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EL-210 Touchstone32012
Content
IOngoingtests:
Test1A pp.3-7
Test1B pp.8-12
Test2App.13-17
Test2B pp.18-22
Test3App.23-29
Test3B pp.30-36
Test4App.36-43
Test4B pp.44-49
IILaboratorylessonsonGrammar:
1Clausesofresult:So/Such(a/an)..pp.50-55
2ClausesofPurpose..pp.56-60
3Reportedspeech..pp.61-67
IIIReadingtexts:
Text1Pre-intermediateReadingComprehensionTest-4..p.68
Text2Pre-intermediateReadingComprehensionTest-1.p.69
Text3Pre-intermediateReadingComprehensionTest-20..
p.70
Text4Pre-intermediateReadingComprehensionTest-22p.71
Text5Pre-intermediateReadingComprehensionTest-23p.72
Text6IntermediateReadingComprehensionTest-19..p.73
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Text7IntermediateReadingComprehensionTest-20..p.74
Text8AdvanceReadingComprehensionTest-08p.75
IV
Speaking
section:
Conversations
1. Tellmemore!.p.76
2. Familygripes.pp.77
3. ImOKfornow.p.77
4. Whatareyoudoingafterwork?.....p.78
5. Breakingupishardtodo....p.79
6. Idchoose...p.80
7. Step-by-step..... p.81
8. Istillhaventseenit....p.82
VKeytotests
KeytoTest1A..pp.83-84
KeytoTest1B..pp.85-86
KeytoTest2A..pp.87-88
KeytoTest2B..pp.89-90
KeytoTest3A..pp.91-93
KeytoTest3B..pp.94-96
KeytoTest4A..pp.97-99
KeytoTest4B..pp.100-101
VIKeytoLaboratory1... pp.102-103
KeytoLaboratory2.pp.104-106
KeytoLaboratory3.pp.107-108
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EL-210 Touchstone32012
Test1AUnits1-3
Duration:80minutes
A
Listen to twopeople tella littleabout themselves.Check(
) thefourwordsthatbestdescribeeachperson.
1.Vanessaathletic competitive patient rudeselfish fast unreliabledown-to-earth
2.Adamdemanding lazy talented outgoing
laid-back organized stressed shy
BCompletetheparagraphwiththecorrectadjectiveoradverbformofthewordsinparentheses.
Paulandhisbossdontgetalongvery___________(good).
Theyseealotofthings________________(different).Paulthinkshes
a______________(careful)
worker.
He
likes
todo
a
job_______________(proper).Inhisopinion,heworksvery
___________(hard).
CCheck()thecorrectwordforeachperson.
1.WhenDanplaysasport,hewantstowin.
competitive easygoing friendly
2.Martalovestobewithpeople.arrogant helpful outgoing
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3.Sallylikestogivethingstoherfriends.honest generous practical
D
Complete
the
conversations
with
the
words
in
parentheses
and
the
presentperfect.Usecontractionswherepossible.1.AIwanttogotoAfricanextyear.I__________(never/travel)there.BMaybeweshouldgotogether.I__________________________(always/want)toseetheanimals.
2.AI_____________(not/try)Indonesianfood.Ihearitsverygood.BYeah,itis.I_____________(eat)itseveraltimes,andIlikeitalot.
ERewritethesenegativesentences.Addaprefixtotheadjectivestogive
theoppositemeaningandusethewordsinparentheses.
Example:Myco-workerisnthonest.My co worker is totally dishonest.(totally)
1.Myroommateisntorganized._____________________.(extremely)
2.Youngpeoplearentconsiderate. ___________________.(pretty)
3.Ourneighborsarentfriendly. __________________.(really)
4.Mysisterisntareliableperson. _______________.(incredibly)
FCompletetheconversations.WritequestionswithHaveyouever...?andshortanswers.Example:
A Haveyoueverdone
anythingdangerous?(doanythingdangerous)
B
Yes,
I
have
.
I
jumped
off
a
moving
train
once.
1.A_________________________________________?(winacontest)B_______________________.Iwon$100inadancingcontestonce.
2.A__________________________________________?(breakaleg)B________________________.Ivebeenluckythatway.
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GComplete theconversationwith thepresentperfector thesimplepast.
Usecontractionswherepossible.
Amy ____________youever_______(be)toJapan,Steve?
Steve
Yes,actually!I___________(go)toKyotojustlastweekon
business.
I______________(get)homeyesterday!
Amy Oh,wow!Youknow,I_______________(go)toJapanseveraltimeson
business,butI_________
never_____________(visit)Kyoto.
HCheck() thebestanswer toshow interestandkeep theconversation
going.
1.AIloveBrazil.Haveyoubeenthere? 3.AHaveyouheardofthebandSunset?
B No.Brazilistoofaraway. B Yes,Ihave.Theyre
awful.No,Ihavent.Whendidyougo? No.Whatkindof
musicdotheyplay?No.Idontliketotravel. No.Iveneverheard
ofthem.2.AHaveyoueverseenasilentfilm? 4.AIlovesailing.Haveyou
evergone?B No.Haveyoueverseenone? B Yes,Ihave.Doyou
have
a
boat?
No.Silentfilmsarereallyold. Yes,butIdontlikeit
very
much.No.Ilikeactionmovies. Youdo?Ivenevergone.
ILookatthenameoftheplaceineachquestion.Choosethelogicalanswer.ThencompletethequestionwithHow+adjective.
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1.____________________________theVolgaRiver?
a.Its3,686kilometerslong. b.Its3,686kilometershigh.
2.
____________________________
Mount
Kilimanjaro?
a.Itgoesupto5,963degrees. b.Its5,963metershigh.3.____________________________theAtlanticOcean?
a.Its9,219meterslong. b.Its9,219metersdeep.4.____________________________theEmpireStateBuilding?
a.Its381meterstall. b.Its381meterslong.5.____________________________Canada?
a.Itcovers9,330,970squarekilometers.b.Its9,330,970kilometershigh.
J
Complete thesentenceswithwordsfromthebox.Useeachwordonlyonce.Thereisanextraword.
riverdesert sea forest volcano
1.Therearealotoftreesina__________________________.2.A_______________________isaveryhotanddryplace.
