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Electrical Considerations for HVDC Transmission Lines · PDF filedesign. • Understand the...
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Electrical Considerations for HVDC Transmission Lines
Joe Mooney, PEy,
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“POWER Engineers has met the standards and requirements of theRegistered Continuing Education Program. Credit earned oncompletion of this program will be reported to RCEPP. A certificate of completion will be issued to each participant. As such, it does not p p p ,include content that may be deemed or construed to be anapproval or endorsement by NCEES or RCEPP.”
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Copyright MaterialsCopyright Materials
This educational activity is protected by U.S. and Internationalcopyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of theeducational activity without written permission of the presenter isy p p
prohibited.
© POWER E i 2009© POWER Engineers 2009
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
At the end of this presentation you will be able to:At the end of this presentation you will be able to:
• Identify the electrical requirements for HVDC lines.
Id tif th t d i AC t DC i• Identify the components used in AC to DC conversion.
• Understand the history of HVDC conversion and transmission
• Understand the operation of HVDC conversion technology.
• Understand the requirements of an HVDC convertor station.
• Understand the differences between classic HVDC and new HVDC technology.
• Understand the fundamental requirements of HVDC transmission line design.
• Understand the insulation requirements for an HVDC line.Understand the insulation requirements for an HVDC line.
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HVDCA Brief History
• First HVDC System Commissioned in 1954First HVDC System Commissioned in 1954– Gotland, Sweden
±100kV 20MW 60miles of submarine cable– ±100kV, 20MW, 60miles of submarine cable
• First Installation in North America in 1969– Vancouver Island, BC
– ±260kV, 312MW, 46miles of submarine cable
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HVDCfA Brief History
• Last Mercury‐Arc Valve InstallationLast Mercury Arc Valve Installation– Pacific DC Intertie ‐ 1970
1440MW ±400kV– 1440MW, ±400kV
– Currently at 3100MW, ±500kV
Graphic Courtesy ABB
Photo Courtesy ABB
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HVDCfA Brief History
• Longest Distance in Operation – 1062 milesLongest Distance in Operation 1062 miles– Democratic Republic of Congo, Africa
1983 ±500kV 560MW overhead line– 1983, ±500kV, 560MW, overhead line
• Highest Voltage in Operation ‐ ±600kV Graphic Courtesy ABB
– Itaipu, Brazil
– 1987, two circuits@3150MW each, 490+ miles
Graphic Courtesy ABB
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HVDCfA Brief History
• First Multi‐Terminal HVDC SystemFirst Multi Terminal HVDC System– Quebec‐New England
1992 ±450kV 2000MW– 1992, ±450kV, 2000MW
• Longest Submarine Cable– Norway to Netherlands
– 362 Miles
– 2008, ±450kV, 700MWGraphic Courtesy ABB
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HVDC h f hA Snapshot of the Future
• Highest Voltage ‐ ±800kVT i i i Chi– Two circuits in China
– 5000MW, 890 miles (2010) Graphic Courtesy ABB
– 6400MW, 1295 miles (2011)
• Longest Circuit – Over 1550 milesGraphic Courtesy Siemens
– Rio Maderia in Brazil
– ±600kV, 3150MW
– Scheduled to be in operation in 2012Graphic Courtesy ABB
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When to Use HVDCWhen to Use HVDC
• Long Distance
• Long Underground/Submarine Cables• Long Underground/Submarine Cables
• Asynchronous Systems
• Controlled Power Transfer
• Reduce Right‐of‐Wayg y
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HVDC Projects Planned in Chinaj
Source: MarketAvenue
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6000MW ‐ HVDC vs. ACRight of Way ComparisonRight‐of‐Way Comparison
±500kV DC
500kV AC
±500kV vs. 500kV AC
±800kV vs. 800kV AC
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Typical HVDC Converter StationTypical HVDC Converter Station
Graphic Courtesy ABB
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HVDC TechnologyHVDC Technology
• HVDC ClassicHVDC Classic– Line Current Commutated; Thyristors
