ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY

OBJECTIVES• Review the anatomy and physiology of

the electrical conduction of the heart• Interpret the term elecrocardiography• Describe the types of ecg monitoring• Interprets the basics of ecg• Determine the heart rate from ecg• Explain the cardiac rhythm determinatation• Understand the 12 lead ecg• Differentiate the electrode placement• Distinguish abnormal ecg from normal ecg

CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF HEART

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

ECG is a graphic representation of the electrical currents of the heart

TYPES OF ECG MONITORING

• Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring• Hardwire cardiac monitoring• Telemetry• Ambulatory elecrocardiography• Transtelephonic monitoring• Wireless mobile cardiac monitoring systems

BASIC ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY

P WAVE• First wave seen• Small rounded,

upright (positive) wave indicating atrial depolarization (and contraction)

• < 0.12 sec

QRS COMPLEX

• Three deflections following P wave• Indicates ventricular depolarization

(andcontraction)• Q Wave: First negative deflection• R Wave: First positive deflection• S Wave: First negative deflection after R wave• < 0.10 sec

PR INTERVAL

• Distance between beginning of P wave and beginning of QRS complex

• Measures time during which a depolarization wave travels from the atria to the ventricles

• 0.12 – 0.20 sec

ST SEGMENT

• Distance between S wave and beginning ofT wave

• Measures time between ventricular depolarization and beginning of repolarization

T WAVE

• Rounded upright (positive) wave followingQRS

• Represents ventricular repolarization

U WAVE

• Small rounded, upright wave following T wave• Most easily seen with a slow HR.• Represents repolarization of Purkinje fibers

QT INTERVAL

• Measured from beginning of QRS to end ofT wave.

• Represents total ventricular activity

RATE DETERMINATION

LARGE BOX METHOD• Regular rhythms can be quickly determined by

counting the number of large graph boxes between two R waves. That number is divided INTO 300 to calculate bpm..

SMALL BOX METHOD

• Sometimes it is necessary to count the number of small boxes between two R waves for fast heart rates. That number isdivided into 1500 to calculate bpm.

6 SEC STRIP

• The best method for measuring irregular rates with varying R-R intervals is to count the number of R waves in a 6-sec strip and multiply by 10.This gives the average number of bpm.

CARDIAC RHYTHM DETERMINATION

• REGULARITY Measure R-R intervals and P-P intervals.Regular: Intervals consistentRegularly irregular: Repeating patternIrregular: No pattern

• RATE

The bpm is commonly the ventricular rate.If atrial and ventricular rates differ, as in a 3rd degree block, measure both rates.Normal: 60–100 bpmSlow (bradycardia): 60 bpmFast (tachycardia): 100 bpm

P WAVES• If present: Same in size, shape, position?• Does each QRS have a P wave?• Normal: Upright (positive) and uniform• Inverted: Negative• Notched: P'• None: Rhythm is junctional or ventricular

• P R INTERVAL• Constant: Intervals are the same.• Variable: Intervals differ.• Normal: 0.12–0.20 sec and constant

• QRS COMPLEX • Normal: 0.06–0.10 sec• Wide: 0.10 sec• None: Absent

LEADS OF ECG

LEAD PLACEMENT

NORMAL SINUS RHYTHM

SINUS BRADYCARDIA

SINUS TACHYCARDIA

PREMATURE ATRIAL COMPLEX

ATRIAL FLUTTER

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

PREMATURE VENTRICULAR COMPLEX

VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA

• MONOMORHIC

• POLYMORHIC

VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION

VENTRICULAR ASYSTOLE

FIRST DEGREE AV BLOCK

SECOND DEGREE A.V BLOCK

• TYPE 1

• TYPE 2

THIRD DEGREE A.V BLOCK

BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK

ISCHEMIA ,INJURY,INFARCTION

ENLARGEMENTS

• LEFT ATRIAL

LEFT VENTRICULAR

RIGHT VENTRICULAR

ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES

JOURNAL TIME

ANSWERS

• RATE:214 bpm• RHYTHM: regular• P WAVE: none• PR INTERVAL: none• QRS COMPLEX: >0.12 bizarre• INTERPRETATION: VT- MONOMORHIC

• RATE: 75 bpm• RHYTHM: regular• P WAVE: normal• PR INTERVAL:0.16• QRS COMPLEX:0.08• INTERPRETATION: NORMAL SINUS RHYTHM

• RATE:50 -75 bpm• RHYTHM: irregular • P WAVE: normal• PR INTERVAL:0.12- 0.28• QRS COMPLEX:0.08• INTERPRETATION:2nd DEGREE A.V BLOCK

TYPE 1

• RATE: 35 BPM• RHYTHM: regular• P WAVE: normal• PR INTERVAL: 0.16• QRS COMPLEX:0.10• INTERPRETATION: SINUS BRADYCARDIA

REFERENCES

• Crawford M H, DiMarco J P, Paulus W J. Cardiology.3rd ed.Philadelphia:Elsevier publication;2010.

• Fauci A S, Braunwald E, Kasper D L, Hauser S L, Longo D L, Jameson J L.Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine.17th ed (vol I).USA:McGraw Hill;2008.

• Michael H.C, Paulus W.J. Cardiology .3rd edn.Philadelphia:Elsevier;2010

• Black M.J,Hawks H.K.Medical Surgical Nursing.7th edn.Missouri:Saunders;2005

• Johnson J.Y.Brunner and Suddharth`s : Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing.11th edn.Philadelphia:Lippincott;2008