El Formato MARC 21 - UASLP - SISTEMA DE …bibliotecas.uaslp.mx/autoridades/sem_internacional/...El...
Transcript of El Formato MARC 21 - UASLP - SISTEMA DE …bibliotecas.uaslp.mx/autoridades/sem_internacional/...El...
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El Formato MARC 21Norma Bibliografica
Internacional
Sally McCallum
Library of Congress
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Overview
� Components of bibliographic records
� Enabling features of MARC
� MARC community today
� Format maintenance
� Summing up
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Record components
Content
� Content = the descriptive data (title, subject term, etc.)
� Rules: AACR, ISBD, local, etc.
� Element sets: Dublin core data, etc.
� Other than descriptive? technical, administrative, structural, rights
� Global library community convergence on AACR for descriptive metadata?
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Record components
Content
� Recent developments� IFLA conferences on International Cataloging
Rules – Europe (2003), Latin America, Asia, Middle East, Africa (2007)
� ISBD consolidation/revision
� FRBR conceptual model
� AACR --> RDA (Resource Description and Access)� Chapters under review currently
� First complete draft expected July 2008
� Release early 2009
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Record components
Markup
� Markup = data tagging
� MARC 21 tags, DC tags, ONIX tags, MAB tags, UNIMARC tags, ISIS tags, local conventions
� HTML, XML tags
� Global library community convergence on MARC 21 tagging
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Record components
Structure
� Structure = record “arrangement”
� ISO 2709 (used for MARC)
� Microsoft Access
� DTDs, Schemas
� SGML, XML, HTML, ?ML structure family
� Convergence on ISO 2709 (for libraries) and XML
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Record components
MARC 21
� Content� AACR2 cataloging data
• 100 1#$aArana, Marie
� Markup� MARC 21 tags and subfield codes
• 100 1#$aArana, Marie
� Structure� MARC leader, directory, indicators, variable
fields, etc.
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Enabling MARC features
Problems MARC confronted
� Variable length data and records
� Frequent updates
� Very large files
� Data retrieval and subset needs
� Extensive character sets needs
� Individual record and file applications
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Enabling MARC features
Record parts
� ISO 2709
� Leader – 24 character positions
� Directory - 12-character entries, 1 per field
� Variable fields - “any” number or length
� Variable control fields (tags 001-009)
� Variable data fields (tags 010-999)
� End of field marks, end of record mark
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MARC record with Leader highlighted
00802cam##2200241#a#4500001001300000003000400013
005001700017008004100034020001800075040001800093
043001200111050002600123082001500149100001800164
245004200182260003500224300002100259650002400280
650002600304650003300330856010600363856009100469
@##2006040204@[email protected]@060210s2006##
##nyu###########000#1#eng##@##$a9780385336642@##
$aDLC$cDLC$dDLC@##$as-pe--00$aPS3601.R345$bC46#2
006#00$a813/.6#222#1@$aArana,#Marie.@10$aCelloph
ane#:$ba#novel#/$cMarie#Arana.@##$aNew#York#:$bD
ial#Press,$c2006.@##$a367#p.#;$c25#cm.@#0$aEngin
eers$vFiction.@#0$aPapermakers$vFiction.@#0$aRai
n#forests$zPeru$vFiction.@42$3Publisher#descript
ion$uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy06
33/2006040204-d.html@%
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Enabling MARC Features
Record Leader
� Structural data� Record length
� Indicator length
� Subfield identifier length
� Base address of data
� Directory layout
� MARC structure is self defining, which enablesuse of records individually
� Record Content� Record status
� Type of record
� Bibliographic level
� Type of control
� Character set used
� Encoding level
� Descriptive cataloging form
� Linked record required
� Enables whole record update and high level record sorting
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MARC record with Directory highlighted
00802cam##2200241#a#4500001001300000003000400013
005001700017008004100034020001800075040001800093
043001200111050002600123082001500149100001800164
245004200182260003500224300002100259650002400280
650002600304650003300330856010600363856009100469
@##2006040204@[email protected]@060210s2006##
##nyu###########000#1#eng##@##$a9780385336642@##
$aDLC$cDLC$dDLC@##$as-pe--00$aPS3601.R345$bC46#2
006#00$a813/.6#222#1@$aArana,#Marie.@10$aCelloph
ane#:$ba#novel#/$cMarie#Arana.@##$aNew#York#:$bD
ial#Press,$c2006.@##$a367#p.#;$c25#cm.@#0$aEngin
eers$vFiction.@#0$aPapermakers$vFiction.@#0$aRai
n#forests$zPeru$vFiction.@42$3Publisher#descript
ion$uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy06
33/2006040204-d.html@%
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Enabling MARC Features
Record Directory
� Enables
� variable length fields
� data retrieval and efficient extraction of subsets