Large blocks of power; 1000’s of MW– Large blocks of power; 1000 s of MW
– High voltage applications; ±800kV
HVDC Li ht/PLUS• HVDC Light/PLUS– Voltage Source Commutated; IGBT
– Small blocks of power; 100’s of MW
– Lower voltages; ±200kV
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HVDC Classic DesignHVDC Classic Design• Twelve Pulse Converter• Requires Specially Designed Transformers• Power System Must Supply Reactive Power• Thyristors are Switched on and turned off by reverse voltage • Harmonic Filters are required
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HVDC Classic Valve GroupsHVDC Classic Valve Groups
Photos Courtesy Siemens
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HVDC Classic Converter TransformerHVDC Classic Converter Transformer
Photos Courtesy ABB
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HVDC Classic AC FiltersHVDC Classic AC Filters
Photos Courtesy ABB
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3000MW HVDC Classic Station3000MW HVDC Classic Station
Photo Courtesy ABB
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HVDC Light DesignHVDC Light Design• Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors• “Off‐the‐shelf” transformer• Switched on and off – Pulse Width Modulation• Power factor can be controlled• Simple high‐pass filter for high order harmonics
Graphic Courtesy ABB
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HVDC Light ComponentsHVDC Light Components
Photos Courtesy ABB
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HVDC Light StationHVDC Light Station
Photos Courtesy ABB
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HVDC OperationHVDC Operation
• MonopoleMonopole– Single positive dc voltage (e.g., +500kV)
• One high voltage conductorOne high voltage conductor
– Neutral return• Metallic return via low voltage conductorMetallic return via low voltage conductor
• Earth return through ground electrode
– Limited Operationed Ope a o• Fault or maintenance results in outage
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Monopole HVDCp
yste
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HVDC OperationHVDC Operation
• BipoleBipole– Positive and negative voltage (e.g., ±500kV)
• Two high voltage conductors
– Neutral return• Metallic return via low voltage conductor• Earth return through ground electrode
– Best Operational Flexibility• Operate in monopole configuration as needed• Operate in monopole configuration as needed• Allows for maintenance or outage of one pole• Up to half of rated power outputp p p
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Bipole OperationhEarth Return
HVDCCCable/OH Line
er S
yste
mAC
Powe
AC P
owe
er SystemEarth Return
Ground Electrode
HVDCCable/OH Line
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Bipole OperationllMetallic Return
HVDCHVDCCable/OH Line
r Sys
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AC
Pow
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AC
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Cable/OH Line
HVDCCable/OH Line
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Cost ComparisonHVDC vs. AC
• HVDC has a higher installation cost due to theHVDC has a higher installation cost due to the converter stations and filtering requirements.
• The cost of an HVDC line is less than the cost• The cost of an HVDC line is less than the cost of an AC line.
L AC li i d h• Long AC lines are more expensive due to shunt and series compensation requirements.
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Cost vs. Distance for HVDC and ACCost vs. Distance for HVDC and AC
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Electrical ConsiderationsElectrical Considerations
• InsulationInsulation
• Metallic or earth return (ground electrode)
dibl i• Audible Noise
• Magnetic and Electric Fields
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Insulation RequirementsInsulation Requirements
• Air Clearance RequirementsAir Clearance Requirements– Switching Performance
Lightning– Lightning
• Altitude
• Pollution/Contaminants
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Air Clearance RequirementsAir Clearance Requirements
EHV ACEHVAC Air Clearance Requirements (meter)8
– Switching – primary
– Lightning – secondary4
62.6 p.u.
1.8 p.u.
