ELECTRICITY
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Transcript of ELECTRICITY
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ELECTRICITY
Part 1: Overview and Electrostatics.
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Exam # 1 was
1 2 3 4
100%
0%0%0%
1. Too hard2. About right3. Too easy4. fubared
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• One of the three basic energy use sectors.• We will study all aspects of generating
electricity, but first and overview and some basic physics.
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Electric Power Generation1950-2005
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Table 1.1. Net Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), 2002-December 2012
(Thousand Megawatthours)
Period CoalPetroleum
LiquidsPetroleum
CokeNatural
GasOther
Gas Nuclear
Hydroelectric
Conventional
OtherRenewable
Sources
Hydroelectric
PumpedStorage Other Total
Annual Totals
2002 1,933,130 78,701 15,867 691,006 11,463 780,064 264,329 79,109 -8,743 13,527 3,858,452
2003 1,973,737 102,734 16,672 649,908 15,600 763,733 275,806 79,487 -8,535 14,045 3,883,185
2004 1,978,301 100,391 20,754 710,100 15,252 788,528 268,417 83,067 -8,488 14,232 3,970,555
2005 2,012,873 99,840 22,385 760,960 13,464 781,986 270,321 87,329 -6,558 12,821 4,055,423
2006 1,990,511 44,460 19,706 816,441 14,177 787,219 289,246 96,525 -6,558 12,974 4,064,702
2007 2,016,456 49,505 16,234 896,590 13,453 806,425 247,510 105,238 -6,896 12,231 4,156,745
2008 1,985,801 31,917 14,325 882,981 11,707 806,208 254,831 126,101 -6,288 11,804 4,119,388
2009 1,755,904 25,972 12,964 920,979 10,632 798,855 273,445 144,279 -4,627 11,928 3,950,331
2010 1,847,290 23,337 13,724 987,697 11,313 806,968 260,203 167,173 -5,501 12,855 4,125,060
2011 1,733,430 16,086 14,096 1,013,689 11,566 790,204 319,355 193,981 -5,905 14,154 4,100,656
2012 1,517,203 13,209 9,691 1,230,708 11,212 769,331 276,535 218,787 -4,658 12,466 4,054,485
Graph
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Have you studied Electricity before this class?
1 2
33%
67%1. Yes2. No
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Electrostatics
• Study of charges that are NOT moving.• What is Charge?• A new property of matter. Similar to mass.• Mass creates and responds to gravitational
fields• Charges create and respond to electric fields.• (Moving charges generate and respond to
magnetic fields….more later)
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• There are two types of charges: positive (+) and negative (-).
• Common symbols for charge are q and/or Q.• Rubber/fur and glass/silk demo
• Units of charge: Coulomb (C)• A Coulomb is a lot of charge. Usually deal in
micro coulombs and less in electrostatics.• Fundamental charge: Magnitude of the charge on
an electron or proton.»e=1.6x10-19C
• Like charges repel, Unlike charges attract.• Van de Graff demo 1
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Definitions
• Conductor: Material that charges are free to move around in. Examples: metal (silver is best but copper is almost as good)
• Insulator (Dielectric): Material that charges are NOT free to move around in. Examples: glass, quartz, wood.
• Semiconductor: Can behave as either depending on conditions: Silicon, Germanium, Gallium-Arsenide.
• Van de Graff demos continued
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Forces on electric charges
• Gravitational force on a mass:»F=mg
• Electric force on a charge:»F=qE
• E: electric field =F/q is the force per unit charge that a given charge experiences. (vector)
• Note: In general E changes in space and time.
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• If we move a charge in an electric field, we do work on it.
• W =Fd =qEd• Define Voltage as V=Ed (Not exact, but it will
do.)• Note V=W/q: work done per unit charge in
moving it through an electric field. (Or potential energy per unit charge.)
• Equivalent to raising mass up in a gravitational field.
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UNITS OF E & V
• V=PE/q (Joule/Coulomb=Volt)
• E =F/q (Newton/Coulomb) OR• E=V/d (Volt/meter)
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CAPACITOR
• Device for storing charge• Two conductors
separated by an insulator.
• Battery moves charge from one plate to another.