Electrical & Nuclear Systems of the Mars Homestead Project Joseph E. Palaia, IV Programming Team...

Electrical & Nuclear Systemsof the Mars Homestead Project

Joseph E. Palaia, IVProgramming Team Member

Mars Foundation - Mars Homestead [email protected]

How Future Martians Will Have Fun

Scope of Mars Homestead Project Programming Effort

• First permanent settlement on Mars• Sized for 12 people, with straightforward expansion capability• Built largely from local materials (water, regolith, atmosphere)• High level of self-sufficiency, esp. for high-mass, low-tech items.• Industrial capabilities enable settlement of the frontier, improve sustainability & safety.

Program ManagersMark Homnick – HVAC, Brick Manufacturing, Ore BeneficiationBruce Mackenzie - Architectural & Other Technical Concepts

April Andreas – Mars CookbookJames Burk – WebmasterFrank Crossman – Polymers Production & Glass Manufacturing

Robert Dyck – Refining, Space Suit ConceptsDamon Ellender – Metals Manufacturing, Gas Plant DesignGary Fisher – Waste Treatment SysInka Hublitz – AgricultureWilliam Johns – Psychological FactorsK. Manjunatha – IT / IC / CommunicationsJoseph Palaia – Electrical & Nuclear SysGeorgi Petrov – Settlement ArchitectureRichard Sylvan - Medical Factors

Mars Homestead Project Settlement Concept

Importance of Electrical & Nuclear Systems, and key guiding principles

• Energy will be the lifeblood of any permanent settlement on Mars.

Never before in the course of human history have we been so

dependant on our technology for survival.

• Both electrical energy and thermal energy have important roles to play.

• Needed to extract water, air and minerals and to process them into useful products. IE for MRM (Mining, Refining & Manufacturing) systems.

• Understanding of settlements loads, and load locations is critical. • Multiple redundant power sources and distribution channels required.• Desire to manufacture many system components from local materials.

The Paschen Curve – Special Consideration

~25kV/cm

~2kV/cm

Ear

th S

ea L

evel

Mar

s

Energy Sources - Potential

SolarNuclear Reactors

Nuclear RTGs Wind TurbinesThermal Engines

Thermal Energy Sources - Selected

730 kWeTotal Electrical

Energy Available from Nukes:

2,351 kWthTotal Thermal Energy Utilized:

40002000Nuclear Unit 3



Remaining Electrical Energy Available

[kWe]

Thermal Energy Utilized[kWth]

Thermal Energy

Available [kWth]

Source

3 Nuclear Units, producing thermal energy for daytime industrial processes.

730 kWeTotal Electrical

Energy Available from Nukes:

2,351 kWthTotal Thermal Energy Utilized:




Remaining Electrical Energy Available

[kWe]

Thermal Energy Utilized[kWth]

Thermal Energy

Available [kWth]

Source

3 Nuclear Units, producing thermal energy for daytime industrial processes.

Thermal to electrical energy conversion assumed ~20% efficient.

Electrical Energy Sources - Selected

kW

735.3

1

4.5

400

330

0

Net PowerCapacity [kWe]

Day (8 Hours)


93Net Power Available:

12.50.525Rover Methane ICE / Fuel

Cell

75175Methane Backup Generator

111RTG System (5 or 6 RTGs)

4.50.315Solar Array System

00400 eaNuclear Unit 1 through 3

Net Power Capacity [kWe]

Operating

Runtime Parameter

Max PowerCapacity [kWe]Power Source

Emergency (In case of triple reactor failure)

kW1205.5Net Power Available:





Net PowerCapacity

[kWe]

OperatingRuntime

Parameter

Max Power Capacity

[kWe]

Night (16 Hours)Normal Condition

kW

735.3

1

4.5

400

330

0

Net PowerCapacity [kWe]

Day (8 Hours)



12.50.525Rover Methane ICE / Fuel

Cell





Net Power Capacity [kWe]

Operating

Runtime Parameter








Net PowerCapacity

[kWe]

OperatingRuntime

Parameter

Max Power Capacity

[kWe]


During day, one reactor elect output = 0, thermal energy to MRM. Greenhouse lights only at night.

kW

735.3

1

4.5

400

330

0

Net PowerCapaci

ty [kWe]

Day (8 Hours)



12.50.525Rover Methane ICE / Fuel Cell





Net Power Capacity

[kWe]

Operating Runtime

Parameter








Net PowerCapacity

[kWe]

OperatingRuntime

Parameter

Max Power Capacity

[kWe]


kW

735.3

1

4.5

400

330

0

Net PowerCapaci

ty [kWe]

