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![Page 1: Electric Vehicles What “State” is this “Art” Rich Carroll Past President, Fox Valley Electric Auto Assoc Member, Chicago Electric Vehicle Consortium.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062620/551b9ce9550346942b8b55ed/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Electric Vehicles
What “State” is this “Art”
Rich Carroll
Past President, Fox Valley Electric Auto AssocMember, Chicago Electric Vehicle Consortium
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Objectives EV's are coming here List by vehicle types One slide history of EV's EV Chargers (EVSE) are coming here Understand levels of charging Incentives
Lethality Safety Emergency Response Guides
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Electric Vehicles are Coming Here More than a dozen
manufacturers have or will introduce one or more models in the next 12 months
Incentivization Vehicle Tax Credits (Federal) Vehicle Cash Rebates (State) Charger Install Rebates Village Stickers Preferred Parking Lower cost / mile 'Greener'
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Electric Vehicles are Coming Tesla® ,Roadster and Model S Nissan Leaf®
Chevrolet Volt®
Chevrolet Spark®
Mitsubishi i-MiEV®
Ford Focus Electric®
Ford Transit Connect®
Honda Fit EV®
Think®
Mini E®
Smart fortwo ED®
Toyota RAV4 EV®
Toyota Prius V® (PHEV) MM NmG®
Fiat 500e®
Citroen C-Zero® and C1 evie® * Peugeot iOn® * Renault Zoe® and Fluence® *
* Europe only for now
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Vehicle Type Abbreviations/Acronyms
BEV = Battery Powered (only) Electric Vehicle EREV = Extended Range (by combusion eng.) EV HEV = Hybrid Electric Vehicle (electric+combustion engine) LSV = Low Speed Vehicle (regardless of power) NEV = Neighborhood Electric Vehicle PHEV = Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicle ZEV = Zero Emission Vehicle
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Short History of Electric VehiclesERA Example Battery
ChemistryLimitations Advantages
1890-1920 (were the best selling
propulsion system in the USA in 1899, 1900)
Nickel IronNickel oxide-hydroxide athode and an iron anode, with an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide.
Range <60Slow
Dependable in undependable era. Easy to start. Electricity easier to
find than gasoline. Batteries last > 100 yr.
1960-1999 Lead AcidWhen charged, cell contains neg. plates of elem. lead (Pb) and pos, plates of lead oxide (PbO2) in an electrolyte of sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Range usually <40 with rare exceptions.
Effective battery life 2-5 yr.
Low cost per mile, about 2-3 ¢
2000-2004 Ni MHpositive electrodes of nickel
oxyhydroxide, negative electrodes use a hydrogen-absorbing alloy. Alkaline electrolyte, usually KOH
Cannot license NiMH for sole car power, can license
as hybrid, Range < 100High self discharge rate
Need little maint. Little cell to cell regulation
Current LithiumCarbon is neg. electrode,
metal oxide is pos. electrode. Electrolyte is Lithium Salt in organic
solvent.
Range usually <100 (Tesla is exception)
Quiet, low cost per mile, decreased range anxiety
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Pros of EVs
Cost to run about 2-3 ¢/ mile (Gasoline 10-20 ¢/ mile)
Most of energy comes from North American Sources
Decline in production of greenhouse gasses (most sources say 50% or less of CO
2 emissions)
Renewable resources increasing in %age. ComEd 10% by 2015, 25% by 2025.
Pollution at source of electricity, monitored 24/7
Quiet
Power companies maintain their grid is ready for normal influx of EV's
Smart Grid and Smart chargers add to reliance, not burden
Potential recyclability
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Cons of EV's
“Tethered” to electric outlet
EV's cost more to build
Perhaps not as 'green' as one would think
Battery technology isn't fully developed
Fewer independent mechanics (AST has alternative fuels course)
If needed, multiple chargers are expensive
Infrastructure not completely in place
State revenue plan (road use/ fuel taxes) not in place
First responders are 'getting training'
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Vehicle Identification
Emblems - May say “hybrid” or “electric power”
Lettering
License Plates In Illinois,
(pure EV's are eligible for EL
series of plates at a
reduced rate.)
Characters 5,6 and 7 of
VIN could be used, but no
consensus yet.
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Electric Vehicles – Drive Motor(s)
AC motors More expensive ?? more efficient Easy to get regenerative
braking
DC motorsSlightly cheaper to buildEasier to rebuild
Both types of motors use a battery pack, usually 72 volts to 350 volts. (Even though the motor is an AC motor, the battery pack is DC)
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Vehicles Classed by Drive Power
Electric Motor Propulsion Tesla®, Mitsubishi i®, Nissan Leaf®
Electric Motor Propulsion with aux. onboard source of electricity (Aux. Power can be fuel cell, gas motor, diesel motor)Chevrolet Volt®
Electric Motor Propulsion with Gasoline/Diesel (switching) (Hybrid) New Prius V® (a.k.a. PHEV)
Gasoline/Diesel Power with electric assist. Small electric motor helps acceleration (but never runs by itself) (eAssist® by GM®, Prius®, most hybrids.)
