ELECTRIC LAMPSwtgzik.pairserver.com/courses/373sum12/373-Lamps.pdfTungsten-halogen Special Condensed...
Transcript of ELECTRIC LAMPSwtgzik.pairserver.com/courses/373sum12/373-Lamps.pdfTungsten-halogen Special Condensed...
Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 | Grondzik 1
ELECTRIC LAMPS
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Lamps –The First or Last Thing Considered?
Lamp Desired result
Luminaire Patterns
Placement in space Placements
Lighting patterns Luminaire
Desired result ? Lamp
method-focused-process outcome-focused process
the outcome-based approach seems best left to the experienced
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A Brief History of Lamps
IESNA Lighting Handbook (9th Edition)
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An Annotated
Brief History of
Lamps
Daylight
Daylight
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Terminology
• Lamp– Any manufactured source of light (electric,
kerosene, candle, gas, …)– Avoid the word “bulb” — often a lamp is not
a bulb shape
• Luminaire– A light fixture — with electrical connection,
structural support, and light control elements
– Using “light fixture” is fine (“fixture” by itself is too vague)
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Why Use Electric Lamps?
• It gets dark at night (no daylight)
• Light output is not radically variable (as daylight is)
• Light source is within the building envelope (as opposed to daylight) and within the space to be lit
• Electricity is readily available
• People accept them
• They are convenient
• They do not require a major architectural design involvement (consultants can do lighting design)
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Electric Lamp Characteristics—1
• Luminous output (lumens)• Luminous intensity (each lamp has numerous
values: candela)• Color (there are several indicators, such as CRI)• Luminous efficacy (lumens per watt)• Life (burning hours)• Lumen depreciation (over life: decimal value)• First cost (dollars)• Dimming capabilities (description)
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Electric Lamp Characteristics—2
• Start-up time (minutes)
• Restrike (restart) time (minutes)
• Focusability (description)
• Reliability (mean time between failures)
• Appropriateness (an opinion)
• Electrical requirements (voltage, wattage)
• Temperature requirements (deg F)
• Others (vibration, replacement match, …)
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Sample Lamp Characteristics
IESNA Lighting Handbook (9th Edition)
the bottom line is: there is substantial variety in characteristics
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Electric Lamp Families(broad categories)
• Incandescent– Current flows through and heats a filament
• Gaseous Discharge– Current flows through and interacts with a fill gas
• LED– Light emitting diode
• Other lamps– Induction, electrochemical, etc.
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Electric Lamp Families(broad comments)
• Incandescent– Historic, lots of uses and varieties, being phased out
• Gaseous Discharge– Lots of uses and varieties, will be with us for a while
• LED– Readily available, but not quite ready for prime time
• Other lamps– Generally experimental
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INCANDESCENT Lamps
● General service● Tungsten-halogen● Special
Condensed tungstenTungsten filamentGlass bulbInert fill gasElectrical connection
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Incandescent Lamp Shapes
IESNA Lighting Handbook (9th Edition)
these (Edison’s idea) are still used for a range of purposes
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IncandescentLamp
Shapes
Pacific Energy Center
San Francisco, CA
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General Service Incandescents
“A” bulb ^
Reflector >
Globe >
Candle >>
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General Service Incandescent
condition of service (exterior) and light control needs define a floodlamp
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Automotive Incandescents
low voltage, rough duty, special connectors
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Tungsten-Halogen Incandescent
electrical connection halogen fill filament quartz bulb
a compact and intense
incandescent source
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MR16 - Tungsten-Halogen
shielded standard dichroic (cool)
a common and popular
incandescent lamp
usually used for display
or accent lighting
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Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
encapsulated tungsten-halogen lamps(an alternative to general service incandescents)
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On the Far Geographic Horizon
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On the Near Horizon
Federal (US) legislation
… state efforts became moot when the federal government enacted the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007in December 2007, requiring all general-purpose light bulbs that produce 310–2600 lumens of light be 30% more energy
efficient (similar to current halogen lamps) than current incandescent bulbs by 2012 to 2014. The efficiency
standards will start with 100-watt bulbs in January 2012 and end with 40-watt bulbs in January 2014.
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On the Not-so-Near Horizon
Federal legislation …
Light bulbs outside of this range are exempt from the restrictions (historically, less than 40 Watts or more than 150 Watts). Also exempt are several classes of specialty lights, including appliance lamps, rough service bulbs, 3-
way, colored lamps, and plant lights.
By 2020, a second tier of restrictions would become effective; which requires all general-purpose bulbs to produce at least 45 lumens per watt (similar to current CFLs). Exempt from the Act are reflector flood, 3-way, candelabra, colored, and
other specialty bulbs.
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GASEOUS DISCHARGE Lamps
• Fluorescent (low-pressure mercury)– Compact fluorescent– Tubular
• HID (high intensity discharge)– Mercury vapor– Metal halide– High-pressure sodium vapor– Low-pressure sodium vapor
increasing luminous efficacy
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Ballast What’s a Ballast?
A ballast is required to operate all types
of gaseous discharge lamps– This device provides a high voltage to start the
lamp and controls operating current once started; it can correct power factor, can provide dimming capability, can run a lamp at high frequency (providing for more efficient operation)
– Magnetic: old type ballast, being phased out
– Electronic: newer type, common, less noisy, more efficient than magnetic, the norm in new design work
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Fluorescent Ballasts
note electronic circuit board
Pacific Energy Center, San Francisco, CA
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Fluorescent Lamp Operation
IESNA Lighting Handbook (9th Edition)
electrons flow through tube, encounter molecules of fill gas,
change the energy state of the molecules, which produces photons
of UV radiation, which is then absorbed by the phosphor
coating on the tube … releasing photons of light
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Fluorescent Lamp Operation
IESNA Lighting Handbook (9th Edition)
phos
pho
rno
pho
spho
r
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Fluorescent Lamp Shapes
IESNA Lighting Handbook (9th Edition)
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Fluorescent Lamp Shapes
Pacific Energy CenterSan Francisco
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Fluorescent LampShapes
diameter in 8ths of an inch
T-12T-8T-5
increasing efficiency
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Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
a common replacement for incandescents
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HID Lamps(High Intensity Discharge)
mercury vapor metal halide sodium vapor
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HID Lamps
mercury vapor metal halide sodium vapor
Pacific Energy Center, San Francisco
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LED and Other Lamps
neon (gaseous discharge) induction
LED—generating huge interest,but not quite yet mainstream
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Luminous Efficacies
IESNA Lighting Handbook (9th Edition)
white LED (100,000 hours life)
if we draw a line in the sand and demand higher efficacies,
many lamp options go away
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So Why Use Daylight?
Square One: www.squ1.com
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Because it’s Dark at Night?
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incandescent lamps bannedincandescent lamps restrictedincentives to replace incandescent lamps
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Something to Consider
“When asked if we have enough time
to prevent catastrophe,
she'd always say that we have
exactly enough time -- starting now”
Amory Lovins' eulogy for Donella Meadows
global climate change will be a catastrophe for many