HVDC– Switching – secondary
0
2
500 800 1100System voltage (kV) Switching secondary
– Lightning – primary
Air Clearance Requirements
y g ( )
HVDC Air Clearance Requirements (meter)
6
8
Air Clearance Requirements are Significantly Lower for HVDC2
4
6
HVDC.0400 600 800
System voltage (±kV)Graphic Courtesy ABB
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Effect of AltitudeEffect of AltitudeEHV AC
Ai Cl1.30
Relative increase in insulation requirements with altitude
– Air Clearance (switching)
– Insulation (pollution)1.20
1.25LightningSwitchingPollution
(p )
HVDC– Air Clearance 1 05
1.10
1.15
(lightning)
– Insulation (creepage)0.95
1.00
1.05
Insulation Requirements for HVDC are More Sensitive to Altitude
0.900 500 1000 1500 2000
Altitude (meter)Graphic Courtesy ABB
Sensitive to Altitude
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Earth ReturnEarth Return
• Metallic ReturnMetallic Return– Same current rating as main conductor
Insulated for voltage drop caused by current flow– Insulated for voltage drop caused by current flow
• Earth Return– Expansive ground electrode
– Requires significant study• Gravity survey, hydrological survey, electrical resistivity survey, geological modeling
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IPP Southern Electrode
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IPP HVDCIPP HVDC
G dGround Electrode
Connection to TowerTower
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Corona and Audible NoiseCorona and Audible Noise
• Weather has Smaller Effect on Corona LossesWeather has Smaller Effect on Corona Losses for HVDC Lines
• Requirement for Conductor Bundling is• Requirement for Conductor Bundling is Reduced for HVDC Lines to Meet Audible Noise RequirementsNoise Requirements
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Corona and Audible NoiseCorona and Audible Noise
Typical corona losses (kW/km)
1000Frost Rain Fair
EHVAC
Corona Losses on HVDC are less
10
100HVDC
HVDC are less Sensitive to Weather Conditions
1
10
0 500 1000 1500 2000
EHVAC, HVDC
0 500 1000 1500 2000Altitude (m)Graphic Courtesy ABB
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UHVAC Conductor Bundles for 55dB Maximum
6 6 9
1500
2000
65 8
Altitude (meter) 1000
1500
8
50054 8
0700 800 900 1000 1100
System voltage (kV)Graphic Courtesy ABB
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HVDC Conductor Bundles f dfor 45dB Maximum
73 64 73 64
2000
642 5Altitude (meter)
1000
1500
2 3 54500
1000
3 4
0400 500 600 700 800400 500 600 700 800
System voltage (±kV)Graphic Courtesy ABB
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Magnetic and Electric FieldsMagnetic and Electric Fields
• No Magnetic Induction from DCNo Magnetic Induction from DC
• Current flow in Opposite Directions Cancel Magnetic Field Effect on HVDCMagnetic Field Effect on HVDC– Comparable to Earths Magnetic Field (50µT)
• Field Requirements for DC are less Stringent than AC– Greater Public Acceptance…
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Itaipu HVDC and EHV SystemHVDC Line Cost about 70% of AC Line
ITAIPU2 x 6300 MW6300
3 x 765 kV AC, 2 intermediate S/S6300 MW with SC
4500 MW without SC3 i it
2 x ± 600 kV DC6300 MW, 2 converters per pole4700 MW with pole outage
4 l3 circuits 4 poles
Photo Courtesy ABB
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Itaipu 765kV Ac LinespLine 1. 891 km 1982, 86, Line 2. 891 km 1989Line 3. 915 km 1999, 00, 01
• About 70% Guyed Vee
• Average weight 8500 kg, guyedAverage weight 8500 kg, guyed
• Self supporting, weight 14000 kg
• 15.80 m Phase spacing, guyed
• 14.30 m Phase spacing, self support
• Conductor 4xBluejay 564 mm² ACSR
450 mm subconductor spacing• 450 mm subconductor spacing
• 35 Insulators
• 95 m RoW one line
• 178 m RoW two linesPhoto Courtesy ABB
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Itaipu ±600kV HVDC LinesItaipu ±600kV HVDC Lines
Bipole 1792 km 1984Bipole 2820 km 1987
About 80% Guyed Mast• About 80% Guyed Mast
• Average weight 5000 kg, guyed
• Self supporting, weight 9000 kg
• Conductor 4xBittern 644 mm² 45/7ACSR
• 450 mm subconductor spacing
• 32 Insulators 510 mm creep, 27 mm/kV
• 16.40 m pole spacing
• 72 m RoW per circuit72 m RoW per circuit
Photo Courtesy ABB
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Thank you for your time.
QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?This concludes the educational content of this activityThis concludes the educational content of this activity.
Joe Mooney, P.E.Sr Project ManagerSr. Project Managerwww.powereng.com
March 2010