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Global WarmingEl Niño and the Southern Oscillation

Earth Science: Ch 20, p. 573-581STM: Ch 25, p. 545-568

Glaciers

Earth ScienceChapter 6

p. 154-159, 168-173

Southern Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere

Ice Age Sea Level on North America Valley and Piedmont Glaciers

• Malaspina Glacier, Alaska

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Crevasse Glacier movement, tracked by stakes

Glacial Snow BudgetStriations and

polish

Cycle of valley glacier erosion U-Shaped Valley with tarns

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Hanging Valley Arete

Cirque, Horn Fiord

Lateral moraine Lateral and Medial Moraine

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Moraine deposit Loess

Continental Glacial deposits Pleistocene Ice Maximum

Upper Midwest End Moraines Coastal moraines of New England

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Upper Midwest drainage before glaciation

Upper Midwest Drainage—after glaciation

• Deranged drainage after ice melts

Pluvial Lakes of Southwest

Ice Age Sea Level on North America

Iceberg Photo Iceberg diagram

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Bering land bridge

http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~dennis/Our_Changing_Climate.html

Location of 300 MY Continental Glaciation

Location of 300 MY Continental Glaciationwith continents located 300 mya Elliptical orbit

Axial Tilt variation obliquity

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Precession of axial tilt Milankovitch cycles

Northern hemisphere insolation differences due to Milankovitch

cycles

Oxygen isotope fractionation

Temperature record from O-18 Threshold diagram

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Positive Climate Feedback Loops

• Ice albedo decreases temperature, increases ice. Reduced ice increases temperature

Ice-albedo feedback loop

Positive Climate Feedback Loops

• Ice albedo decreases temperature, increases ice. Reduced ice increases temperature

• Glacial periods result in larger arid areas, increasing delivery of iron nutrients to sea, lowering CO2 levels, and temperature

• Lowering sea level will expose reefs to weathering. Reaction consumes CO2 , lowering temperature. Rising sea level has opposite effect

Negative Climate Feedback Loop

• Forest die out during glacial ages, reducing mechanism to remove CO2 from atmosphere, increasing temperature

Forest cover—negative feedback Temperature compared to sulfur aerosol concentration

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Nutrient cycle Nutrients related to sea level change

Ozone Hole Atmospheric feedback mechanisms

Carbon cycle Temperature trend 30 years

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_average_temperature Red and green are trends predicted from satellite measurements

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Temperature trend 150 years Temperature Trend 2000 years

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_average_temperature

Temperature Trend 12,000 Years

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_average_temperature

Temperature trend 450,000 years

• Curves of reconstructed temperature at two locations in Antarctica and a global record of variations in glacial ice volume. Today's date is on the left side of the graph

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_average_temperature

Temperature trend 5,000,000 years

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_average_temperature

Temperature Trend 65,000,000 years

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_temperature_record

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Temperature trend 500,000,000 years

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_temperature_record

Temperature Change

Northern Hemisphere surface temperature variation Hydrocarbon CO2 emission trend

Atmospheric Carbon dioxide trend US energy use

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Rice paddy field Sea Ice Breakup at Antarctica

Ocean carbonate buffer Shoreline shift with sea level rise

Implication of sea level rise

• Building for passive Sun heating• Photovoltaic and Water heating also

incorporated• Note operable skylight for cooling

• http://www.earthship.com/staticpages/index.php?page=sale&osCsid=e2e983564ec7a5b9921a71236bed60c8

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WindPower

• http://www.bergey.com/

Geothermal

http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld012.htm

Geothermal

http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld045.htm

Geothermal

Brady Hot Springs, northern Nevada, dries onions for Burger Kinghttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld087.htm

Geothermal

Reykjavik in the 1930shttp://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld094.htm

Geothermal

Reykjavik today http://geothermal.marin.org/GEOpresentation/sld095.htm

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Tidal Lagoon

• http://www.forbes.com/global/2003/0721/042chart.html

http://www.forbes.com/global/2003/0721/042chart.html

Grand Coulee Dam

• Hydroelectric power• North America’s

largest concrete structure

• Located on the Columbia River in Central Washington

Biomass

• Direct burning of plant material• Oil harvested from seeds• Plant material converted to

– Alcohol: methanol and ethanol– Converted to methane

El Nino animation Normal equatorial flow

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Vertical normal flow ENSO disruption of flow

Vertical ENSO flow Normal vs. enso pressures