3.Anactive____________________canerupteveryday.4.A___________________usuallyrunsintoalakeoranocean.
K Readthebiographyofafamousbasketballplayer.Thenreadthestatementsandcheck()true,false,oritdoesntsay.
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EarvinMagic
Johnsonwas
born
andraised
inMichigan.He
comesfromafamilyoftenchildren.HeLovedbasketballatanearlyage.In
fact,hismothersays
he
slept
with
thefirstbasketball
he
received
as
a
present.
When
he
was
in
high
school,
a
reporter
saw
Johnson
playbasketball.ThereportercalledhimMagicbecausehewassogood,andthenicknamestayedwithJohnson.MagicplayedbasketballincollegeandthenjoinedtheLosAngelesLakersaprofessionalbasketballteam.Byage21,hewasalreadybecomingfamous.
In1991,MagiclefttheLakerswhenhelearnedhehadHIV/AIDS.Hishoneststatementabouthishealthsurprisedeveryone.Afterhe left theLakers,hebecameverysuccessful inbusiness,and
he
started
the
Magic
Johnson
Foundation.
This
organization
spendsmillionsofdollarstohelpchildrenandyoungpeople.
Magicisagreatathlete,butmoreimportant,heisanextremelyproudhusbandandfather.Infact,althoughhelovestosignautographsforhisfans,hewontsignthemwhenheisinpublicwithhischildrentheirtimetogetheristooimportanttohim.
True False
Itdoesnt
say1.Magicgothisfirstbasketballfromhismother.2.Magicgothisnicknamefromareporter.
3.Magicisverygenerouswithhistimeandmoney.4.AfterMagiclefttheLakers,heneverplayed
basketballagain.5.Magicneversignsautographs.
L
Writing:
Think
about
an
exciting
experience
youve
had,
and
write
a
blogaboutit.
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Test1B
Units1-3
Duration:80minutes
A
Listen.Whatarethepeopletalkingabout?Check(
)themaintopic.
1.Sharon 3.Davida)asecretdream a)avacationinGermanyb)herfavoritemuseum b)awonderfulexperiencec)arecenttrip c)aninterestingjob
2.Mike 4.Jennya)spicyfoods a)schoolsports
b)afavoriterestaurant b)tennisc)adeliciousmeal c)acompetition
BCompletetheparagraphwiththecorrectadjectiveoradverbformofthewordsinparentheses.
Inhisopinion,Paulworksveryhard.
To
his
boss,
Paul
seems
____________(slow).
When
Paul
doesnt
work
____________ (quick) enough, his boss gets_________________(impatient).
HesometimesargueswithPaul,andthat____________(automatic)hasa_____________(bad)effectonPaulswork.
CCheck()thecorrectwordforeachperson.
1.Joshsfriendsandco-workerscanalwayscountonhim.
reliable talented versatile
2.Robisalwaysthinkingofnewwaystodothings.cool serious creative
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3.Jenniferdoesntknowhowtodoherjob.
accomplished humble incompetent
D Complete
the
conversations
with
the
words
in
parentheses
and
thepresentperfect.Usecontractionswherepossible.
1.AI_________________(not/go)hikinglately.LetsgoonSunday.
BGreatidea!I_______________(not/do)thatforalongtimeeither.
2.AI__________________________(surf)inHawaiiseveraltimes.BWow!Thatsoundsgreat.I_______________(never/be)toHawaii.
E
Addacomment todescribe the things thesepeopledoa lot.Chooseaphrasefromtheboxandusealwaysandacontinuousverb.
do thingsforotherpeople spend toomuchmoney sayfunnythings talkabouthimself complainaboutthings
Example:
Jeffhasa
greatsenseofhumor.Hesalways saying funny
things.1.Aguyatworkisveryarrogant._________________________________________________________.
2.Angelalovesshopping._________________________________________________________.
3.Brianisntverypleasant.
_________________________________________________________.
4.Mymothersnotselfishatall.
_________________________________________________________.
FCompletetheconversations.WritequestionswithHaveyouever...?andshortanswers.
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Example:
A Haveyoueverdone
anythingdangerous
?(doanythingdangerous)
B Yes,Ihave .Ijumpedoffamovingtrainonce.
1.
A
______________________________________?(loseyourwallet)B________________________.Ineverlosethings.
2.A___________________________________?(getanFinacourse)B________________________.Ifailedphysicsinhighschool.
G
Complete theconversationwith thepresentperfector thesimplepast.Usecontractionswherepossible.
Amy Oh,
wow!
You
know,
I
_______________(go)
to
Japan
several
timeson
business,butI_________never_____________(visit)Kyoto.
____________you__________________(enjoy)thetrip?
SteveWell, it______________(be) interesting,but,youknow,mostof
thetimeIjust_______________(work).
HReplytoeachcommentwithashortanswer.Usereallyorsureinyour
answertoagreeandtobeasupportivelistener.Example:AThatisthemostamazingbridge!
B It sure is.
1.AWeshouldgoforahikesoon.3.AOurtriplastsummerwasthe
best!
B________________________ B________________________
2.AThosetreesaresobeautiful.4.AWedontgetmanytouristshere.
B________________________ B________________________
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IReadthefactsaboutdifferentcountries.Completethesentenceswiththesuperlativeformoftheadjectivesorthesuperlativewithnouns.
1.
Russia
is
_________________
(large)
country
in
the
world.
It
covers
over17,000,000squarekilometers.
2.Accordingtoonesurvey,
Japanis__________________________(expensive)countrytolivein.
3.ThatsamesurveyreportsthatNorwayisthecountrywith_________________________(good)qualityoflife.
4.
China
is
the
country
with
__________________________
(people).
Ithasapopulationofmorethanonebillion.
5.EastTimoris_______________________________(new)country.ItbecameindependentonMay20,2002.
JComplete thesentenceswithwordsfromthebox.Useeachwordonlyonce.Thereisanextraword.
island beach continent river sea
1.A___________________islargerthanalakebutsmallerthananocean.2.Greenlandisalarge_________________intheNorthAtlantic.3.A_________________isasandyplacebyanocean,sea,orlake.4.Africaisa___________________,butBrazilisnt.