Day (8 Hours)



12.50.525Rover Methane ICE / Fuel Cell





Net Power Capacity

[kWe]

Operating Runtime

Parameter








Net PowerCapacity

[kWe]

OperatingRuntime

Parameter

Max Power Capacity

[kWe]


Overview of Nuclear Reactor Design

Fuel PinsControl Drums

• Concept developed by MIT Nuclear Engineering Dept. (Presented at Mars Society Convention 2004) • 400kWe, 2MWth• 25 year EFPL (Effective Full Power Lifetime)• CO2 coolant, insensitive to leaks or ingress• Shielded by Martian soil, rocks and water• Hexagonal block type core (slow thermal transients, large thermal inertia)• Epithermal spectrum• Dimensions L=160cm, D=40cm• Mass 3800 kg• Fuel 20% enriched UO2 dispersed in BeO• 20% efficient Brayton cycle energy conversion, both open and closed cycles possible.

Power System Locations

Graphic by Georgi Petrov. Copyright © 2005 by Mars Foundation.

Used With Permission.

Active Power Control & Monitoring

• Smart appliances / loads which interface with control computer.

• Real-time load monitoring and control.

• Load scheduling & prioritizing. Energy allocated accordingly.

• Conserves energy and increases availability.

• Manual bypass / override function provided.

“Open the Pod-Bay Doors Hal” “I’m sorry Dave, I can’t do that.”

Failure Mode Analysis• Daytime available electrical power is reduced because of MRM use of high quality heat. In contingency, shut down or reduce MRM. • Reactor systems N+1 redundant at night, N+2 redundant during the day. • In case of double reactor failure, plants in artificially lit greenhouse die. Settlers survive off of the sun lit greenhouse and stored food until a replacement reactor arrives from earth.• In case of triple reactor failure, emergency loads are powered by methane generators using stored methane, and by the solar energy system.

kW75.2Total Emergency Loads:

NO21.71.0021.7All Gases Makeup quantitiesBulk Gases

NO10.25.0

Air Lock vacuum pump&scrub minimal run time

HVAC

NO2.70.127.0

RO, O3, & well pumps, laundry minimal run time

HVAC

NO1.750.135.0CO2 scrub regen minimal run time.HVAC

NO381.038.0Various HVAC Loads… see HVAC SheetHVAC

UPS51.05Emergency LightingLighting

NO11.01Earth Link Radio SystemIT / IC

UPS21.02Local Radio Communications & RelaysIT / IC

UPS21.02Dedicated Computers, Sensors, NetworkIT / IC

UPSEquivalent Continous

Load Value [kW]Utilization

FactorLoad

Value [kW]Load DescriptionDivision

Utility / Electrical Load Matrix - Emergency Loads

kW75.2Total Emergency Loads:

NO21.71.0021.7All Gases Makeup quantitiesBulk Gases

NO10.25.0

Air Lock vacuum pump&scrub minimal run time

HVAC

NO2.70.127.0

RO, O3, & well pumps, laundry minimal run time

HVAC

NO1.750.135.0CO2 scrub regen minimal run time.HVAC

NO381.038.0Various HVAC Loads… see HVAC SheetHVAC

UPS51.05Emergency LightingLighting

NO11.01Earth Link Radio SystemIT / IC

UPS21.02Local Radio Communications & RelaysIT / IC

UPS21.02Dedicated Computers, Sensors, NetworkIT / IC

UPSEquivalent Continous

Load Value [kW]Utilization

FactorLoad

Value [kW]Load DescriptionDivision

Utility / Electrical Load Matrix - Emergency LoadsEmergency Loads

Settlement Electrical Energy Demand

Area TypeTotal Equivalent

Continous Load [kW]Private - Single Suites 0.9Private - Double Suites 0.9Private - Shower & Sink 1.4

Private - Toilet 0.0Common - Kitchen 0.8

Common - Dining / Meeting 0.3Common - Recreation 0.3

Manufacturing - Materials 1 (Includes Gas Plant Loads for Leakage Make-Up)

49.3

Manufacturing - Materials 2 3.3

Manufacturing - Materials 3 2.0

Maintaince & Repair - Mech Shop 5.7Maintaince & Repair - EVA / Suit Room 1.1

Maintaince & Repair - Garage 2.8Maintaince & Repair - Waste Processing 18.0

MEP - Nuclear Plant BOP 69.6MEP - Industrial Water Plant 4.3

MEP - Water Plant 8.5

Settlement Electrical Energy Demand

Area TypeTotal Equivalent

Continous Load [kW]MEP - Air Handling 15.6MEP - Fume Hoods 0.2Labs - Lab Space 13.3

