Electric Vehicles: Assets on the Grid

Modern Engineering & Technology SeminarTaipei, Taiwan

Nov 11-14, 2012

Plug-in Vehicles

Vehicle Electrification

• Reduce tailpipe pollution

• Reduce CO2 emissions

• Reduce petroleum dependence

Source: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2010 U.S. data

Electrification Technology

petrol savings liters/year

battery size kWh

charge power kW

electric assist 329 ~1 none

hybrid 736 1 to 3 none

plug-in hybrid 1,024 8 to 16 3 to 6

electric only 1,600 20 to 50+ 6 to 18

Electrified Vehicles - US Market Share

0%

30%

60%

90%

1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

US mkt share

plug-in

hybrid

plug-in + hybrid

Fleet Electrification

1.0 mil PEV sales

Projection

Where are we today?

• By 2014 most OEMs will be selling EVs

• People who drive them like them

• Fleets want them

• Costs are coming down

• EV market ready for growth

Early Adopter Clusters

• Demographics

• State or municipal incentives

• Climate

• Geography

• Transit alternatives

In near term, EV market share of 1% nationally may be as high as 10% or 15% locally.

Sooner Rather than Later…

• EVs may burden the grid with new concentrated loads that overlap with peak demand

• Or they may provide versatile, flexible, distributed, low-cost energy storage and dispatchable power

• The outcome will depend on how automakers, generators, battery suppliers, utilities, regulators, customers, and innovators meet the challenge of integrating EVs and the power grid.

Need for Vehicle-Grid Integration

To synergize EVs and the grid

using innovative systems for

communication and control.

EV Grid Mission Statement:

Battery Systems

Battery Cells – The Elements

Li Ion 18650 cell Li Ion pouch cell

Battery Monitoring - Key Technology

Battery Management

• monitor each cell

• voltage

• temperature

• control charge

• control discharge

• maintain balance

• record use data

• Cells in series and parallel

• Battery monitors

• Provisions for mounting, interconnection, thermal control

• Unit of assembly and repair

Battery Modules – The Building Blocks

Battery Pack – Electricity on Wheels

Li Ion pack for vehicles1 vehicle:­ 30 kWh­ 17 kW chg/dischg

1000 vehicles:­ 30 MWh­ 17 MW chg/dischg

EV IntegrationWith the Grid

Renewable Energy for EVs

Buffered Renewables on Grid

Battery Storage Distributed on Grid

Bi-Directional Charger

2-way charger allows power flow from vehicle to grid

Battery Storage Distributed in EVs: V2G

100 EVs = 1 MW

The Grid - Sept 2012

CAISO Power

-10,000

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

midnight to midnight

MW

available actual net demand wind solar EV charging

baseload generation +load-following generation

The Grid - Sept 2022

CAISO Power

-10,000

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

midnight to midnight

MW

available actual net demand wind solar EV charging

RPS => 33% renewables

The Grid - Sept 2022, Net Demand

CAISO Power

-10,000

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

midnight to midnight

MW

available actual net demand wind solar EV charging

load-following: more variation, steeper slopes

The Grid - Sept 2022 + 1 mil EVs

CAISO Power

-10,000

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

midnight to midnight

MW

available actual net demand wind solar EV charging

load-following: worse with uncontrolled EVs

The Grid - Sept 2032 + 25% EVs

CAISO Power

-10,000

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

midnight to midnight

MW

available actual net demand wind solar EV charging

load-following: impossible with uncontrolled EVs

The Grid - Sept 2032 + 25% EVs + V2G

CAISO Power

-10,000

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

midnight to midnight

MW

available actual net demand wind solar EV charging

load-following: normalized with integrated EVs

Vehicle-Grid Integration Today

Three concepts for battery on grid:• Dedicated stationary battery for grid support• Sequential use of EV batteries (1st use car, 2nd use grid) • Concurrent use of EV batteries (vehicle-to-grid or V2G)

Each can provide equivalent value to grid at similar scale

All require proof of concept:• Aggregation and control• Fixed costs • Operating economics