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KReadTedstravelblog.Thencheck()thefivetruestatements.
Queenstown,NewZealand May13
Well,
Ive
always
wanted
to
travel
down
under,
and
we
finallymadeit!WearrivedontheSouthIslandaftera14-hourflightfrom
LosAngeles. Firstwestayedforacouple
ofdaysinChristchurch,andthenwerentedacaranddrovehere.
ItsfallinNewZealand.ItfeelslikeNovember,andtheleavesare falling.Queenstownisin the
SouthernAlps.
Thescenery isjustincrediblea lakeononesideandsnowypeaksallaround.I tookaskytrainintothemountainsthismorning.Itssobeautiful.
Insomeways,NewZealandismoreliketheU.K.thantheU.S.Thefood ismostlyBritish,and they love todrink teahere!IvehadteaeveryafternoonsinceIarrived.AbitofachangeformeathomeIalwaysdrinkcoffee.WeregoingtoMilfordSoundtomorrow.Thatsonthewestcoast.PeoplesaythescenerythereislikepartsofNorway.
AItsTedsfirsttriptoNewZealand.
B
TheyreontheSouthIsland.CTheydrovetoQueenstown.DItsNovemberinNewZealand.EQueenstownisnearalake.
FNewZealandersdrinkalotoftea.GTedusuallydrinkstea.HQueenstownlookslikeNorway.
L Writing:
Write
a
paragraph
about
human
or
natural
wonder
inourcountry.
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Test2AUnits4-6
Duration:80minutes
A
Listen
to
the
four
people
complaining.
What
does
each
person
want?Check(
)thecorrectanswer.
1.Jonathanwantsto____. 3.Verawantsherhusbandto____.a)stayhomewithhisfamily a)givehisopinionb)spendtimewithhisfriends b)lethertalkc)visithisgrandparents c)finishhissentences
2.Pamwantsherkidsto____more. 4.Tomwantshiswifeto_____.a)study a)askforhisopinionb)exercise b)buyhimanothertiec)relax c)goshoppingbyherself
BCirclethecorrectanswer.
1.Myparentsget/makemeworkatthefamilybusinessafterschool.
2.Bills
wife
has
/
tells
him
pick
up
the
kids
after
school.
3.Ialwaysmake/tellmydaughtertofinishherhomeworkbeforedinner.
4.Mybrotheralwayslets/wantsmetodrivehimplaces.
CReadJeremysmemoriesabouthisgrandmother.Rewriteeachsentence
usingtheexpressioninparentheses.
1.Ivisitedmygrandmotheralotonweekends.(usedto)_______________________________________________________.
2.Sheoftentoldmestoriesaboutherlife.(would)_______________________________________________________.
3.Ihelpedherdothingsaroundthehouse.(usedto)_______________________________________________________.
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4.Wespentalotoftimetogetherinthekitchen.(would)_______________________________________________________.
5.Andshetaughtmehowtocook.(would)_______________________________________________________.
D
Completethechartwiththewordsinthebox.Useeachwordonlyonce.
grandfather halfbrother niece sister son stepmother
Eopinion
s?Check()thecorrectanswersandunderlinetheexpressionsshowingopinion.Example: TimIf you ask me,familiesusedtobecloser.
a.
Donna
Idonthaveanybrothersorsisters.
b.
James I
dont
think
most
parents
spend
enough
time
with
theirchildren.
c.KareemIreadthattherearealotmoreblendedfamiliesthesedays.
FCirclethecorrectanswer.
1.Imtryingtoeatless/fewermeat.
2.Atourhouse,weeatvery
little
/
feweggs.3.Therearentmany/muchvegetablesinthevegetablebin.4.Itsgoodtodrinkakilo/cupofgreenteaeveryday.5.Wouldyoulikeanotherquart/sliceofpie?
14
immediatefamily extendedfamily blendedfamily
1._________________2.________________
3.__________________4.___________________
5.______________6.______________
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GCrossouttheadjectivethatdoesntgowellwitheachfood.
1.barbecuedboiled fried raw eggs
2.
boiled
dried
steamed
stir-
fried3.fresh pickled roast stir-
broccoli
cabbage
friedHCompletetheconversationswithtoo,toomuch,toomany,orenough.
1.AAreyouhungry__________toeatdinnernow?BNo,Imstill___________full.Ihadahugelunchearlier.
2.A
Weeat__________frozendinnersathome.
B
I
know.
But
theyre
so
convenient,
and
theres
never
___________
timetocookaregularmealafterwork.
ICheck()thebestexpressiontocompleteeachresponse.
1.AAreyouthirsty?Wouldyoulike3.AWell,wecangobybus,orsomeicedtea? wecantakethesubway.
Whichdoyouprefer?
BNo,Imfine,thanks.______ B_____Youchoose.a)Whateveryouprefer. a)Aresureitsnotrouble?b)Maybelater. b)Imfine,really.c)Youchoose. c)Whicheveriseasier.
2.ADoyouwanttoeatdinnerathome4.ADoyouwantasnack?Ihavesometonight,orwouldyourathergoout?nuts.Ormaybeapieceoffruit?B______Whateveryouprefer. BAnythingsgood._____
a)
Either
way.
a)Im
fine,
thanks.
b)No,thanks. b)Whateveryourehaving.c)Areyouhavingsome? c)No,thanks.
JCompletetheconversationswithappropriatewaystotalkaboutthefuture.Usecontractionswherepossible.(Thereismorethanonecorrectanswerinmanycases.)
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1.AWhat________you_____________(do)onFriday?
B
I
________________
(have)
dinner
at
a
restaurant
with
Sally.
Doyouwanttojoinus?
ASure.Whatrestaurant___________you___________(eat)at?
BWehaventdecidedyet.I________________(call)youtoletyou
know.
AFine.It__________________(be)greattoseeSallyagain.
KThese
people
are
thinkingabout
makingsome
changesintheir
lives.Completetheparagraphswiththecorrectformsofdoormake.
1.
KevinI
wantto_______a
goodliving,
so
I
want
toget
a
business
degree.ButfirstIshould_______someresearch.Ill_________alistofschools
andfindoutwhichonesIcanafford.
ThenIll______adecisionaboutwhichschoolstoapplyto.
