ELC 200 Day 10. Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e © 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall 2 Agenda Assignment #3...
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WWWWWW
ELC 200
Day 10
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2WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Agenda
• Assignment #3 Corrected– 2 A’s, 10 B’s, 3 C’s, 1 D, 2 F’s and 1 non-submit
• Assignment #4 due • Next Quiz is on Feb 18
– Chap 4-7 of text
– 15 M/C (60 Points), 4 Short Essay (40 Points)
– Extra credit ---the story of “bob.com”
• Today is a discussion on Mobile Commerce
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WWWWWW
Chapter 7Mobile Commerce—
The Business of Time
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4WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Contents
• What Is M-Commerce?• Why Wireless?• Critical Success Factors• How Wireless Technology Is Employed• Wireless LAN• Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)• Implications for Management
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5WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
What Is M-Commerce?
• M-commerce is the transmission of user data without wires
• It also refers to business transactions and payments conducted in a non-PC-based environment
• The main categories are:– Information based
• Find info– Transaction services
• Do something– Location-centric
• Based on where or when
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6WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Why Wireless?
• The wireless Web is a technological frontier, open and growing. It traces its roots to the invention of the radio back in 1894 by Marconi
• Wireless networking makes it possible to connect two or more computers without the bulky cables, giving the benefits of a network with little or no labor
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7WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Why Wireless? (cont.)
• The whole wireless initiative is launching a new battle against time– You become accessible even while moving
• The focus is on anywhere
• The US is behind Japan and Finland– Gives us existing models to study
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8WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Key Benefits
M-commerce offers several benefits:
• Convenience
• Flexibility
• Efficiency
• Anytime, anywhere access
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9WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Key Limitations
Wireless limitations address: – Distance
– Speed
– Crawling pornography
– Security and security factors
Tracking users is the number one privacy concern
Cell phones and wireless computers are traceable by triangulation
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10WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Critical Success Factors
In m-commerce, four critical success factors need to be monitored: – Mobility
• Enhances mobility
– Personalization– Global standardization
• Ubiquitous useability• Big problem with Cell Phones
– Customer profiling
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11WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
How Wireless Technology Is Employed ?
• Wireless LAN
• Bluetooth
• Satellite Technology
• 2G Digital Cellular Technology
• Palm Pilot
• Cellular Phones
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12WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Wireless LAN
• The most common standard for wireless networking is Wireless Local Area Networks, or WLAN
• WLAN design is flexible and is becoming cheaper to deploy, but it travels only 150 feet
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13WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Typical 802.11 Wireless LAN Operation with Access Points
Switch
Client PCServer
Large Wired LAN
AccessPoint A
AccessPoint B
UTP Radio Link
HandoffIf mobile computermoves to another
access point,it switches serviceto that access point
Notebook
CSMA/CA+ACK
UTP
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14WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Typical 802.11 Wireless LAN Operation with Access Points
WirelessNotebook
NIC
Access Point
IndustryStandard
CoffeeCup
To EthernetSwitch
Antenna(Fan) PC Card
Connector
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15WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Typical 802.11 Wireless LAN Operation with Access Points
D-LinkWirelessAccessPoint
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16WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
LinksysSwitchWith
Built-InWirelessAccess Point
Typical 802.11 Wireless LAN Operation with Access Points
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17WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Typical 802.11 Wireless LAN Operation with Access Points
• The Wireless Station sends an 802.11 frame to a server via the access point
• The access point is a bridge that converts the 802.11 frame into an 802.3 Ethernet frame and sends the frame to the server
MobileStation
AccessPoint
EthernetSwitch
Server
802.11Frame
802.3Frame
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18WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
802.11 Wireless LAN Speeds• 802.11 2 Mbps (rare)
2.4 GHz band (limited in bandwidth)
• 802.11b 11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz3 channels/access point
• 802.11a 54 Mbps, 5 GHz (> bandwidth than 2.4 GHz)11 channels/access point
• 802.11g 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHzlimited bandwidth
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19WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Ad Hoc 802.11 Networks• Ad Hoc Mode
– There is no access point.
– Stations broadcast to one another directly
– Not scalable but can be useful for SOHO use
– NICs automatically come up in ad hoc mode
Module C
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20WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
802.11 Security• Attackers can lurk outside your premises
– In “war driving,” drive around sniffing out unprotected wireless LANs
– In “drive by hacking,” eavesdrop on conversations or mount active attacks.
Site with 802.11 WLAN
OutsideAttacker
DoonesburyJuly 21, 2002
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21WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Factors to Consider when choosing WLANS
• Range and coverage
• Throughput
• Security and integrity
• Cost and scalability
• User costs
• Standardization of WLANs
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22WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Bluetooth
• Bluetooth is a universal, low-cost, wireless connection standard.