Labs - Sci Instruments Room 0.2IT / Comm - Telecommunication 9.0IT / Comm - Servers & Storage 1.3

IT / Comm - Faculty Monitoring System 0.1Food & Agriculture - Sunlit Greenhouse 1.7

Food & Agriculture - Artificial Light Greenhouse 439.9Food & Agriculture - Nonedible Plants 14.6

Food & Agriculture - Fish Farm 2.4Food & Agriculture - Greenhouse Support 1 2.3Food & Agriculture - Greenhouse Support 2 1.3

Food & Agriculture - Storage 0.3Food & Agriculture - Brewing, Fermenting, Distilling 1.3

Medical - Examination 1.7Other Distributed Loads 27.3

Tuna-Can Habs 11.3

712.9

LoadHandled by Division

(ie Owner)Space Category (Where Load Is)

Space Description (Where Load Is)

Max Power Con-

sumption [kW]

Cyclic?

Utili-zation Facto

r

Equi-valent

Continous Load Value [kW]

Dryer/Pump Mining / Refining TF Refining Ore Beneficiation 1.00 No 1.00 1.0Crusher Mining / Refining TF Refining Ore Beneficiation 5.00 Yes 0.33 1.7

Front End Loader Mining / Refining TF Refining Ore Beneficiation 0.00 Yes 0.00 0.0NAOH/HCL Mining / Refining TF Refining Ore Beneficiation 140.00 Yes 0.67 93.8

Dryer / Pump Units Mining / Refining TF Refining Lime Refining 1.00 Yes 0.33 0.3Grinder Mining / Refining TF Refining Lime Refining 2.00 Yes 0.33 0.7

Kiln Mining / Refining TF Refining Lime Refining 0.00 Yes 0.00 0.0All Elements - Steel Mining / Refining TF Refining Steel Refining 0.00 Yes 0.00 0.0

Dryer / Pump Mining / Refining TF Refining Glass / Brick / Ceramic 1.00 Yes 0.33 0.3Brickmaking Mining / Refining TF Refining Glass / Brick / Ceramic 2.00 Yes 0.33 0.7

Brick / Ceramic Furnace Mining / Refining TF Refining Glass / Brick / Ceramic 0.00 Yes 0.00 0.0Glass Furnace Mining / Refining TF Refining Glass / Brick / Ceramic 0.00 Yes 0.00 0.0Dryers / Pumps Mining / Refining TF Refining Aluminum Refining 2.00 Yes 0.33 0.7

Grinding Mining / Refining TF Refining Aluminum Refining 2.00 Yes 0.33 0.7Remaining Processes Mining / Refining TF Refining Aluminum Refining 160.00 Yes 0.33 52.8

All Elements Mining / Refining TF RefiningAlternate Water

Evaporator1.00 No 1.00 1.0

All Elements (SWAG) Mining / Refining TF Refining Plastics / Polymers Refining

171.30 Yes 0.33 56.5

All Elements (SWAG) Mining / Refining TF Refining Fiberglass (Resin) 171.30 Yes 0.33 56.5

All Elements (SWAG) Manufacturing TF ManufacturingBamboo Manufacturing

Equip10.00 Yes 0.33 3.3

All Elements (SWAG) Manufacturing TF ManufacturingMetals Manufacturing

Equipment20.00 Yes 0.33 6.6

All Elements (SWAG) Manufacturing TF ManufacturingPlastics Manufacturing

Equipment20.00 Yes 0.33 6.6

MRM Electrical Energy Demand

E q u iv a le n t C o n tin o u s P o w e r L o a d : 2 8 3 .1

MRM Thermal Energy Demand

kWth High Q Heat

2,351Daytime Load (for 8 hours):

6Manufacturing - Materials 1ManufacturingFiberglass Resin Production

20Manufacturing - Materials 1ManufacturingPlastics Refining

280Aluminum Refining AreaExterior AreasRemaining Processes - Alum

220Aluminum Refining AreaExterior AreasDryer / Pumps - Alum

400Glass, Brick, Ceramic AreaExterior AreasBrick / Ceramic Furnace

270Glass, Brick, Ceramic AreaExterior AreasDryer / Pump - Brick

200Steel Refining AreaExterior AreasAll Elements - Steel

250Lime Refining AreaExterior AreasKiln - Lime

220Lime Refining AreaExterior AreasDryer / Pump Units - Lime

485Ore Beneficiation AreaExterior AreasDryer / Pump - Ore Ben

Max Power [kWth]

Space DescriptionSpace CategoryLoad

Loads are during operation (ie 8 hours during the day, each day).