2.SarahIm_______alotofthinkingaboutmycurrentjob.
LReadNicolesblog.Thenreadthestatementsandcheck()true,false,
oritdoesntsay.
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NIC
OLESBLOG
EL-210 Touchstone32012
Growinguptherewerefourpeopleinmyimmediatefamilyme,
myparents,andmyyoungerbrother.Myparentswantedustospendtimeasafamily,soweusedtoeatdinnerathome together
several
times
a
week.
But
there
was
a
problem.
My
parents
both
worked
full-time
and
didnt
usually
feel
like
cooking
when
theycamehomeatnight.
Sowethoughtofasolution.Mywholefamilywouldplanthenextweeksmealsandgoshoppingforfoodontheweekend.ThenIwouldcookdinnerfor thefamilyacoupleof timesaweek.(ThatwasfinewithmebecauseIwantedtolearnmoreaboutcookinganyway.)
Whenwestartedthisnewpolicy,mycookingwasreally simple.Forexample,Iwouldjustputafrozendinnerintheovenandmakeasalad.ButIgotboredwiththatprettyquickly,soIstartedto readcookbooksand trydifferent recipes.Afterawhile, Ievenmadeupsomeofmyownrecipesandtheyweredelicious!Everybodyloveditwhenitwasmyturntocook.
True
False
It
doesnt
say1.Nicolehasanextendedfamily.2.Nicolesparentsusedtocookonweekends.3.Nicoleplannedthemealsanddidtheshopping.4.Nicolemadesimplemealsatfirst.5.Nicolewasacreativecook.
M
Writing:Chooseafamilymemoryfromyourchildhood.Writeablog
aboutit.
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Test2BUnits4-6
Duration:80minutes
A
Listen
to
the
conversations.
What
food
is
each
conversation
about?Check (
)thecorrectanswer.
1.juicemilksoda
2.popcornhotdogschocolate
3.lettuceketchupbutter
4.cookiesicecreamcake
BCirclethecorrectanswer.
1.Janetneverasks/helpsmetogodancingwithher.2.Jacksalwaysgetting/makinghiskidsbequiet.3.Mysisterneverasks/letsmeusethecomputer.4.Weneverhelp/wantourMomcookdinner.
CReadthefirstsentence.Choosethesentenceunder itthatisthemostsimilarinmeaning.
1.Idonthavetodeciderightaway. 4.Youdbetterdosomeresearch.
a)Idbetternotdeciderightaway. a)Youshoulddosomeresearch.b)Idontneedtodeciderightaway. b)Youcandosomeresearch.
2.Youmightwanttostudyharder. 5.Imgoingtohavetogetajob.
a)Youvegottostudyharder. a)Illneedtogetajob.b)Yououghttostudyharder. b)Idliketogetajob.
3.Idrathernotgotoamovie.
a)Idontneedtogotoamovie.b)Idontwanttogotoamovie.
DUsethewordsinparenthesestoendthephoneconversations.
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1.ABytheway,howsthatnewexerciseclassgoing?
BFine,butIcanttalknow.________________________(call)?
2.AIsthisagoodtimetotalk?
BUh,notreally.
Imlate.________________________(run).
3.
A
Imthinkingaboutchangingmyapartment.DoyouthinkIshould?BSorry,Ihaveanappointment___________________________(go).
E These
people
are
talkingaboutfamilies.
Whichstatements
areopinions?
Check
(
)thecorrectanswersand
underlinetheexpressionsshowingopinion.Example: TimIf you ask me,familiesusedtobecloser.
a)
Emily ItseemslikekidswatchwaytoomuchTV.
b)MichelleIthinkchildrenshouldhelptheirparentsdothingsaroundthehouse.
c)Carole Mykidsarentathomeintheafternoonbecausetheyhave
soccerpractice.
FCirclethecorrectanswer.
1.Theresa
carton
/
poundoforangejuiceintherefrigerator.2.Ifyougotothestore,pleasepickupaloaf/packageofbread.3.Afew/Alittlefatispartofahealthydiet.4.Thereisntmuch/manychocolateinchocolatemilk.5.Wheresthebag/bottleofpotatochips?
GCrossouttheadjectivethatdoesntgowellwitheachfood.
1.
barbecued
grilled
roast
steamed
lamb
2.
baked boiled raw smoked potatoes3.
boiled dried fried grilled noodles
HCompletetheconversationswithtoo,toomuch,toomany,orenough.
1.AIneedtogoonadiet.Iweigh_________________.19
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BMaybeyoureeatingfastfood________________often.
2.A
Wouldyoulikesomemorenuts,orhaveyouhad______________?
BOh,no,thanks.Ilovenuts,buttheyhave___________saltonthem.
IUsepoliterefusalexpressionstocompletetheconversation.
PeggyWouldyoulikesomemoreicedtea?Nora
No, thanks. Maybe later.Ivegotenoughhere.PeggyGosh, therewerea lotof frieshere.Istillhavesome left.Wouldyoulikeafew?Nora______________Imtryingtocutdownonthingslikefries.You
didnthavemuchsalad.Takesomeofmycarrots.
Peggy______________Youknow,theyhavethebestchocolatecakehere.Youshouldtrysome.Nora______________Imtryingtoeatlesssugar,too.
PeggyOh.Well,areyougoingtohavecoffee?Nora______________
JCompletetheconversationswithappropriatewaystotalkaboutthe
future.
Use
contractions
where
possible.
(There
is
more
than
one
correctanswerinmanycases.)
1.A_________you__________(do)anythingspecialonSaturday?
BWell,I_______________(go)shoppingintheafternoon,but
I_________________(not/be)busyintheevening.Whatsup?
A
Ivegotsomefreetheatertickets.Doyouwanttogo?
BWhattime________theshow________________(start)?
AItsat7:30atthePlaza.
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BThatsperfect.I_______________(meet)youthereat7:20.
KThese
people
are
thinkingabout
makingsome
changesintheir
lives.Completetheparagraphswiththecorrectformsofdoormake.
1.Sarah
Iprobably________amistakewhenIcamehere.Iworked
hardat
firstandI__________agoodimpression.Buttheworkjustisntvery
meaningful.Ive_______somegood,butImnot
really_______
a
difference.
