Bicol Merchant Marine College Inc.

West District, Piot, Sorsogon City

Theories on Leadership

In Partial Fulfillment in the Requirement in Elective IV

A research presented to:

Mr. Edmundo Atutubo

Instructor

Presented by:

Aries Ayo Jeremias

BSMarE 2A

I. Introduction

A. Background of the Study

Leadership is "organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal". The

leader may or may not have any formal authority. Students of leadership have produced

theories involving traits, situational interaction, function, behavior, power, vision and

values, charisma, and intelligence, among others.

The researcher wants to study this kind of research because of his basis,

enterpretation and observation in the society. The theories of leadership were discuss and

the analysis of being good leader. In this study, the researcher aims to understand and

answer the following question stated to help him the problems encountered.

1.) What are the different theories on leadership?

2.) Advantages and disadvantages of being a leader?

3.) Are leaders born or made?

4.) What are the effects of being a leader in communication process?

5.) What and who is a leader?

6.) What is Leadership?

Before we get started, let’s define leadership. Leadership is a process by

which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization

in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. This definition is similar to

Northouse's (2007, p3) definition — Leadership is a process whereby an individual

influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.

Having a good leadership will help ones’ capability to maintain strong team

works and always have unity in the organization. Leadership is a unique superior position

where one has the ability and power to influence people towards cooperating to get things

done as to reach goal. Groups need a leader to keep them stable function smoothly, to

reduce uncertainty and confusion and to keep them focused on its goal.

When a person is deciding if she/he respects you as a leader, she/he does not think

about your attributes, rather, she/he observes what you do so that she can know who you

really are. She/He uses this observation to tell if you are an honorable and trusted leader

or a self-serving person who misuses authority to look good and get promoted. Self-

serving leaders are not as effective because their employees only obey them, not follow

them. They succeed in many areas because they present a good image to their seniors at

the expense of their workers.

The reader would know about “LEADERSHIP” on this study and serve as guide

for the next researcher. The main purpose of the study focus on the understanding the

theories on leadership as it part of the research.

B. Significance of the Study

Most of the time, the word “leadership” is always on the news and magazines.

People want to know the development of leadership in one nation. The basis of being

good leaders would also influence all the people and identify the things they contribute in

the society.

The main objectives of the study are the following: to answer the following

questions stated, to gather more details regarding about “leadership”, to understand the

real situition of being a leader, to observe the good intention of indivual acted on

leadership, to identify the problems of being a leader, to know the functional roles that

leaders play and to know the different theories and other leadership styles.

The result of this study will be beneficial and will inspire the students,

instructor/instructress, people who want to engage of being a good leader and also the

different leaders who would like to read this research work.

STUDENTS. Findings of this study may benefit the students for the additional

information they may gather based on the details and information stated on this study.

They may also be guided to be one of the good leaders in our nation. “The youth are the

only hope of our country” and maybe they will have an ability to be a good leaders

someday and maybe by now. The students also inspired to be a leader by now and serve

their team as they develop their ability to be determined as a leader.

INSTRUCTOR/INSTRUCTRESS. This study may serve as an additional instruction

material that an enhance interest and earn appreciation from his class. Teacher may also

give some reminders and advice to those students in their future life.

FUTURE LEADERS. Many of us want to achieve good leadership based on the

experienced and status of individual life. This may serve as a guide to those who believe

to be a leader. Future leaders may gather clear view of being a leader and motivated to

help them in order to fulfill their dreams.

LEADERS. This study inpires and retain the ablity of being good leaders. The study will

enhance their dignity to continue what they started as leader. At this point, all leaders

have different vision and mossion they possess.

C. What to Expect

All the informations researched and copiled by the researcher were all stated on

this part. The information and discussion appear at any point.

The researcher would like to know the influences of having strong leadership and

gather more details that being used in the study. Also, to understands why people wanted

to resolve in leadership. In this study, the expectation of the researcher would be gain

enough in order to solve all the questions and can be use in other studies.

D. Thesis Statement

A.) Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can

become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-

study, education, training, and experience.

B.) A leader is someone who understands the promblems. He is the one that give advices

and show respects to his fellowmens’ ideas.

C.) The following are the advantages of being a leader: the one that motivates someone

to do his/her works, he brings good team work and encourage someone to be a leader too,

the one that contributes more knowledge, and give strenght to his fellowmen. There are

possibilities that a leader has disadvantages like: sometimes he never observe his

mistakes, always the one who commands eventhough he is not in the right position, he

never think about the feelings of others and never try to listen what his fellowmen side in

making some decisions.

D.) People who have authority are not necessarily a leader. All leaders have authority; but

all authoritarians are not leaders.

II. The Body

A. Methodology

In order to finish the study, the researcher used reading materials like books and

magazines for the supporting details. He also used the internet to browse more important

details needed.