� easy record update
tag field length starting character position
in record
1-3 4-7 8-12
245 0055 00298
Example:
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MARC record withcoded data fields highlighted
00802cam##2200241#a#4500001001300000003000400013
005001700017008004100034020001800075040001800093
043001200111050002600123082001500149100001800164
245004200182260003500224300002100259650002400280
650002600304650003300330856010600363856009100469
@##2006040204@[email protected]@060210s2006##
##nyu###########000#1#eng##@##$a9780385336642@##
$aDLC$cDLC$dDLC@##$as-pe--@00$aPS3601.R345$bC46#2
006#00$a813/.6#222#1@$aArana,#Marie.@10$aCelloph
ane#:$ba#novel#/$cMarie#Arana.@##$aNew#York#:$bD
ial#Press,$c2006.@##$a367#p.#;$c25#cm.@#0$aEngin
eers$vFiction.@#0$aPapermakers$vFiction.@#0$aRai
n#forests$zPeru$vFiction.@42$3Publisher#descript
ion$uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy06
33/2006040204-d.html@%
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Enabling MARC Features
Coded Data control fields
� Enable
� efficient indexing
� qualification of searches
� Example• [008] 060210s2006####nyu 000 1 eng
• Date record created – single date – date of publication – place of publication - … - language of publication
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MARC record with variable length fields highlighted
00802cam##2200241#a#4500001001300000003000400013
005001700017008004100034020001800075040001800093
043001200111050002600123082001500149100001800164
245004200182260003500224300002100259650002400280
650002600304650003300330856010600363856009100469
@##2006040204@[email protected]@060210s2006##
##nyu###########000#1#eng##@##$a9780385336642@##
$aDLC$cDLC$dDLC@##$as-pe—@00$aPS3601.R345$bC46#2
006#00$a813/.6#222#1@$aArana,#Marie.@10$aCelloph
ane#:$ba#novel#/$cMarie#Arana.@##$aNew#York#:$bD
ial#Press,$c2006.@##$a367#p.#;$c25#cm.@#0$aEngin
eers$vFiction.@#0$aPapermakers$vFiction.@#0$aRai
n#forests$zPeru$vFiction.@42$3Publisher#descript
ion$uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy06
33/2006040204-d.html@%
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Enabling MARC Features
Variable data fields
� Enable
� variable length data without padding
� parsing of data
� Examples• 1#$aArana, Marie
• 1#$aCruz Ledesma, Aristo�teles,$d1953-
• 1#$aEnock, C. Reginald$q(Charles Reginald),$d1868-1970
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Enabling MARC Features
Character sets development
� Enables vernacular records
� Initial set (~100 characters)
� ASCII and ANSEL (Latin and extended Latin)
� Included many diacritics
� Added later (~16,000 characters)
� Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
� Cyrillic
� Greek
� Hebrew
� Arabic
� And now Unicode (~100,000 characters)
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Enabling MARC Features
Flexibility of features
� Flexibility of MARC 21� Brief record or detailed record – your choice
� Accommodates many different content rules
� Use of either conventional character sets or Unicode
� Supported in many service environments --networks, vendors, and services
� Supported in many tools – some open source
� Cost of flexibility � More format detail
� Need for profiles
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MARC community today
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MARC community today
Convergence to MARC 21
� MARC 21 Users
� USA, Canada (from CAN/MARC), Mexico, Latin America, South Africa (from Unimarc), etc.
� UK (from UKMARC), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Sweden (from SWEMARC), Czech Republic (from Unimarc), Croatia (from Unimarc) and others
� Australia (from AusMARC), New Zealand, Hong Kong, China, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam, and others
� Currently: Germany from MAB, Spain from IberMARC, Finland from FinMARC 21
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MARC community today
MARC community characteristics
� Diversity –
� size, collection content, automated systems used
� National Libraries, University libraries, Research libraries, Public libraries, School libraries, Corporate/Special libraries
� Tight budgets - need for cost savings
� Voluntary cooperation tradition
� Competition among suppliers
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MARC community today
Cooperation and savings through networks
�Network utilities (bibliographic)� Examples in the US:
• OCLC - Online Computer Library Center– over 10,000 record creation members, over 1,000,000
records
• Many regional and state networks
�Provide support for� Online union catalogs
� Online ILL
� Retrospective conversion
� Copy cataloging
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MARC community today
Diversity and competition among system vendors
�System vendors (MARC 21) - all sizes:
� Large: ExLibris/Endeavor, Innovative, VTLS, SirsiDynix, etc.
� Smaller: Follett (Athena), Mitinet/MARC, Evergreen, Minaret, SIRS Mandarin, CDS/ISIS, Koha, etc.
�Tools:
� MARCEdit, Validator, MARCMaker, etc.