Primary Coolant Loads (IE High Quality Heat 1100 deg C)

kWth High Q Heat

2,351Daytime Load (for 8 hours):

6Manufacturing - Materials 1ManufacturingFiberglass Resin Production

20Manufacturing - Materials 1ManufacturingPlastics Refining

280Aluminum Refining AreaExterior AreasRemaining Processes - Alum

220Aluminum Refining AreaExterior AreasDryer / Pumps - Alum

400Glass, Brick, Ceramic AreaExterior AreasBrick / Ceramic Furnace

270Glass, Brick, Ceramic AreaExterior AreasDryer / Pump - Brick

200Steel Refining AreaExterior AreasAll Elements - Steel

250Lime Refining AreaExterior AreasKiln - Lime

220Lime Refining AreaExterior AreasDryer / Pump Units - Lime

485Ore Beneficiation AreaExterior AreasDryer / Pump - Ore Ben

Max Power [kWth]

Space DescriptionSpace CategoryLoad

Loads are during operation (ie 8 hours during the day, each day).

Primary Coolant Loads (IE High Quality Heat 1100 deg C)

Energy Distribution System

Switchgear & Interconnects• Need switchgear to prevent large zone outages (more switchgear, more independent zones, but also more Earth imported mass).• Power interconnect provided between settlement power grid and tuna can habs / construction trailers.• 120V interconnects provided, normally open.

Voltages• Main distribution is at 480V 3phase.• Distributed transformers convert to 240V or 120V 1 phase.

Wiring• Require redundant paths to prevent single point failures.• Need to provide 3 different voltages to loads distributed throughout the settlement.

Settlement Layout

Energy Distribution Grid

Significant Agricultural Energy Loads

• Greenhouses sized for 12 settlers• ~450kWe Load for Opaque Greenhouses!• 50% duty cycle – operate at night

Electrical System ComponentsEarth Import or Mars Manufacture?

Required Masses:

• Plastic 150kg, Steel 8 tons, Aluminum 28 tons, Ceramics & Oils ?kg

Rule of Thumb:High Mass, Low Tech – Make on Mars

Low Mass, High Tech – Import from Earth

Total Mass From Earth: 7 tonsTotal Volume from Earth: 30 m^3

Mars Manufactured Items:37 tons of Mars derived materials.

Desired Mars Obtained Materials:• Metals for wire, rods, cable trays, conduit• Plastics for wire insulation, cable trays, conduit• Possibly ceramics for insulators & oil for transformers.

Settlement Construction Staging PlanPhase1• Completely Robotic. No humans on site.• Timeframe : First 2 years.• Objectives : Deploy first nuke, well drilling equipment, gas plant. Establish water well and initial gas reserve.

Phase 2• 4 People on Site• Timeframe : Second 2 years.• Objectives : Deploy and setup mining / refining / manufacturing equipment.• MRM production runs. Produce material needed for settlement construction.

Phase 3• 8 People on Site• Timeframe : Third 2 years.• Objectives : Continued MRM as needed. Settlement shell construction. No settlement electrical loads yet. Construct shell around agriculture, manufacturing & nuke BOPs.

Phase 4• 12 People on Site• Timeframe : Fourth 2 years.• Objectives : Finalized settlement construction. Commissioning. All settlement loads coming online.

Settlement Construction Staging Plan

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4# of Nuclear Reactors 1 2 3 3Available Electrical Energy [kWe] 401 805.5 1205.5 1205.5Construction Phase Loads [kWe] 107 537.2 517.2 1086.2Net Surplus Energy [kWe] 294 268.3 688.3 119.3

Summary & Conclusion

• Power generation and distribution is of critical importance.• Nuclear reactors are essential

• Provide copious amounts of thermal and electrical energy.• Allow existence of a “power-rich” environment.• Large amounts of high quality heat key asset for MRM.

• Reactors can be designed for long lifetime and utilize on site materials for shielding and coolant.• Required settlement electrical loads are manageable.• Many redundant levels incorporated into concept, provides additional capability under normal conditions.• Electricity distribution system leverages use of locally derived materials for many components.• Greenhouse electrical loads are considerable (photosynthesis is just not very efficient!). High load managed through lighting greenhouse at night, operate MRM during the day.• Settlement construction staging allows positive power balance.

Stay Tuned For The Nuclear Demonstration

Electrical & Nuclear Systems of the Mars Homestead Project Joseph E. Palaia, IV Programming Team...

Documents

Transcript of Electrical & Nuclear Systems of the Mars Homestead Project Joseph E. Palaia, IV Programming Team...