Consensus: Battery On Grid Has Value

1995 Amory Lovins proposes baseload grid power from FCEVs

1997 Kempton (University of Delaware) and Letendre first paper on vehicle-to-grid

2001 AC Propulsion first test bi-directional AC150 Gen 2

2001 DaimlerChrysler - “We can use the energy unit in this car for homes.”

2001 EPRI: “The Car of the Future May Help Power Your Home”

2002 General Motors – Grid connection for fuel cell cars

2002 AC Propulsion demo of grid regulation by EV

2003 AC Propulsion demo of grid-tied and stand-alone power from PHEV

2004 SCE, Austin Energy discuss a 2nd generation of connected cars with V2G

2005 Seattle Electric Vehicle to Grid Forum

2006 GM, Delmarva, UDel, AC Propulsion discuss future of V2G

2007 PHI, UDel demonstrate live grid regulation with eBox at FERC, Washington DC

2008 eBox does V2G at Plug-In 2008 Conference – (July, 2008, San Jose, CA)

2009 fleet of 5 eBoxes operates in revenue generating V2G mode in PJM grid

2010 development of SAE J1772 compliant, V2G-capable EVSE

2011 NRG and UDel launch eV2g

2013 Grid on Wheels: 300 kW V2G fleet in Delaware

V2G: A Maturing Concept

V2G – Extracting Value from Batteries

• Battery value is based on– Availability– kWh throughput

• With V2G, battery generates two value streams1. Transportation

– Range– Readiness

2. Grid support­ Readiness­ Response

Transportation• Driver pays for use of battery for driving

Grid support• Utilities pay for ancillary services• Generators pay for buffering PV and wind• Loads pay for peak shaving

With V2G, battery generates two value streams

Battery Sharing Reduces Cost

Battery cost reduction to EV operatorcreates competitive advantage

Battery Dominates Comparative CostEV ICEV EV cost

vehicle without power system

body, chassis, interior, safety systems, electronics

body, chassis, interior, safety systems, electronics

same

power systemmotor, inverter, controller, gearbox, charger, battery

management system

engine, transmission, controller, intake and

exhaust systems, emission controls

somewhat less

energy cost 3 to 8 cents per mile 8 to 25 cents per mile much less

energy storagebattery cells, battery assembly, enclosure,

interconnects, controller

fuel tank, fuel delivery, evap controls

much much more

Aggregation• Thousands of cars• One entity to grid

Communication and control• Grid to aggregator to car • Car to aggregator and car to driver• Actions and transactions

Infrastructure• EVSE (car to grid connection) • ISO/RTO markets• Local entities – codes, tariffs and regulations

V2G Value Capture Depends on Systems

Internet

Grid Operator

PowerCommand Power

Response

Aggregator

$$

Vehicles Aggregted for Grid Support

Financial benefit to driver

DriverPreferences

VehicleStatus

Grid Regulation Ancillary Service

regulation regulation regulation

drive drive-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

14-Mar-0100:28:48

14-Mar-0102:52:48

14-Mar-0105:16:48

14-Mar-0107:40:48

14-Mar-0110:04:48

14-Mar-0112:28:48

14-Mar-0114:52:48

14-Mar-0117:16:48

14-Mar-0119:40:48

14-Mar-0122:04:48

Time

Load

Area Control Error (ACE)

Regulation Does Not Drain Battery

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

12:00AM

2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00AM

12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM 12:00AM

TIme

Batt power SOC

regulation regulation regulation

drive drive

EV provides regulation even while charging

BatterySOC %

BatteryPower kW

University of Delaware

Prof. Willett Kempton’s pioneering work in V2G makes UDel the nexus of the Grid on Wheels Project - a business/academic collaboration

PJM Grid Territiory

Grid on Wheels will participate in PJM’s hour-ahead reg-up and reg-down markets.

PJM:• 164,000 MW peak• 60 mil population• 214,000 sq mi

NRG Energy

NRG will provide aggregation services, bundling, scheduling, bidding, and fulfilling up to 300 kW of regulation based on available EVs in the Grid on Wheels program.

NRG:• 25 MW generation• eVGo charging networks • eV2g EV aggregation services

9/26/11FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

NRG Energy, University of Delaware Announce eV2g Initiative to Develop Electric Vehicle-to-Grid Technology

- Harnessing electric vehicles as energy storage offsets electricity

costs, promotes grid stability-

Electric Cars

EV Grid will supply 30 MINI Es modifed for V2G and J1772, to operate in fleet service and provide grid regulation as part of Grid on Wheels.

Electric Trucks

EV Grid will supply all-electric eVans produced by AutoPort Inc. in Delaware. These EVs will operate in commercial fleets in the PJM territory and participate in Grid on Wheels.

300 kW V2G Demo

• Vehicles in fleets• Chargers and battery systems• Communications and control• Aggregation• Grid Regulation • Ancillary services markets• Infrastructure• Fleet management