The researcher has different way to accomplish the study. First, he collected

informations based on the sources he got. All the researched data were joined together

and serve as documents. Next, the researcher formulated hypothesis. The thing that the

researcher making some temporary guidelines to be answed in his conclusion. Then, the

researcher begun to work his study as he finished collecting the information needed.

Finally, he developed more ideas to make the study done as a complete one and make

sure that all the details were included on the study.

B. Literature Review

A Literature Review on Leadership in the Early Years, April 2008By Aline-Wendy Dunlop

The relationship between effective leadership and pupils’ achievement is strongly

evidenced through school inspection. Effective leadership has a perceptible impact on

pupils’ learning (HMIE, 2000). While leadership has been found to be central to

successful schools, equally there is scope for improving the quality of that leadership

(HMIE, 2000): managers often focused overly on the day-to-day without being strategic

in the longer term. The complementary nature of leadership and management is often

assumed; however, in the educational literature a distinction is clearly drawn: leadership

is perceived to include vision, based on shared values. Leaders are better placed to

provide both motivation and direction to colleagues (HMIE, 2000).

Ebbeck, M, and Waniganayake, M (2003), Early childhood professionals: Leading

today and tomorrow. Sydney: MacLennan and Petty

Ebbeck and Waniganayake (2003) provide a number of possible definitions of

leadership and provide a number of theoretical models – they propose new ways of

understanding leadership in early years provision. In their view leadership in early

childhood has many faces: it is connected with administration and management: they

therefore emphasise that effective leadership is informed by and dependent on defining

and through definition, understanding the key concepts of administration, management

and leadership. An integration of these elements would allow for improved leadership

approaches.

Through addressing obstacles to effective leadership, the authors show why

traditional leadership theories do not work in early childhood. They make the point that

discussions about leadership have been too restricted by the traditional tendency to align

leadership to the position of the manager of a setting. Waniganayake proposes a new

model for distributive leadership – in her model she proposes that several people can

simultaneously fulfil a leadership role in the same early childhood pre-school setting. In

proposing a distributed leadership model for early childhood these researchers are

exploring new ways of defining leadership in early childhood: their work reflects

changing views of such leadership.

Four Factors of Leadership

There are four major factors in leadership:

Leader

You must have an honest understanding of who you are, what you know, and

what you can do. Also, note that it is the followers, not the leader or someone else who

determines if the leader is successful. If they do not trust or lack confidence in their

leader, then they will be uninspired. To be successful you have to convince your

followers, not yourself or your superiors, that you are worthy of being followed.

Followers

Different people require different styles of leadership. For example, a new hire

requires more supervision than an experienced employee. A person who lacks motivation

requires a different approach than one with a high degree of motivation. You must know

your people! The fundamental starting point is having a good understanding of human

nature, such as needs, emotions, and motivation. You must come to know your

employees' be, know, and do attributes.

Communication

You lead through two-way communication. Much of it is nonverbal. For instance,

when you “set the example,” that communicates to your people that you would not ask

them to perform anything that you would not be willing to do. What and how you

communicate either builds or harms the relationship between you and your employees.

Situation

All situations are different. What you do in one situation will not always work in

another. You must use your judgment to decide the best course of action and the

leadership style needed for each situation. For example, you may need to confront an

employee for inappropriate behavior, but if the confrontation is too late or too early, too

harsh or too weak, then the results may prove ineffective.

Leadership Theories

Interest in leadership increased during the early part of the twentieth century.

Early leadership theories focused on what qualities distinguished between leaders and

followers, while subsequent theories looked at other variables such as situational factors

and skill levels. While many different leadership theories have emerged, most can be

classified as one of eight major types:

"Great Man" Theories:

Great man theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent – that great

leaders are born not made. These theories often portray great leaders as heroic, mythic

and destined to rise to leadership when needed. The term "Great Man" was used because,

at the time, leadership was thought of primarily as a male quality, especially in terms of

military leadership. Learn more about thegreat man theory of leadership.

Trait Theories:

Similar in some ways to "Great Man" theories, trait theories assume that people

inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership. Trait theories

often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders. If

particular traits are key features of leadership, then how do we explain people who

possess those qualities but are not leaders? This question is one of the difficulties in using

trait theories to explain leadership.

Contingency Theories:

Contingency theories of leadership focus on particular variables related to the

environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for

the situation. According to this theory, no leadership style is best in all situations. Success

depends upon a number of variables, including the leadership style, qualities of the

followers and aspects of the situation.

Situational Theories:

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based

upon situational variables. Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for

certain types of decision-making.

Behavioral Theories:

Behavioral theories of leadership are based upon the belief that great leaders are

made, not born. Rooted in behaviorism, this leadership theory focuses on the actions of

leaders not on mental qualities or internal states. According to this theory, people

can learn to become leaders through teaching and observation.