• Intended for linking devices in a Personal Area Network (PAN)
• Key layers of Bluetooth are the – radio layer
• Physical layer (2.4 Ghz)– baseband layer
• Coverts data to signals – link manager protocol
• Security, authentication, and encryption
• Hacking of Bluetooth is called War Nibbling
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23WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Personal Area Networks (PANs)• Connect Devices On or Near a
Single User’s Desk– PC, Printer, PDA, Notebook
Computer, Cellphone
• Connect Devices On or Near a Single User’s Body– Notebook Computer, Printer, PDA,
Cellphone
• The Goal is Cable Elimination
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24WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Personal Area Networks (PANs)
• There May be Multiple PANs in an Area– May overlap– Also called piconets
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25WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Figure 5.11: Bluetooth Operation
File Synchronization
Client PCSlave
NotebookMaster
Printer SlavePrinting
Cellphone
Telephone
Piconet 1
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26WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Figure 5.11: Bluetooth Operation
Client PC
Notebook
Printer SlavePrinting
Call Through CompanyPhone System
CellphoneMaster
Telephone Slave
Piconet 2
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27WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Figure 5.11: Bluetooth Operation
File Synchronization
Client PCSlave
NotebookMaster
Printer SlavePrinting
Call Through CompanyPhone System
CellphoneMaster
Telephone Slave
Piconet 1
Piconet 2
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28WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Figure 5.10: 802.11 versus Bluetooth LANs
Focus
Speed
802.11 Bluetooth
Large WLANs Personal Area Network
11 Mbps to 54 MbpsIn both directions
722 kbps with backchannel of 56 kbps.
May increase.
Distance100 meters for 802.11b(but shorter in reality)
Shorter of 802.11a
Numberof Devices
Limited in practice onlyby bandwidth and traffic
Only 10 piconets,each with
8 devices maximum
10 meters(may increase)
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29WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Figure 5.10: 802.11 versus Bluetooth LANs
Scalability
Cost
Battery Drain
802.11 Bluetooth
Good through havingmultiple access points
Poor(but may get
access points)
Probably higher Probably Lower
Higher Lower
Discovery No Yes
Discovery allows devices to figure out how to work together automatically
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30WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Satellite Technology
• Most of today’s “long-haul” bulk data
transmission is made possible via
satellites circling the Earth
• A repeater in a satellite extends the distance of a physical link
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31WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
GEO Satellite System
2. Point-to-PointUplink
3.BroadcastDownlink
4.Footprint5. Earth Station A Earth Station B
1.Geosynchronous
Satellite
Satellite appears stationary in sky (35,785 km or 22,236 mi)Far, so earth station needs dish antenna
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32WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
LEO and MEO Satellite Systems
3. SmallOmnidirectional Transceiver
1. Currently Responsible LEO or MEO
2. Next ResponsibleLEO or MEO
A few thousands of km or miles (Low Earth Orbit) or tens of thousands of km (miles) (Medium Earth Orbit)
Closer than GEO, so omnidirectional transceivers can be usedUser is served by a succession of satellites
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33WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
PDA’s
• It is a PDA that is small enough to fit in a shirt pocket, was easy to use, and can store a lot of information
• The two types of PDAs are handheld computers and palm-sized computers. The major differences between the two are size and display
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Example PDA’s
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35WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Cellular Phones
• Wireless communications work around specific cells or geographic areas
• It employs a tower and antennas, and provides a link to the distant cellular switch called a Mobile Telecommunications Switching Office (MTSO)
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36WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Cellular Telephony
B
E
H
D
I
G
L
K
F
C
M
A
J
N
P
HandoffO
PSTNMobile TelephoneSwitching Office
1.Automatic
Handoff BetweenCellsites O to P as
Phone TravelsBetween
Cells
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37WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
2G Digital Cellular Technology in use
• Trucking and Delivery industry– 2G digital cellular technology expedites vehicles in
motion
– Personal Digital Assistant (PDA): handheld device that scans information and transmits it to a terminal in a vehicle via wireless digital cellular technology
• UPS uses Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and Cellular Technology to expedite package delivery and tracking
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38WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Generations of Cellular Service
Generation First 2nd 2.5G 3G
Technology Analog Digital Digital Digital
Data TransferRate
Data TransferIs Difficult
10 kbps*20 kbps to144 kbps
144 kbpsto 2 Mbps
Channels ~800~800 +2,500
~800 +2,500
?
Cells/ ChannelReuse
Large/Medium
Small/High
Basedon 2G
?
*Sufficient for Short Message Service (SMS) and wireless Web accessusing the Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) or i-mode
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39WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
• An open, global, industry-wide mobile specification for wireless network architecture; application environment and a set of communication protocols
• Brings the WWW to mobile devices– Cell phone– PDA’s– HTML WML HTML
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How WAP works?
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41WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
WAP Benefits
• Most WAP benefits are reflected in wireless applications, which reduce the reaction time of mobile professionals
• Because of greater mobility and instant access to critical information, productivity can be increased dramatically from anywhere at any time
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42WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
WAP Limitations
• Low-power• Limited Central processing units• Small screens with questionable clarity• Limited device memory• Small keypads and no mouse
– 26 letters with 12 button on cell phone• Questionable connections for reliability• High latency before making the connections.
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43WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
WLAN Implications for Management
• Implementing wireless infrastructure requires careful steps, which include: – Evaluating corporate and wireless needs– Sending out an RFP, requesting a demo of the
proposed wireless system– Installing and testing the system– Training employees, and ensuring ongoing
maintenance
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44WWWWWW Awad –Electronic Commerce 2/e© 2004 Pearson Prentice Hall
mCommerce Implications
• Location based marketing!– Get promotions based on where you are– Requires “Push” technology
• Location based information– Get information based on where you are– “Pull’ technology
• Mobile devices as payment systems• ???