.
From Harmonic Vibrations to Noise Estimates.
ANSYS Acoustics Structures integrates with your current simulation tools.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201138
Electromagnetic Force Coupling in Electric Machines Including Stress, Deformation, and Acoustic Analysis.
Understanding the impact of electromagnetic forces on noise generation for electric machines can include many factors. This presentation will review these issues and illustrate electromagnetic forces, stress, deformation, and acoustic coupling in ANSYS Workbench. An example showing automatic mapping of magnetic time‐domain forces, and a comparison of stresses for different rotor eccentricities will be shown.
Title and Abstract

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201139
1. Introduction
2. Literature review – what are the noise comonents for electric machinesa. Noise Sources, examplesb. Acoustic Definition, examples
3. EM Motor Methodologya. RMxprt to Maxwell, Simplorerb. Force calculationsc. Eccentricity Model
4. Mechanical Analysisa. 2D (3D?) transient force mapping resultsb. Discussion of FFT approaches (by inspection or 3rd party tools/scripts)c. 2D (3D?) harmonic Analysis
5. Acoustic analysisa. General capabilities (acoustic elements, Actran coupling? )b. Results for stator lamination
Presentation Outline (Goal 30 total Slides)

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201140
Noise Sources• Magnetic– The interaction of magnetic fields and currents in the machine cause electromagnetic torque and thus rotation of the rotor.
– Evaluation of the radial and tangential forces on the tooth tips are important.• This can be accomplished through evaluation of the air gap flux density, or using Force Density field calculations available within Maxwell.
– If one of the radial force frequencies coincides with the natural frequency of the machine, resonance occurs leading to acoustic noise. • Mixed product of stator and rotor winding space harmonics.• Slot Harmonics• Rotor Eccentricity: improper rotor alignment causing unbalanced magnetic forces on the stator.
– Lamination vibration due to magnetorestrictive forces (worst when not stacked properly)
• Electronic– Switching noise
• Inverter PWM frequencies can be in audible range.– Current through the winding – Lorentz forces

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201141
• Mechanical– Self resonance – natural resonance frequencies
• Closed form equations• FEA
– Load induced• Coupling of machine to load, and mounting.
– Auxiliaries• Bearing Vibration• Brush commutators
– Chattering• Intra‐lamination • Function of Bolt force• Involves 3D Mechanical transient vibration analysis
– Manufacturing asymmetries of the rotor and stator‐ nonuniform air gap– Stator winding which are not installed properly
• Aero‐Dynamics– ANSYS CFD
Noise Sources

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201142
Machine Model in Maxwell
• VB script Fields Calculator to create Radial and Tangential Force Expressions from EdgeForceDensity
• VB script Calculates Radial and Tangential Force on Tooth Tips
• Allows only force on edge that neighbors non ferrous objects
• ‘Half’ teeth force components added together• Add to Expression Cache

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201143
Harmonic Analysis Overview
A technique to determine the steady state response of a structure to sinusoidal (harmonic) loads of known frequency.
Input:• Harmonic loads (forces, pressures, and imposed displacements) of known magnitude and frequency. (Obtained from Maxwell)
• May be multiple loads all at the same frequency.
Output:• Harmonic displacements at each DOF, usually out of phase with the applied loads.
• Other derived quantities, such as stresses and strains.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201144
ANSYS Acoustics
• Structural‐borne noise (one way Vibro‐Acoustics)– ANSYS Acoustics Structures (FFT’s ACTRAN Solver)
• Vibro‐Acoustics – ANSYS Mechanical (APDL Solver)
• Aero‐Acoustics– ANSYS CFD
• Nonlinear fluid‐structure interaction– ANSYS CFD + ANSYS Mechanical

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201145
Aero‐Acoustics ANSYS CFD Approaches
• Direct calculation: – Resolve the acoustic pressure fluctuations as part of the CFD solution
• Couple CFD with specialized acoustics codes, Boundary Element Methods (BEM), Hybrid zonal methods – Acoustic waves are not tracked with CDF solution– Calculate wave propagation using specialized codes (ACTRAN, SYSNOISE)

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201146
Aero‐Acoustic simulation of Automotive Front End Module cooling fans by using FLUENT’s Acoustic module Courtesy of Hyundai MOBIS, Korea
Geometry of Cooling Fans
Computational domain
Pressure Contours Flow Pathlines through
Sound pressure fluctuationscalculated at the receiver position

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201147
Subwoofer Example (ANSYS CFD)(non‐linear fluid with structure)
Fluid‐Structure Interaction Solution Transient Pressures

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 201148
Scattered Acoustic Radiation
Acoustic Energy Source
Target Object:Nested Cylindrical
Cans
Acoustic ‐ Structural Example ‐ Coupled
FEA Model quarter Symmetry Hemispherical
Domain
Animation of Acoustic Pressure (Pa)