IfImgoingtoleave,Idbetter__________upmymindsoon.
LReadthearticle.Thenreadthestatementsandcheck()true,false,oritdoesntsay.
AreAmericansEatingBetter?
Most health experts agree:Somethinkthisisagoodchange,
Americansareeating toomuch,andbut others say its adding to
the
population
as
a
whole
is
getting
Americansweightproblem.fatter.
But
if
you
look
at
recent
Americans
are
eating
aboutfivechangesinAmericanseatinghabits, servingsoffruitsandvegetablesanotallofthemhavebeen
bad. day.Thatsnotbad,buteighttoConsiderthesefacts: tenservingswouldbebetter.
Americans
are
still
eating
tooAmericans
areeating
toomanymuchmeat,buttheyreeatingless fatsandsugarsbecausetheyeatbeefandmorechickenandfish.
Thats
good,
because
chicken
andfishhavelessfatthanredmeat.
Theyredrinkinglessmilk,but
theyrealsoeatingmorecheesethanbefore.Sotheyrestillgettingtoomuchfatfrommilkproducts.
21
toomanyprepared(fast)foods,
andtheseingredients
areinmost
preparedfoods.
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Americansareeatingfewereggs.
Manypeoplethinkfewer eggs
meanslessheartdisease.
Theyre
eating
more
carbohydrates such as rice,potatoes,bread,andbeans.
Americans... TrueFalseItdoesntsay
1.donteatenoughmeat.2.usedtoeatmoreeggs.3.eatpotatoesmoreoftenthanrice.
4.shouldeatmorefruitsandvegetables.5.eattoolittlefat.
M Writing:chooseasnackfoodortraditionaldishpopularin
Mongolia.Writeanarticleaboutitforatouristpamphlet.
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Test3A Units7-9
Time:80minutes
A Listen
to
John talk about
four
friends.
Check
()
the
correctanswer.
1. Richardisafriendwho____. 3.Steveisapersonwho____.
Johnknewinhighschool likesmusicandsports
Learnslanguageseasily Johnhasknownalongtime
Teachesatacollege wantstogetmarried
2. Sherrieisanoldfriendwho____.4.Carolissomeonewho____.
Neverfinishedcollege isalotlikeJohn
Hasapart-timejob marriedJohnsbrother
Hastwochildren Johnusedtodate
B
Circle
the
correct
relative
pronoun.Can
youleave
out
thepronoun?
Check()yesornoforeachsentence.
Canyouleave
outthepronoun?
Yes No
1.Paulistheguywho /whichIwenttravelingwithlast
summer.
2.Imtakingaclasswhich/whomyfriendJanettold
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meabout.
3.Iusedtobeinarelationshipthat/whomademevery
unhappy.
C Rewriteeachsentenceusingthecorrectformofaphrasalverbfrom
thebox.Useeachverbonlyonce.
Goout hangout turnout
1. Julieisalwaysspendingtimeatthemall.
__________________________________________________________.
2. Pamsdateendedwell.
_________________________________________________________.
3. PaulandJenniferhavedatedforawhile.
__________________________________________________________.
D Completethecommentsusingtheexpressionsinparenthesestomake
themsofter.
1. Myboyfriendneverwantstogoout.
____________________________________________shy.
(Iguess/alittlebit)
2. Ihaventheardfromyouforalongtime.
____________________________________________busy.
(probably/kindof)
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2. A What
wouldyoudoif_______________(you/get)ajoboffer
inanothercity?
_______________(you/accept)it?
B ___________.Myfamilyliveshere.Idmissthemtoomuch.
G Completethestorywithabout,for,fromorto.
MyfriendJosieborrowedafavoritebook____________meabout
ayearago.Ididntthink_______itforawhile,butlastweekI
remindedher_______________it.Soshelooked___________the
bookbutcouldntfindit.Sheapologized_____________losingit,and
offeredtopay____________it.Iwaskindofupset,butItoldhernot
toworry____________it.Butnexttime,Imgoingtothinktwice
beforeIlendabook_______________afriend!
H
Complete
the
conversations
using
the
information
in
the
questions.
Usepronounsintheanswers.
1. (HowdoyouturnontheDVDplayer?)
ADoyouknow_____________________?
BSorry.Ihavenoidea________________.
2. (WherecanIpluginmylaptop?)
A
Icantfigureout
____________________________________________________.
BSorry,Imnotsure
____________________________________________________.
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I Crossoutthephrasalverbthatdoesnotgowitheachexpression
1.Takeoff Putaway Plugin Yourshoes
2.
Turnon Turnoff Turndown A
computer
3.Puton Putdown Throwaway Abook
J Matcheachstatementwiththecommentthatgivesadifferentopinion.
1.
Cellphonesaregreat.____ a.
Maybe.
You
have
to
be
careful
aboutidentitytheft,though.
2.Idrathertalktofriendsonb.Imnotsosure.Dontyouthink
thephonethan e-mail peopleusethemtoomuch?
them._____
3.Theressomuchinformationc.Iknowwhatyoumean,butits
ontheInternet.___ sometimes
easier
to
just
send
a
message.
4.
Ilovetoshoponline.Itmakesd.Thatstrue.Ontheotherhand,the
itsoeasytobuythings.____ factscanbeunreliable.
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K Readtheadvicecolumn.Thencheck()thefivestatementsthat
Sophiewouldagreewith.
DearSophie:Ivebeenin
a long-distance
relationshipwithsomeone
forsixmonths.Wekeep
in
contact
by
phone
and
e-mail,butwehavent
been
together
for
over
a
month.ShouldIend it?
Megan
DearMegan: I think itsa
bit
too
soon
to
break
up.
Long-distance
relationships
canbeverydifficult,but
theyre not impossible.
These
days,
there
are
so
manywaystostay intouch
withsomeoneyoulove.
There
are
evenadvantages
to
this
type
of
relationship.
Some
people
who
cant
express
theirfeelingseasilymaycommunicatemore
freelywhentheyrefaraway.Andthe
distancecanhelptherelationshipstay
excitingbecausewhenyoufinallyget
togetheragain,itsextraspecial!
