El presenteEl presente

Uses of the PresentUses of the Present

1. Express a timeless or habitual action in the present

2. Describe events that last up to the present

3. Express planned events and actions in the future

Uses of the PresentUses of the Present

4. Describe actions and situations that have been going on for a certain period of time in the following constructions:

• hace + length of time + que + verb in present

• Verb in present + (desde) hace + length of time

• To ask a question use • ¿Cuánto (tiempo) hace que + verb in the present?

• ¿Desde hace cuánto tiempo + verb in the present?

Uses of the PresentUses of the Present

5. Describe actions and situations that have been going on since a specific point in time:

• Verb in present + desde + point in time

• To ask a question use the following construction:

• ¿Desde cuándo + verb in the present?

Regular Verb ConjugationRegular Verb Conjugation

-ar -er -ir .

-o -amos -o -emos -o -imos

-as -áis -es -éis -es -ís

-a -an -e -en -e -en

Verbs with Irregular YoVerbs with Irregular Yo• caber (to fit)- quepoquepo, cabes, cabe,

cabemos, cabéis, caben• caer (to fall)- caigocaigo, caes, cae,

caemos, caéis, caen• dar (to give)- doydoy, das, da,

damos, dais, dan• hacer (to do or make)- hagohago, haces, hace,

hacemos, hacéis, hacenDeshacer (to undo), satisfacer (to satisfy)

Verbs with Irregular YoVerbs with Irregular Yo

• poner (to put)- pongopongo, pones, pone, ponemos, ponéis, ponencomponer (to compose/repair), exponer (to expose), suponer (to suppose), descomponer (to break), imponer (to impose), disponer (to dispose), proponer (to propose)

• saber (to know a fact/how to do something)sésé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben

• salir (to go out/leave) salgosalgo, sales, sale,salemos, salís, salen

Verbs with Irregular YoVerbs with Irregular Yo

• traer (to bring)- traigotraigo, traes, trae,

traemos, traéis, traenatraer (to attract), contraer (to contract), distraer (to

distract)

• valer (to be worth/cost)- valgovalgo, vales, vale

valemos, valéis, valen

• ver (to see)- veoveo, ves, ve

vemos, veis, ven

Verbs with Irregular Yo Verbs with Irregular Yo and Stem Changeand Stem Change

• decir (to say/tell)- digodigo, diices, diice,decimos, decís, diicen

• tener (to have)- tengo, tengo, tieienes, tieiene,tenemos, tenéis, tieienencontener (to contain), entretener (to entertain), obtener (to obtain), detener (to detain/stop), mantener (to maintian), retener (to retain)

• venir (to come)- vengovengo, vieienes, vieienevenimos, venís, vieienenconvenir (to agree/be suitable), intervenir (to intervene), prevenir (to warn/ prevent)

Other Irregular VerbsOther Irregular Verbs

• estar (to be)- estoy, estás, está,estoy, estás, está,

éstamoséstamos, estáis, estánestán

• ir (to go)- voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, vanvoy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van

• oír (to hear)- oigo, oyes, oye, oigo, oyes, oye,

oímos, oís, oyenoyen

• ser (to be)- soy, eres, es, somos, sois, sonsoy, eres, es, somos, sois, son

Stem-changing verbsStem-changing verbs

• u to ue

jugar (to play)

jueuego jugamos

jueuegas jugáis

jueuega jueuegan

Stem-changing VerbsStem-changing Verbs

• o to ue

dormir (to sleep)

dueuermo dormimos

dueuermas dormís

dueuerma dueuerman

Other Other o o to to ue ue VerbsVerbs

almorzar (to eat lunch) volver (to return)

acostarse (to go to bed) costar (to cost)

demostrar (to demonstrate) encontrar (to find)

mostrar (to show) soñar (to dream)

recordar (to remember) llover (to rain)

oler (to smell) poder (to be able)

resolver (to solve) morir (to die)

oleroler

oler- to smell

huelo olemos

hueles oléis

huele huelen

Stem-changing VerbsStem-changing Verbs

• e to ie querer (to want)

quieiero queremosquieieres quieréis quieiere quieieren

Other Other e e to to ie ie VerbsVerbs

pensar (to think) cerrar (to close)comenzar (to begin) confesar (to confess)despertarse (to wake up) empezar (to begin)nevar (to snow) sentarse (to sit down)entender (to understand) perder (to lose)preferir (to prefer) advertir (to notify)hervir (to boil)