�www.loc.gov/marc/marcservice.html
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MARC community today
Savings through copy cataloging
�MARC 21 record suppliers
� Network utilities
� Book vendors
• records with books
� Record vendors - CDROMs, online
� Library systems
• Library of Congress Z39.50 access
• many Z39.50 accessible sites
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MARC community today
Cooperation and savings through special programs
� Name authority cooperation (NACO)
� over 500 libraries cooperating with LC
� Subject headings (SACO)
� over 100 regular participants with LC
� Bibliographic records (including CONSER)
� over 90 members
� MARC is the key to
� fundamental cooperative opportunities
� savings through competitive suppliers
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Format Maintenance
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Format maintenance
MARC 21 maintenance
� Key factors
� Internationally open participation and change process - Web postings, listservs
� Broad expert input
� Library of Congress commitment to support staff and documentation
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Format maintenance
MARC 21 Maintenance Agency
� Library of Congress (LC) (Network Development and MARC Standards Office)
Library and Archives Canada (LAC)
British Library (BL)
� with advice from� MARC Advisory Committees
� Listserv comments
� Consultation with large stakeholders
� LC contributes maintenance services
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Format maintenance
Maintenance Input
MARC Advisory
Committee (inform)
MARBI
(vote) CCM
BICBSG
BL, LAC,
LC
(decide)
LC Maint.
(work)
MARC Forum
listserv (inform)
Australia
Others
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Format maintenance
International participation
� Listserv Forum to exchange experience and ask questions
� All change proposals announced on open lists
� Over 1200 subscribers to listserv from 50 countries
� To subscribe, go to www.loc.gov/marcand look under MARC forum
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Format maintenance
MARC 21 documentation
� MARC 21 Full• Detailed explanations, examples, usage guidelines
• Currently available in print and online subscription with cataloging rules
• Available on Web as of March 2008
� MARC 21 Concise• Brief explanations, many examples
• Available on Web and in print
• Most widely translated
� MARC 21 LITE• Subset of MARC 21 Full
• Core data elements covering all forms of material
• Available on Web only
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Format maintenance
MARC 21 web site
�www.loc.gov/marc
� News and announcements
� Documentation on web site� Full, Concise, and Lite format versions
� All code lists: language, country, relators, etc.
� Character sets specifications – mappings to Unicode
� Understanding MARC Bibliographic (English and Spanish)
� Understanding MARC Authorities Format
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Format maintenance
MARC 21 web site
� MARC development information
� User guidelines
� MARC change proposals, discussion papers, minutes of meetings, etc.
� MARC in XML information
� MARC and FRBR
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Format maintenance
MARC 21 web site
� Listing of systems, record sources, and tools
� Open Source - free
� Priced services and software
� Includes record conversion or manipulation services and record sources
� Listing of translations
� Links where possible
� Spanish translations:• Bibliographic format – Latin America (online), Peru, Argentina
• Authority format – Latin America (online), Argentina
• Understanding MARC Bibliographic – translated by Ageo Garcia (online)
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Format maintenance
MARC 21 web site
� Spanish interface!
� Click [MARC en Español] on English home page
� Top page in Spanish
� Links to Spanish documents where possible
� Links to English documents if no Spanish available
� For example: translations by the Latin American Cooperative group organized by Ageo Garcia
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Format maintenance
Change process
� Proposals discussed at meetings in January and June each year
� Meetings are open to all - held during the ALA conference
� Proposals and Discussion Papers� 4-6 per meeting
� every change - detailed to broad
� no changes made without extensive consultation
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Format maintenance
Change process
� Proposals and Discussion Papers and reports posted on Web 3-4 weeks before the meeting
� Discussion on listserv in addition to meeting
� Decisions posted on Web via:• header to proposals
• in minutes
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An aside
Important related standard
�Z39.50 Information Retrieval Protocol
� supports both copy cataloging and reference
� software and hardware independent searching (across different systems)
� search multiple sites as once (virtual union)
� Use local interface for external searching and result displays (user friendly)
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Summing Up
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Summing up
Strengths of MARC
� High level of conformance
� Foundation for library networks
� Helps unify the bibliographic arena
� Flexible and accommodating
� Enormous library savings from data interchange/copy cataloging
� Competitive system and service environment
� Shared training opportunities
� Lots of users
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Summing up
Convergence on MARC 21
� Data exchange no longer has national boundaries
� System vendor industry – off-the-shelf (MARC 21) or customize
� Global record sharing system - OCLC
� Communications and protocols� Success of Z39.50 is MARC 21 based
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Summing up
Building Blocks
� First establish a union catalog environment and maximize potential for interchange
� Obtain bibliographic systems with
• Z39.50
• MARC 21
� Standardize current data
� Copy catalog using Z39.50 or union databases
� Stretch union catalogs to support ILL, other user services
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Summing up
Lots of users
�MARC 21 widely implemented in libraries and archives
� Over 1,000,000,000 MARC 21 records in local and network systems - worldwide
� Installed base of 1000s of MARC 21 systems
� Accessible by 1000s of Z39.50 information retrieval clients that retrieve MARC 21
� Thousands of staff “speak” MARC 21
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Gracias!