Electrical Communications Systems ECE.09.331 Spring 2007

S. Mandayam/ ECOMMS/ECE Dept./Rowan University

Electrical Electrical Communications SystemsCommunications Systems

ECE.09.331ECE.09.331 Spring 2007Spring 2007

Shreekanth MandayamECE Department

Rowan University

http://users.rowan.edu/~shreek/spring07/ecomms/

Lecture 1aLecture 1aJanuary 16, 2007January 16, 2007


PlanPlan• Why are we studying ECOMMS?

• Technology successes, Trends and Decisions

• What is a communications system?• Objectives• Block diagram • What limits our ability to communicate?• Fundamental limits - Shannon’s Theorem

• Wireless comm evolution• What are we studying in this course?• Course logistics

• ECOMMS Readiness QUIZ, next Monday!


Telecomm Trends (2003)Telecomm Trends (2003)

http://money.cnn.com/2003/12/23/markets/yir_bigwinners03/index.htm

http://money.cnn.com/2003/12/12/markets/yir_biglosers03/index.htm



http://money.cnn.com/2004/12/17/markets/yir04_markets/



http://money.cnn.com/2005/06/20/markets/halfyear/index.htm


Telecomm Trends (2006)Telecomm Trends (2006)2006: Tech winners and losersThe best and worst tech performers in the S&P 500 this year.By Grace Wong, CNNMoney.com staff writerDecember 14 2006: 12:02 PM EST

NEW YORK (CNNMoney.com) -- Nvidia tops the list for best performing tech stock in the S&P 500 this year. With a gain of 98 percent as of Wednesday, the graphics chip maker led the winners in 2006.More on tech's biggest winners and losers Software companies Cognizant Technology Solutions (Charts) and BMC Software (Charts) are also among the top 5 performing stocks - as is heavyweight Cisco Systems (Charts), which has climbed 59 percent so far this year.On the other end of the spectrum, chipmaker AMD (Charts) has struggled as has Internet giant Yahoo (Charts). The worst performing tech stock of the year? ADC Telecommunications (Charts), which is down 35 percent in 2006.

http://money.cnn.com/2006/12/14/technology/winners_losers/index.htm?postversion=2006121412


Communications: Where are Communications: Where are we?we?

1975 2007

4GW?


For the consumerFor the consumerVideo/Camera • 1.3 Megapixel Camera • 2.2" 176 x 220 internal screen

65K TFT color display • 1.0" 9 6 x 80 external 65K CSTN

color display • Video Resolution: 176x144 • Camera Resolutions: 160x120,

320x240, 640x480, 1280x1024 Mobile Media • VCAST Music and Video Service • Mobile Web 2.0 • Mobile Instant Messaging (IM) • Picture and Video Messaging

Service (MMS) • Two-Way Text Messaging

Service (SMS)Data & Text • Up to 11 lines text

Voice/Audio • Advanced Speech Recognition • Integrated speakerphone General • Bluetooth Capable (v1.1) Supports

the Headset, Handsfree Serial Port and Dial Up Networking Profiles.

• BroadbandAccess Connect • microSD removable memory • aGPS capable for E911

emergency location Specifications • 1.9 GHz CDMA PCS I 800 MHz

CDMA • Dimensions: 3.86 x 2.08 x 0.57

inches • Weight: 3.49 oz • Battery: 780 mAH Li-Ion • SAR: Ear-1.14 , Body - 1.56 • Usage Time: Up to 200 Minutes

OR • Standby Time: Up to 325 Hours

MotorolaRazr V325i


Decisions, decisions…..Decisions, decisions…..

• I live in the Philadelphia metro area. What cell-phone carrier should I choose?• Verizon, Cingular, T-Mobile, ……?

• I’m designing the next generation microprocessor. It’s going to be connected to Internet2. How do I design the right size the memory buffer?

• I’m designing the remote navigation for the Mars Rover. What’s the right bandwidth/data rate for control signal transmission?


What is a communications What is a communications system?system?

• Communications Systems: Systems designed to transmit and receive information

Info Source

Info Source

Info Sink

Info Sink

CommSystem


Block DiagramBlock Diagram

ReceiverRx

receivedmessage

tosink

)(~ tm

TransmitterTx s(t)

transmittedsignal

Channelr(t)

receivedsignal

m(t)message

from source

Info Source

Info Source

Info Sink

Info Sink

n(t)noise


What limits our ability to What limits our ability to communicate?communicate?

