ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS · PDF fileELECTRICAL ENGINEERING:...
Transcript of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS · PDF fileELECTRICAL ENGINEERING:...
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lec
ture
3
Circu
it L
aws,
Voltag
e &
Curren
t D
ivid
ers
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
KIR
CH
HO
FF
’S C
UR
RE
NT
LA
W
•The net current entering a node is zero.
•Alternatively, the sum of the currents
entering a node equals the sum of the
currents leaving a node.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
KIR
CH
HO
FF
’S V
OL
TA
GE
LA
W
The algebraic sum of the voltages equals
zero for any closed path (loop) in an
electrical circuit.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Usi
ng K
VL
, K
CL
, and O
hm
’s
Law
to S
olv
e a C
ircu
it
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
A 3 5
V 15
=Ω
=yi
yx
xi
ii
=+
5.0
A 2=
xi
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
V 20
10
==
xx
iv
15
+=
xs
vV
V 35
=sVA 2
=xi
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits
1.Solve circuits (i.e., find currents and
voltages of interest) by combining
resistances in series and parallel.
2. Apply the voltage-division and current-
division principles.
3. Solve circuits by the node-voltage
technique.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
4. Solve circuits by the mesh-current
technique.
5. Find Thévenin and Norton equivalents and
apply source transform
ations.
6. Apply the superposition principle.
7. Draw the circuit diagram and state the
principles of operation for the W
heatstone
bridge.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
eqiR
RR
Ri
iRiR
iRv
vv
v=
++
=+
+=
++
=)
(3
21
32
13
21
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
eqRv
RR
Rv
Rv
Rv
Rvi
ii
i=
++
=+
+=
++
=3
21
32
13
21
11
1
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
163
62
61
21
31
611
11
1
43
2
=+
+=
++
=+
+=
RR
RReq
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
1Ω
Ω=
Ω+
=3
11R
Rtotal
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
21
63
61
62
61
311
==
+=
+=
eqR
Ω=
0.2
eqR
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
1.5Ω
Ω=
Ω+
Ω=
10
28
eqR
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ω=
→Ω
=+
=5
102
101
101
1eq
eq
RR
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cir
cuit
Analy
sis
usi
ng
Ser
ies/
Para
llel
Equiv
ale
nts
1.
Beg
in b
y loca
ting a
com
bin
atio
n o
f re
sistan
ces th
at a
re in ser
ies or par
alle
l.
Often
the
pla
ce to sta
rt is fa
rthes
t from
the
sourc
e.
2.
Red
raw
the
circ
uit w
ith the
equiv
alen
t re
sistan
ce for th
e co
mbin
atio
n found in
step
1.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
3. Rep
eat step
s 1 a
nd 2
until th
e ci
rcuit is
reduce
d a
s fa
r as
poss
ible
. O
ften
(but not
alw
ays)
we
end u
p w
ith a
sin
gle
sourc
e an
d
a single
res
ista
nce
.
4. Solv
e fo
r th
e cu
rren
ts a
nd v
oltag
es in the
final
equiv
alen
t ci
rcuit.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Voltage Division
tota
l
32
1
11
1v
RR
R
Ri
Rv
++
==
tota
l
32
1
22
2v
RR
R
Ri
Rv
++
==
Of th
e to
tal voltag
e, the
frac
tion that
appea
rs a
cross
a
giv
en res
ista
nce
in a
ser
ies ci
rcuit is th
e ra
tio o
f th
e giv
en
resi
stan
ce to the
tota
l se
ries
res
ista
nce
.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Application of the Voltage-
Division Principle
V5.
1
15
6000
2000
1000
1000
1000
tota
l
43
21
11
=
×+
++
=
++
+=
vR
RR
R
Rv
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
total
total
eqeq
iR
R
RR
iR
vR
R
RR
R2
1
21
21
21
+=
=→
+=
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Current Division
tota
l
21
2
1
1i
RR
R
Rvi
+=
=
tota
l
21
1
2
2i
RR
R
Rvi
+=
=
For tw
o res
ista
nce
s in
par
alle
l, the
frac
tion o
f th
e to
tal
curren
t flow
ing in a
res
ista
nce
is th
e ra
tio o
f th
e oth
er
resi
stan
ce to the
sum
of th
e tw
o res
ista
nce
s.
![Page 39: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS · PDF fileELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081722/5a719be27f8b9a93538d173a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
()
Ai
RR
Ri
AR
R
vi
s
x
ss
417
.0
25
.1
60
303
0
25
.1
20
60100
32
23
1
=+
=+
=
=+
=+
=
Find i3
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Find i1
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Application of the Current-
Division Principle
A10
15
20
10
20
eq1
eq
1=
+=
+=
siR
R
Ri
Ω=
+×=
+=
20
60
30
60
30
32
32
eqR
R
RR
R
![Page 42: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS · PDF fileELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081722/5a719be27f8b9a93538d173a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Use
the
voltag
e div
isio
n p
rinci
ple
to
find the
unknow
n v
oltag
es
![Page 43: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS · PDF fileELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081722/5a719be27f8b9a93538d173a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
()
()
()
()
VV
Vv
RR
RR
Rv
VV
Vv
RR
RR
Rv
VV
Vv
RR
RR
Rv
VV
Vv
RR
RR
Rv
ssss
60
2
120
120
30
15
10
5
30
4
30
4
120
120
30
15
10
5
15
20
6
120
120
30
15
10
5
10
10
12
120
120
30
15
10
5
5
43
21
4
43
21
33
43
21
22
43
21
11
==
++
+=
++
+=
==
++
+=
++
+=
==
++
+=
++
+=
==
++
+=
++
+=
![Page 44: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS · PDF fileELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081722/5a719be27f8b9a93538d173a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ω=
+=
92
.2
51
71
1eqR
()
()(
)
()
()(
)
()
()(
)V
VV
vR
RR
Rv
VV
Vv
RR
R
Rv
VV
Vv
RR
R
Rv
seq
seqeq
seq
06
.8
92
.9
20
420
492
.2
3
4
89
.5
92
.9
20
92
.2
20
492
.2
3
92
.2
05
.6
92
.9
20
320
492
.2
3
3
41
44
41
2
41
11
==
++
=+
+=
==
++
=+
+=
==
++
=+
+=
![Page 45: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS · PDF fileELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081722/5a719be27f8b9a93538d173a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Use
the
curren
t div
isio
n p
rinci
ple
to
find the
curren
ts
![Page 46: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS · PDF fileELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081722/5a719be27f8b9a93538d173a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
() ()
Ai
RR
R
RR
i
Ai
RR
R
Ri
tt
23
15
20
10
30
13
15
20
10
15
32
1
21
3
32
1
31
=+
+=
++
+=
=+
+=
++
=
![Page 47: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS · PDF fileELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081722/5a719be27f8b9a93538d173a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
5
101
101
1=
+=
eqR
() ()
()
Ai
RR
Ri
Ai
RR
Ri
Ai
RR
Ri
seq
eq
seq
eq
seq
eq
13
10
5
5
13
10
5
5
13
10
5
5
13
12
11
=+
=+
=
=+
=+
=
=+
=+
=
![Page 48: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS · PDF fileELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081722/5a719be27f8b9a93538d173a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Third Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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isto
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