Youshouldtalkwithyourboyfriendabout
yourexpectations.Howoftendoyouneedto
hearfromhimandtoactuallymeetto
stayhappy?When(ifever)willyouwantto
settledown togetherorat least live in the
samecity? Ifyoucanagreeon these things,
andstayhonestandopenwithoneanother,
yourlong-distancerelationshipcanturnout
beautifully!-
Sophie
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1.Sixmonthsisntalongtimetobeinalong-distancerelationship.
2.Long-distancerelationshipsneverworkout.
3.Thesedays,peoplearetoobusytostayintouch.
4.Therearegoodthingsaboutlongdistancerelationships
5.Peoplearesometimesmorehonestwhentheyreawayfromeach
other.
6.Youcantlearnalotaboutsomeonesfeelingsfromalongdistance.
7.Itcanbegoodforpeopleinarelationshiptobeapartforawhile.
8.Ifyoucantspendverymuchtimewithyourpartner,youshould
breakup.
9.Along-distancerelationshipcanendinmarriage.
L
Writing:
Choose
three
friends.
Write
an
article
about
item.
Think
about.
Howyoumetandwhyyoubecamefriends.
Whatareyourfriendslike. Whatyouhaveincommon.
Whatdoyoudotogether.
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Test3B Units7-9
Time:80minutes
A Listen
to
the
conversations.
What
is
each
conversation
about?
Check()
correctanswer.
1. acomputer 3.acomputer
aremote ane-mail
aDVDplayer computersoftware
2. cellphones 4.radios
digitalcameras CDplayers
MP3players televisions
B Circlethecorrectrelativepronoun.Canyouleaveoutthepronoun?
Check()yesornoforeachsentence.
Canyouleave
outthepronoun
Yes No
1Lastweek Isawsomeonewhich / thatIused todate
incollege
2Ihave twohigh
schoolfriendswho /whichstillcall
mesometimes
3Ijoinedaclubwhich/whoorganizesactivitiesfor
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singlepeople.
C Rewriteeachsentenceusing thecorrectformofa
phrasalverbfromthebox.Useeachverbonlyonce.
Breakup growup settledown
____________________________________________________________.
1. Danwantstogetmarried.
____________________________________________________________.
2. TimandDebstoppeddating.
____________________________________________________________.
D Writethewordsinthecorrectordertocompletethequestionsand
statements.
1. (theproblem/is/what)
Doyouhaveanyidea
______________________________________________________?
2. (buy/acheapcellphone/where/can/I)
Doyouknow
______________________________________________________?
3. (yourlaptop/howmuch/cost)
Canyouremember
______________________________________________________?
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4. (you/have/acomputervirus/if)
Iwonder
_______________________________________________________?
E Readtheproblemandtheadvice,Rephrase
eachpieceofadviceusing
thewordsinparentheses.
IforgotAnnesbirthday!
WhatshouldIdo?
1. Callherrightaway.
_______________________________________.(ifIwereyou)
2. Send
her
some
flowers.
____________________________________.
(youcould)
3. Dontworryaboutit.___________________________.(Iwouldnt)
4. Takeherouttodinner.________________________________.(Id)
F Completethequestionsusingthewordsinparentheses.Thencomplete
theshortanswers.
1. A Whatwouldyoudo if______________________(your teacher/
give)youafailinggrade?
___________________(you/ask)himaboutit?
B ___________________.IdwanttoknowwhyIgotit.
2. A Whatwouldyoudo if________________________(afriend /
notinvite)youtoaparty?
______________________(you/talk)toheraboutit?
3. B ______________________.Itwouldbetooembarrassing.
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G Completethestorywithabout,for,fromorto.
MyfriendJosieborrowedafavoritebook____________meabouta
yearago.Ididntthink_______itforawhile,butlastweek
Iremindedher
_______________it.Soshelooked___________thebookbutcouldnt
findit.Sheapologized_____________losingit,andofferedtopay
____________it.Iwaskindofupset,butItoldhernottoworry
____________it.Butnexttime,ImgoingtothinktwicebeforeIlenda
book_______________afriend!
H Completetheconversationsusingtheinformationinthequestions.Use
pronounsintheanswers.
1. (Howdoyouturndownthevolume?)
ADoyouremember
__________________________________________________?
B
Sorry.Ihavenoidea
___________________________________________________.
2. (WheredoIputawaytheseDVDs?)
A Doyouknow
____________________________________________________?
B Yeah,Icanshowyou___________________________________________________.
I Crossoutthephrasalverbthatdoesnotgowitheachexpression
1
Takeoff Callback Hookup
33
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headphones
2Turnup Takeoff TakeapartThe
air
conditioner
3
Hookup Lookup Writedown Aword
J
Complete
the
conversation
with
the
expressions
in
the
box.
Use
capitalletterswherenecessary.
youmightwantto ontheotherhand Iknowwhatyoumean
YouknowwhatImean dontyouthink sortof
Im
not
so
sure though
Jan Myboyfriendsphoneisalwaysbusy.Itdrivesmecrazy.
Rob Oh,________.Mygirlfriendneveranswershercellphone.
Jan Thatsannoying.Ifyouhaveaphone,youshouldalways
answerit.
Rob .Sometimesits rudetoanswerthe
phone-
if
youre
having
dinner
or
something.
__________
?
Jan Yeah,butyoucanalwaysanswerandjustsay,CanIcallyou
back?ThatsOK, ?
Rob Maybe. ,ifyoudontanswerit,the
personcanleaveamessage.
Jan Oh,no.Icantbelievethis.Hesstillonthephone.
Rob Well, leavehimamessage.
Jan Yeah,Icoulddothat.Henevercheckshisvoicemail,____.
KReadthearticle.Thenreadthestatementsandcheck()true,falseorit
doesntsay
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MostInternetusersgetafewofthoseirritating,unwanted,commercial
messagescalledspameveryday.Sowhats thebigdeal?youmayask.
Herearefourreasonswhyyoushouldworryaboutspam:
1. Spammerscansend thousandsof identicalmessageswithapushof
theSendbutton,butyouhave todeleteeachmessageonebyone.That
canadduptoalotofwastedtime.
2. Therearestillveryfewrulestolimitspam,sotheproblemwill
probably
get
worse.