• NOISE!!!!!• Noise: an unwanted, random fluctuation in the

signal• Without the effects of noise, a message with

infinitesimally small power could be transmitted over infinitely large distances

• ALL advances in communications technology are advances to combat the effects of noise


Fundamental Limit: Fundamental Limit: Shannon’s Theorem Shannon’s Theorem (1948,1949)(1948,1949)

• Theoretical limit for error-free transmission in a communications system in the presence of noise

• Source Data Rate: R [bits/sec]

• Channel Capacity:

C = B log2(1 + S/N) [bits/sec]

• R < C: No Error!!!


Mars Orbiter(Odyssey/Mars Global Surveyer)

Mars Rover(Spirit/Opportunity)

DSN Antenna(on Earth)

128 kbps

12k – 3.5k bps

X-Band


Wireless Comm Evolution:Wireless Comm Evolution: UMTS (3G) UMTS (3G)

http://www.3g-generation.com/http://www.nttdocomo.com/reports/010902_ir_presentation_january.pdf


Evo

luti

on

Evo

luti

on

TECHNOLOGY FEATURES

1-GLate 1970’s, early 1980’s

AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service

-Analog voice service

- No data service

2-G1990’s

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

PDC Personal digital cellular

Digital voice service

- 9.6K to 14.4K bit/sec.

- CDMA, TDMA and PDC offer one-way data transmissions only

- Enhanced calling features like caller ID

- No always-on data connection

3-G2000 and beyond

W-CDMA Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access

CDMA-2000 Based on the Interim Standard-95 CDMA standard

TD-SCDMA Time-division synchronous CDMA

- Superior voice quality

- Up to 2M bit/sec. always-on data

- Broadband data services like video and multimedia

- Enhanced roaming


And there’s more….And there’s more….

3

A View of 4GA View of 4GA View of 4G

• Domain of 4G extends beyond 1G, 2G, and 3G• > 2 Mbps in a wide-area mobile system (> 20 Mbps peak)

• Could coexist with 2G and 3G

• 4G is not necessarily defined by the bit rate, but by a significant advance in system capability beyond what can be achieved with 3G

Data Rate

Coverage Area,

Mobility

Macrocell,High Mobility

Microcell,Limited Mobility

Fixed Access

64kbps 2Mbps 200Mbps

P-MP (LMDS)Milli-wave LAN

2G2G

WLAN

4G4G3G3G

Joseph M. Nowack, http://www.jacksons.net/~tac/


http://www.madamandeve.co.za/


ECOMMS: What are we studying?ECOMMS: What are we studying?

Electrical Communications Systems

•Measures of information and noise•Capacities for information transmission

•Design of communications systems•Measures of performance

•Communications circuits

•Communications protocols

HardwareINdependent

Hardwaredependent


ECOMMS: TopicsECOMMS: Topics

ReceiverRx

)(~ tmTransmitterTx s(t)

Channelr(t)

m(t)

Modulation circuits and systems

DSP

Demodulation circuits and systems

DSP

Noise

Wire/wirelessAntennas/Coupling

Antennas/Coupling

Analog/digital

Protocols

Fundamental limits


ECOMMS: DetailsECOMMS: Details

Probability

Inform ation

Entropy

Channel Capacity

Discrete

Pow er & Energy S ignals

Continuous Fourier T ransform

Discrete Fourier T ransform

Baseband and Bandpass S ignals

Com plex Envelope

G aussian Noise & SNR

Random VariablesNoise Calculations

Continuous

Signals

AMSw itching M odulator

Envelop Detector

DSB-SCProduct M odulatorCoherent Detector

Costas Loop

SSBW eaver's M ethodPhasing M ethod

Frequency M ethod

Frequency & Phase M odulationNarrow band/W idebandVCO & S lope Detector

PLL

Analog

Source EncodingHuffm an codes

Error-control EncodingHam m ing Codes

Sam plingPAM

QuantizationPCM

Line Encoding

T im e Division M uxT 1 (DS1) Standards

Packet Sw itchingEthernet

ISO 7-Layer Protocol

BasebandCODEC

ASKPSKFSK

BPSK

QPSK

M -ary PSK

QAM

BandpassM ODEM

DigitalDigita l Com m T ransceiver

System s

Electrical Com m unication System s


ECOMMS: Course LogisticsECOMMS: Course Logistics

http://users.rowan.edu/~shreek/spring07/ecomms/


ECOMMS Readiness QuizECOMMS Readiness QuizNEXT MONDAY, Jan 22, 12:40 PM

Room 204/206

CLOSED Book and Notes

Topics:

Complex algebra, Phasors, Fourier Series, AC Circuits

BRING YOUR CALCULATOR!


SummarySummary

Electrical Communications Systems ECE.09.331 Spring 2007

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