Stem-changing VerbsStem-changing Verbs

• e to i

servir (to serve)

siirvo servimos

siirves servís

siirve siirven

Other Other e e to to i i VerbsVerbs

despedir (to fire) impedir (to prevent)

medir (to measure) reírse (to laugh)

repetir (to repeat) sonreírse (to smile)

vestir(se) (to dress)

pedir (to ask for, request)

despedirse (de) to say good-bye)

rereírír

reír- to laugh

río reimos

ríes reís

ríe ríen

--uiruir Verbs Verbs

• -uir verbs add a y after the u.

construir (to build)

construyyo construimos

construyyes construís

construyye construyyen

Other –Other –uiruir Verbs Verbs

atribuir (to attribute) concluir (to conclude)

contribuir (to contribute) destruir (to destroy)

distribuir (to distribute) huir (to flee)

incluir (to include) influir (to influence)

sustituir (to substitute)

--iariar and – and –uaruar Verbs Verbs

• -iar and –uar verbs have an accent on the i or u.

enviar (to send) continuar (to continue)

envíío enviamos continúúocontinuamos

envíías enviáis continúúas continuáis

envíía envíían continúúa continúúan

Other Other –iar –iar and and –uar –uar VerbsVerbs

• -iarconfiar (en) (to confide [in])

espiar (to spy) fiarse (de) (to trust)

guiar (to guide) variar (to vary)

resfriarse (to catch a cold)

• -uaractuar (to act) graduarse (to graduate)

-ger -ger and and –gir Verbs–gir Verbs

• -ger and –gir verbs change g to j in the yo form.

proteger (to protect) exigir (to demand)

protejjo protegemos exijjo exigimos

proteges protegéis exiges exigís

protege protegen exige exigen

Other Other –ger –ger and and –gir –gir verbsverbs

• -ger

coger (to grab, catch) encoger (to correct)

escoger (to choose)

recoger (to gather, pick up)• -gir

afligir (to grieve) corregir (to correct)

dirigir (to direct, conduct) elegir (to choose)

fingir (to feign, pretend)

-guir -guir VerbsVerbs

• Verbs that end in -guir change –gu to g in the yo.

seguir (e i)

siiggo seguimos

siigues seguís

siigue siiguen

Other Other –guir –guir VerbsVerbs

conseguir (to get, aquire)

distinguir (to distinguish)

extinguir (to extinguish)

perseguir (to pursue)

proseguir (to proceed)

-cer -cer VerbsVerbs

• Verbs that end in a vowel + –cer change to –zco in the yo. (except hacer)

ofrecer (to offer)

ofrezcozco ofrecemos

ofreces ofrecéis

ofrece ofrecen

Other vowel + Other vowel + –cer –cer VerbsVerbs

aborrecer (to hate) agradecer (to thank)

aparecer (to appear) crecer (to grow)

conocer (to know, be familiar with)

desaparecer (to disappear) establecer (to establish)

merecer (to deserve) nacer (to be born)

obedecer (to obey) parecer (to seem)

permanecer (to remain) pertenecer (to belong)

reconocer (to recognize)

Consonant + Consonant + –cer –cer VerbsVerbs

• Verbs that end in a consonant + –cer change to –zo in the yo.

vencer (to defeat)venzozo vencemosvences vencéisvence vencen

convencer (to convince) ejercer (to exert)

Vowel + Vowel + -cir -cir VerbsVerbs

• Verbs that end in a vowel + -cir change to

-zco in the yo. (except decir)

producir (to produce)

produzcozco producimos

produces producís

produce producen

Other vowel Other vowel + + -cir -cir VerbsVerbs

conducir (to drive, conduct)

reducir (to reduce)

traducir (to translate)

Present Progressive TensePresent Progressive Tense

• The progressive indicates an action in progress. AKA: it is going on right NOW.

• Any tense of estar can be used but present and imperfect are the most common.

Present Progressive TensePresent Progressive Tense

• The following verbs can be used in place of estar to form the progressive: • These are the most common: seguir (keep on

or still doing something), ir (conveys the idea of gradually or little by little), andar (implies going about), continuar (continues …),

• venir (came/comes), salir (left/leaves), entrar (entered/ enteres), and llegar (arrived/arrives) imply continuation or habitual actions.

Present Progressive Tense:Present Progressive Tense:the Gerund (present participle)the Gerund (present participle)

• The gerund is formed by adding:• -ando to the stem of –ar verbs

• -iendo to the stem of –er and –ir verbs

• Note:• -ar and –er stem changers don’t change. • -ir stem changers change o to u and e to i. • -er and –ir verbs with stems ending in a vowel

change the i in –iendo to a y.