Would
you
like
to
get
hundreds
of
spam
messageseverytimeyouopenyoure-mail.
3. Productsinspamadsarefrequently(thoughnotalways)lowquality
orworthless.Thinkaboutit:companiesthat
makehigh-qualityproducts
dontmindpayingforadvertising.However,sellersoflowqualitygoods
wouldratherusespambecauseitcostsverylittle.
4. Spammessageoftensay thatyouaskedtoreceivethemessage,but,
of
course,
thats
usually
not
true.
Many
spammers
use
e-mail
addresses
withoutpermission.Andeventhoughspammerssaytheylltakeyour
nameofftheirlistifyouaskthem,manyofthemdont.
True False It
doesntsay
1MostInternetusersdontneedtoworryabout
spam
2Spammersarepeoplewhogetalotofspam
3Therewillprobablybemorespaminthe
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future
4Thequalityofspamadsisgettingworse
5Youoftencanttrustpeoplewhosendspam
L Writing:
Choosethe
best
ideastowrite
ashort
article
about
changesyouwouldmake.
Somethingyoudspendlesstimedoing?
Apersonyoudspendmoretimewith?
Somethingyoudtakemoreseriously?
Asubject
youd
study?
Test4A 17Units10-12
Time:80minutes
AListentoCindyandPammeetatthegym.Check()trueorfalse
foreachsentence.
True
False
1.
Pamhasanewplacetolive.
2.Pamhasstartedgoingtoanother
gym.
3.Cindyscompanyhashiredsome
newworkers.
4.
The
guy
Cindy
is
seeing
is
still
datinghisoldgirlfriend.
B Complete
the
conversations.
Use
the
present
perfect
or
the
present
perfectcontinuous.Usecontractionswherepossible.
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Kate What________________you__________________(do)lately,
Jon?
I___________________________(notsee)youinages!
Jon Yeah,I_______________(travel)alotlately.Itspartof
myjob,
youknow.
KateOhyeah.Thatsright.So,where_________you________(go)?
Jon Allovertheplace.I____________(be)tothreedifferentcitieson
businessinthelastweek.Iliketotravel,butthatsridiculous!....
Anyway,what___________you_________(be)upto,Kate?
CMatchthecommentswiththemostappropriatemovieword.
1. I lovedthedancing.Thesingingwasa. Sciencefiction
reallygreat,too_____
2. Thealienswerereallystrange-
looking._____b. Tearjerker
3. Itwas hilarious.Icouldntstop
c.
Musical
laughing.___
4.
Ithadsuchasadending.Iwantedtod. Comedycry.____
D Completetheconversation.Circlethecorrectwords.
A Itssogoodtoseeyou.Wehaventspenttimetogether
(1)
for
/
since
lastsummer!
B Yeah.AndIhaventbeentothemovies(2)in/sincemonths.Sowhat
doyouwanttosee?
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A Idontknow.Ive(3)already/stillseenalotofstuff.
B Well,haveyouseenItsaFunnyWorld(4)still/yet?
A No!I
(5)
already
/
stillhaventseenit.AndIvewantedto
(6)
in
/
for
alongtime.
B Well,great!Letsgo!
E Read eachsentence. Complete thetwopossibleresponsesusing
appropriateadjectivesfromthebox.Useeachadjectiveonlyonce.
annoyed nervous boring excited
tiring motivated proud scary
1. Myparentsmakemestayhomeonweekends,but theresnothingto
do.
Youmustbereally________withthem./Thatmustbe____________.
2. Ihavethisbigtesttomorrow,andImnotprepared.
Youmustbe___________________./Thatmustbe______________.
3. Mysonisgraduatingfromcollegetomorrow.
Youmustbe__________________________./Hemustbe_________.
4. Isometimesworkfortwelvehourswithoutstopping.
Youmustbepretty____________________./Thatmustbe_________.
F
Completethesentencesusingthesimplepastpassiveformofverbs
fromthebox.Useeachverbonlyonce.Thereisanextraword.
breakinto cause close damage delay
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feel rescue see steal
1. Theairport_______forfivehoursbecauseofthefogyesterday.
2. Policereportedthatseveralhomes_________overtheweekend.
3. Authoritiessaytherecentwildfires______________bylightning.
4. Severalcomputers_____________fromthehighschool.
5. Fivecarsandatruck____________inanaccidentonthefreeway.
6. Achild____________fromaburningbuildingbyfirefighters.
7. Traffic_____________forhoursbecauseofthesnowstorm.
8. Ararebird______________inalocalpark.
G Jimsco-workersaretalkingabouthim.Rewritethesentences
usingthemodalverbmust(not),cant,couldandmight.
1.IbetJimisabout35.
Jim..
2.Itisntpossiblehesover40.
He..
3.Ibetheisntworkingtoday.
He...
4.Itispossiblehesonthebeach.
He...
HWritesentencesaboutnewsevents.Put
thewordsin
parentheses in thecorrectorder.Use thesimplepastpassive
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withby+agent
Example:(destroy/partially/thefire/therestaurant)
The restaur ant was part ial ly destroyed by the fi re .
1. (thebadweather/delay/temporarily/manyflights)
___________________________________________________.
2. (thehailstorm/manyhomes/damage/badly)
_____________________________________________________.
3. (close/thebuilding/emergencyworkers/temporarily)
_____________________________________________________.
4. (theflood/completely/destroy/thebridge)
_____________________________________________________.
5.
(seriously/the
earthquake
/electric
power
/disrupt)
_____________________________________________________.
I
Cross
out
theword
that
cannot
be
used
tocomplete
each
sentence.
1. Arnoldwas_______injuredinacaraccident.
badly completely severely seriously
2. Themountainwashitbya________________hailstorm.
flash freak heavy severe
3. Thevillagewas_______byanearthquake.
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damaged destroyed injured struck
J Usethewordsinparenthesestointroducenews.Then
matcheachquestionwiththecorrectnewsitem.
1.
____
the
news
about
my
a. It destroyed several
sister?(hear)____ houses.
2.Ijustboughtanewwatch.b. Theyre moving next
And _______ ?month.
(what)_______________
3.
