Efficient multi-mode to single-mode coupling in a photonic ...
Electric bicycles: An energy efficient mode of …...Electric bicycles: An energy efficient mode of...
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Electric bicycles: An energy efficient mode of
transportation
+Intro to dynamic wireless charging
Pauli Salminen Post-doc researcher, Aalto University Entrepreneur, www.LiikkuvaLaatikko.fi
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Standardized
www.MICEV.eu
Standardization in progress, R&D
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Vehicle coil (moving)
Ground coil
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Electric bicycles: An energy efficient mode of transportation Pauli Salminen Post-doc researcher, Aalto University
Entrepreneur, www.LiikkuvaLaatikko.fi
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Definitions (In Finland)
Pedelec, e-assist <25 km/hMax 250 W Like a bicycle!
Speed pedelec L-1eB<45 km/h, <1000W Like a e-moped
Between these two: Motorized pedelec L-1eA<25 km/h, 250…1000W Insurance needed, no registration plate
Fiqure: LiikkuvaLaatikko.fi
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Efficient use of resources
Rare earth minerals are needed in batteries.
The typical Tesla model S/X battery pack has 7104 pieces of type 18650 cells.
Bosch e-Bike battery pack has 40 cells of the same type
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Tesla S/X=7104 pcs Bosch e-bike=40 pcs
Electric car Tesla has 178 x more cells(type 18650) compared to Bosch e-bike.
Yes! There are those 40
cells!
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Same amount of battery materials are enough for 178 e-Bikes or one car!
OR
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Energy use of vehicle
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Car with combustion engine
Electric car
Fast e-Bike (45 km/h)
e-Bike (25 km/h)
Energy consumption (kWh/100 km)
Energy cost for 10 000 km: 3 € for e-Bike
vs. 1220€ for ICE car!
Fiqure: DHL
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How far you get with 1 kWh?
With e-Bike you can still cycle with flat battery. You do not want to start pushing car!
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
e-Bike (25 km/h)
Fast e-Bike (45 km/h)
Electric car
Car with combustion engine
Driving distance with 1 kWh of energy
Fiqure: Riese&Müller
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Ant-effect (Strenght-to-weight ratios)
Ant can lift 100 times their own body weight, but elephant lifts only 0,1 times its weight.
Fiqure: Wikimedia commons, CC, Kathy&Sam
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Load capacity to weight
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Passenger car (SkodaOctavia)
Van (Ford Transit)
Cargo bike (R&M Load)
Maximum load vs. vehicle weight
Fiqure: Workcycles / Liikkuva Laatikko.fi
Bikes can carry loads that are heavier than vehicle weigth, but cars can carry less than their own weight.
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Scaling –you can´t cheat the physics!
Energy efficiency is all about size, mass and speed.
When we scale up the vehicle: The material strenght stays the same L0
Mass goes up L3 (and thus material cost goes up to L3) Power/mass ratio L-1
Mass moment of inertia L5 (!)
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Vehicle mass
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Van (Ford transit)
Passenger car (SkodaOctavia)
Cargo bike (R&M Load)
Vehicle weight (kg)
Heavy-duty cargobikes may have the capacity of delivery van, but with higher efficiency and faster delivery times in city centres (Velove armadillo)
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Spike tires and emissions
Zero emission electric car in city traffic?
Passenger car with spike tires may emit 8 g of fine dust from road surface per kilometre*.
*Liikenne- ja viestintäministeriön julkaisuja, Nastarenkaiden kuluttavuus, yliajokoe 2004
Reduction of vehicle weigth reduces particle emissions
Fiqure: biohybrid.com and podbike.com
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ISO-standardization for e-Bikes, ISO 4210-10
Globally, there are now several standards for e-bikes. Global standard would help the progress of cycle industry and cycling in general.
For example, pedelec maximum assisted speeds: 25 km/h limit in the EU vs. 20 mph (32 km/h) in the USA.
New ISO-standard needs 2/3 majority to proceed. In last voting 65% voted yes. Finland did not vote. Why?
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Revonte - Finnish motor+gearbox developer
Revonte has raised a total of $2.9 M in funding over 3 rounds.
Fiqure: Revonte
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Does the emperor have clothes on?
Our transport system should not cause more problems than solutions.
Lighter modes of transport and vehicles must be prioritized.
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Extra material