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Illinois Low Speed Vehicle Restrictions Vehicle must be capable of not more
than 25 MPH Vehicle must be capable of at least 20
MPH Must have title and license plates Most, but not all, are electric Can only be driven on streets with 30
MPH speed limit or less May only cross streets with 45 MPH
limit or less. May be further regulated locally Operator must have driver's license. Public Act . . . . 96-0653
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EV Charging Stations are Coming Here
273 Public Charging stations by 6/30/12 (CEVC) Stage II & III
37 Ultra Fast charge, Direct DC stations by 6/30/12 (permitting pending)
Chicago and six collar counties
This is from Green Cities Grant (14.99M)
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EV Charging Stations in Chicago Metro Area
263 stations on ChargePoint https://na.chargepoint.com/charge_point
140 stations on Carstations http://carstations.com/ http://www.driveelectricillinois.org/ILstations.cfm 17 stations from Blink http://
www.blinknetwork.com/blinkMap.html Hundreds of private or semi-private at employers,
apartment/condo buildings, garages, car dealers Best online resourse now is plugshare.com
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EV Charging, by LevelsAC Voltage Input Current
(Amps)Input Power
(kW)Outlet
Level 1 120V <= 16 <= 2 NEMA5-15R
Level 2 208/ 240V
<= 80
(some cases, 70, 30)
<= 20 J1772
Level 3 480V 125+ 60+ CHAdeMO
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Other EV Charging (Not CEVC)
Private Personal Businesses that do not want
24/7 availability Employers who want to offer
free or discount charging
Businesses that need to valet cars
Car dealers who put the charging equipment behind a lock
Purchasers who do not want the higher charging passed on to their clients
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In¢entive$
Federal Tax Credit of up to $7,500 for purchase of new EV. (obviously applies only if you can use a tax credit)(amount of credit may vary with size of battery pack)
Illinois Rebate of $4,000 for purchase of new EV, or conversion of gasoline vehicle to EV. Rebate sent as state check. (does not apply to gas powered hybrids, even if plug in)
Illinois Rebate of $3,000 or $3,500 for purchasing outside charging equipment. Rebate sent as state check.
Illinois Vehicle Registration $17.50/year (2 year plate) vs. $99/year normal passenger car/B truck registration
Other states vary widely.
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Electricity can be
117V AC gives electric shock, seldom lethal, causes muscles to contract/extend 60 times a second
240V AC can be lethal. Causes muscles to contract/extend. Increase in fatalities if current passes through body, stops heart (or causes arrhythmia)
AC - Above 0.03 Amps (30 milliamps) can be fatal (lungs)AC – Above 0.1 Amps (100 milliamps) → Card. V. Fib.
120V DC can be lethal. (Anything over 50V DC can be lethal) Even very small ampere rates: Muscles contract and hold.
AC current has no + terminal, no – terminal DC current always has terminals + and –, including lightning
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EV and Hybrid Safety
Press has reported two fires in Volt cars One car was not a source of fire, but in a garage that burned, possibly
due to the charging of two EV's at the same time on limited wiring
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EV and Hybrid Safety One was at a vehicle 'test track' run
by MGA Research in Burlington, WI. (old AMC test area)
Vehicle was rammed from side in crash test, removed to storage yard
Caught fire after 5-1/2 weeks Volt never deenergized, per testing
specifications.
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No Other Fires Have Been Noted
Batteries do stay charged for many months A De-energization procedure exists for vehicles in serious
crashes Battery and component warranty is 8 years, 100,000 miles Nissan Leaf, and
Mitsubishi-i offer the
same 8 yr/ 100K
warranty
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Safety in a Crash - Emergency Response Guides
Available from each major manufacturer Wide variation in quality of information No central production, each manufacturer does their own Central repository (?) http://www.evsafetytraining.org/ Not a optimized for speed of information, not always the most
current.
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How to use ERG's
Available from each major manufacturer All are available as PDF files (with .pdf extension) Readable on almost all computers Readers available for iPhone®, Android® devices Keeping files updated is critical. Each first
responder must have latest files available In SOME areas, these can be downloaded in the
field.
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There are variations between ERGs
Some manufacturers have specific suggestions
A good level of understanding of these will increase your safety
Consider each situation is different, but try to find more universal solutions, and understand why some solutions were offered.
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There are variations between ERGs
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BMW Diagram of High Voltage Cable
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BMW Diagram of High Voltage Cable
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Ford (Escape and Mariner) Cable
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Think it's coming? No, it's here Senior editor Joe
Wiesenfelder, of Cars.com, brought a Volt to Chicago in 2011
Wiring chewed through by city rat in February 2011 (cost $750)
Staff member has minor crash in May 2011
Repair = $14,187
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Take away lessons
EV's are here Charging stations will be
common Both EV's and chargers are
quite safe, . . . but Everyone needs additional
information, not just those making purchase decisions
Do not expect EV's to only be sold to those with garages, or with sufficient electrical service
Expect EV customers to charge at the mall, at the cinema, in a Tollway Oasis, at a business or college
While the high DC voltage can pose a safety hazard, it isn't an order of magnitude beyond a tank of gasoline
On the whole, EV's are safer than gasoline vehicles.
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Questions for Rich
http://rcc.us/EV.ppt