Participative Theories:

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that

takes the input of others into account. These leaders encourage participation and

contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and

committed to the decision-making process. In participative theories, however, the leader

retains the right to allow the input of others.

Management Theories:

Management theories, also known as transactional theories, focus on the role of

supervision, organization and group performance. These theories base leadership on a

system of rewards and punishments. Managerial theories are often used in business; when

employees are successful, they are rewarded; when they fail, they are reprimanded or

punished. Learn more about theories of transactional leadership.

Relationship Theories:

Relationship theories, also known as transformational theories, focus upon the

connections formed between leaders and followers. Transformational leaders motivate

and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the

task. These leaders are focused on the performance of group members, but also want each

person to fulfill his or her potential. Leaders with this style often have high ethical and

moral standards.

Theory X and Theory Y

The Theory X and Theory Y by Douglas McGregor basis assumption on Theory

X is that workers or subordinates have to be controlled or directedby the leader. The

leader is production centered. In Theory Y the leader encourages participation of

subordinates as to give them an opportunity for growth and development.

Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory

Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory suggests that the behavior a leader directs towards

individual members of the group is dependent upon the role relationship that has been

established between the leader and each particualr subordinates.

Path-Goal Theory of Leadership

Robert J. House formulated a leadership theory which hypothesizes that the

leadership function is a supplementary one…that is, with respect to performance, the

leader merely amplifies or detracts from exiting subordinate potential.

According to a study by the Hay Group, a global management consultancy, there

are 75 key components of employee satisfaction (Lamb, McKee, 2004). They found that:

Trust and confidence in top leadership was the single most reliable predictor of

employee satisfaction in an organization.

Effective communication by leadership in three critical areas was the key to

winning organizational trust and confidence:

1. Helping employees understand the company's overall business strategy.

2. Helping employees understand how they contribute to achieving key

business objectives.

3. Sharing information with employees on both how the company is doing

and how an employee's own division is doing — relative to strategic

business objectives.

ManagementOver the years the philosophical terminology of "management" and "leadership"

have, in the organizational context, been used both as synonyms and with clearly

differentiated meanings. Debate is fairly common about whether the use of these

terms should be restricted, and generally reflects an awareness of the distinction

made by Burns (1978) between "transactional" leadership (characterized by e.g.

emphasis on procedures, contingent reward, management by exception) and

"transformational" leadership (characterized by e.g. charisma, personal relationships,

creativity).

C. Pictures

D. Diagrams

III. Conclusion

Leadership may be something of an art; it still requires the application of special

skills and techniques. Even if there are certain inborn qualities that make one a good

leader, these natural talents need encouragement and development. A person is not born

with self-confidence. Self-confidence is developed, honesty and integrity are a matter of

personal choice, motivation to lead comes from within the individual, and the knowledge

of business can be acquired. While cognitive ability has its origin partly in genes, it still

needs to be developed.

Many studies have explored leadership as a ‘micro concept’– investigating leaders

themselves or the immediate environments in which they work, rather than viewing

leadership as a cultural system. Leadership is a key element of quality early childhood

provision. Leadership views of workers in the early childhood sector nationally and

internationally are consistently reported to be unclear. Leadership is relatively unexplored

in early childhood. Leadership is an ‘accidental’ rather than a thought-through idea.

Leadership models such as transformational leadership and shared leadership link well to

a contextual model for early childhood.

The significance of leadership in the context of early childhood services should

not be underestimated given the documented importance of early childhood experience to

later school success.

Leadership is the process of social influence in which one person can enlist the

aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. Leadership is the

process of directing the behavior of others toward the accomplishment of some

common objectives.

IV. Bibliography

http://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/p/leadtheories.htm

http://edikurnik.hubpages.com/hub/Theories-of-Leadership

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership

http://managementstudyguide.com/trait-theory-of-leadership.htm Aubrey, C (2007), Leading and Managing in the Early Years, London: Sage

Publications

Australian Journal of Early Childhood (2000), Management and Leadership, Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 25 (1), March

Bass, B M (1985), Leadership and performance beyond expectations, New York: Free Press

Bass, M (2000), ‘The future of leadership in learning organisations’, Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(3), pp 18–40

Bella, J, and Bloom, P J (2003), Zoom. The Impact of Early Childhood Leadership Training on Role Perceptions, Job Performance, and Career Decisions, The McCormick Tribune Foundation, The Illinois Department of Human Services, Wheeling, ILL: The Center for Early Childhood Leadership

Mison, B. Ione and Lillosa P. Bernabe. Human Behavior in Business Organization, Cacho Hermanos, Inc. Pines cor. Union Sts. Mandaluyong City, First year of Publication,2004.