Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering for Oil and Gas Facilities

8/17/2019 Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering for Oil and Gas Facilities

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Electrical and Instrumentation (E&I) Engineering for Oil and Gas Facilities


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Power system

• Power generation plants are located based on fuelavailability

• Other considerations like water, pollution issues etc.

• Often they are in remote locations

• Loads are situated in population centers

• Transporting generated power to population centers for use

requires a power system


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Why AC

• lmost the entire power generation andtransmission is by ! "alternating current#

• ! lends itself to voltage changes easily

• $oltage can be chosen for optimum efficiency andoptimum capital cost

• Thus better economy of power system operations


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AC Wa!eform

• voltage or current in ! circuits varies cyclicallya number of times per second

• This number is called the frequency "%#

• The time for one cycle is thus &'%

• The variation follows a sine relationship and thewaveform is called a sine wave

• n electrical system can be of single or ( phase type


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"ingle and three #hase generators


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$hree #hase AC

• )niversally adopted because of lower equipmentcost per unit power handled

• *elpful while interconnecting several generating

sources "the sources tend remain in phase or staysynchromised#

• Three phase ! motors "which account for most

of the energy used# have a simple design and areself starting


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Electrical Power and Energy

• +n ! circuitsPower-$oltage !urrent "/atts#

Energy- Power Time "/att *ours#

• +n ! circuits instantaneous voltage and currentkeep changing as they follow a sine curve

0 Power is computed using 1oot 2ean 3quare "123#

voltage and 123 current


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AC Power• Fundamental %efinition of Power

• +n an ! circuit both are sinusoidal against time

• 3inusoidal $oltage and !urrent are defined in 123

magnitudes where4

8

)()()( t i t v t p ⋅=

2

peak rms

V V =2

peak rms I I =


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"ingle Phase AC Power

TransmissionTransmission

9


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$he Power $riangle

S

P

Q

φ

22 SP S +=

S

P r powerfacto == φ cos

φ cos5S P = φ sin5S Q =

)cos( factor power a=φ


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Formulae for Power

• A##arent #ower " - $5+• Acti!e Power P - $5+5!os f

• 'eacti!e Power - $5+5 3in f

• !os f is known as the Power %actor and f is the power factor angle

• The angle depends on the ratio of the

resistance to the reactance in a circuit


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$y#ical $ransmission "ustation & transmission lines


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Power distriution

• istribution is done at lower voltage levels• istances are much shorter than transmission

• $oltage levels are typically (( k$ and less

• 6ulk of the consumers draw power at lower voltages

• This requires distribution at two different levels• istribution substations convert power from

transmission to distribution voltages

• /e will discuss the equipment used for T7 in the net

webcast


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$hree #hase #ower networ*

• ll ! generation, Transmission and istribution isthrough ( phase systems 0 8ception4 3ingle phase'3/81 distribution systems

• )tilisation can be ( phase "motors and rectifiers fordrives, furnaces# or single phase "commercial andlighting#

• bility to transmit larger amount of power for a given

voltage'conductor volume• vailability of rugged ( phase cage motors with self

starting capability


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%istriution e+ui#ment

• 3witching and isolation equipment 0 !ircuit breakers

0 isconnectors

0 !ontrol gear

• !onductors for carrying power

0 Overhead bare

0 Overhead insulated 0 )9 cables


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"ustations

• facility incorporating 0 Transformers

0 3witching'isolation equipment

0 !ontrol'protection'measuring

0 uiliary power equipment

• +ndoor or Outdoor type

• ir:insulated or gas:insulated

• ifferent configurations


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Outdoor ,,- *. switchyard

($ransmission)

$y#ical indoor

distriution sustation


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A /-- *. $ransmission line and

"tructure


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%O 0O1 WA2$ $O 32OW 4O'E

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Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering for Oil and Gas Facilities

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