______about
the
flash
flood
in my town? (tell)c.Ilostityesterday.
__________________
4.________myneighbors?d.Sheshavingababy.
(know)_____
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K
Readthearticle.Thencheck()thefourtruestatements.
Haveyoubeen thinkingaboutgoingout toanewrestaurant,movie,ora
clubinyourareabutdontknowwheretogo?Whynotgoonlineandtry
Zagat?
TheZagatSurveystartedasahobbyfortwoNewYorkers,TimandNina
Zagat.Theylovedtodineoutatgoodplaces,sotheyaskedtheirfriendsto
writereviews
of
theirfavoriteNew
York
restaurants.
That
was
the
beginningoftheirfirstguide,thehighlysuccessfulZagatNYCRestaurant
Survey.NowZagathassurveysfor restaurants inover
seventy locations
worldwide.Andthecompanyhasexpandedtoincludeguidesforhotels,
resorts,nightclubs,movies,theater,andevenplacestoplaygolf.
ItscalledasurveybecauseZagatgradesplacesbypopularvote.Anyone
cansendinareviewofaplacelistedinoneoftheguidesandthatreview
willbecomepartofthescoreorrating.Hundreds,andsometimes
thousands,
of
people
may
rate
one
place.
It
seems
to
work.
People
who
use
Zagat
say
its
ratings
are
more
accurate
than
a
review
by
one
so-called
expert.
1.TheZagatSurveystartedasabusiness.
2.TimandNinaZagatstartedthesurveybecausetheylovedwriting
reviews.
3.ThefirstZagatguideonlyreviewedrestaurantsinNewYorkCity.
4.TheZagatSurveynowcoversplacesaroundtheworld.
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5.Zagatdoesntreviewrestaurantsanymore.
6.IfyougotoaplacewhichislistedinZagat,youcanwritea
review.
7.Someplacesinthesurveyhavethousandsofreviews.
8.Zagatratingsareverygoodbecausetheyarebasedontheopinions
ofexperts.
LWriting:Usetheinformationfromyoursurveytowriteareport
about
the
classs
interest
in
the
news.
NewsSurvey
Almost80%ofthestudentsinthisclasskeepupwiththenewsevery
day.About20%ofuskeepupwiththenewsonlyonceortwiceaweek.
ApproximatelytwooutofthreestudentswatchthenewsonTV
Help note: Writing about statistics
80%ofthestudentsareinterestedinthenews.80%oftheclassis
interestedinthe
news.
Approximately20%ofusget
the
newsfromTV.
Themajorityofstudentshaveaccesstotheinternet.Abouthalfofthe
classisinterestedincurrent
events.Fouroutoftenstudentsreada
newspaper.
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Test4B Units10-12
Time:80minutes
A Gina
and
Ray
are
outside
a
restaurant.
Listen
and
check
()
trueorfalseforeachsentence.
TrueFalse
1.GinaandRaygointotherestaurant.
2.GinaandRaycanthearthemanwhoistalking.3.Themanwhoistalkingseemsunhappy.4.Thepeopleintherestaurantmustbeataretirementparty.
B
Completetheconversations.Usethepresentperfectorthepresentperfectcontinuous.Usecontractionswhere
possible.
KateOh,I_____(be)reallybusy,too.Foronething,my
cousins________(visit)us.Theyarrivedlastweek.Oh!And
I____________(take)anactingclasssinceSeptember.
Jon
Nokidding!How_______it__________(go)?
KateNotbad.I__________(notbe)inaplayyet.ButIreally
____________(notstudy)forverylong
C
Matchthecommentswiththemostappropriatemovieword.
1.ItsaChinesefilm.Isaw itat thea. subtitled
foreignfilmfestival____
2.MywifeandIlovedit.Itwasvery
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romantic_________
3.
Veryexciting.I
keptwondering
whatwouldhappen.
_____
b. horror
c. thriller
4.There
was
this
ugly
monster
init.d.
Itreallyscaredme.______lovestory
D Circle
the
correct
answer.
1. AThatlecturewasreallyinteresting.
B Yeah.Thespeakerwasamazed/amazing.
2. A Igetreallyfrustrated /frustratingwhenI forgetmykeysat
home.
B Iknow.Thingslikethataresoannoyed/annoying.
3. A Tomsdirectionsarereallyconfused/confusing.Icant
understandthem.
B Imnotsurprised.Healwaysdoesthingstooquickly.
4. A Iwasfascinated/fascinatingbythemovie.
B Metoo.Somepartswerereally
shocked
/
shocking,though.
EReadthesituations.Thencompletethesentences.Askpolitelyfora
favor.
1. Youwanttomakeanappointmenttotalkwithyourteacher.
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Iwanted__________________________________________________
2. Youaskyourbossforpermissiontoleavetheofficeearlytoday.
Woulditbeallright_________________________________________
3. Yourbossaskedyoutofinishareporttoday.Youwanttoworkonit
foranotherweek.
WoulditbeOK__________________________________________
4. Youfailedthemidtermexam.Youaskyourteacherifyoucantake
thetestagain.
Iwaswondering_________________________________________
FRewritethesentencesusingthesimplepastpassiveandthegiven
adverb.
1. Thestormdisruptedtrainservices.(temporarily)
_________________________________________________________.
2. Flashfloodsdamagedseveralhousesinthearea.(badly)
_________________________________________________________.
3. Awildfireinjuredthreefirefighters.(seriously)
_________________________________________________________.
4. Atornadodestroyedasmallfarm.(completely)
_________________________________________________________.
G Regsco-workersaretalkingabouthim.Rewritethesentences
using
the
modalverbmust(not),cant,couldandmight.
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1.Ibethestakingthedayoff.
He...
2.Itspossiblehesathome.
He...
3.Maybehesplayinggolf.
He...
4.Ibethedoesnotstartafamily.
He...
HWritesentencesaboutnewsevents.Putthewords inparentheses
inthecorrectorder.Usethesimplepastpassivewithby+agent
Example:(destroy/partially/thefire/therestaurant)
The restaur ant was part iall y destroyed by the f i re .
1. (badly/manyfarms/theice/damage)
________________________________________________________.
2. (temporarily/electricity/disrupt/alightning)
________________________________________________________.
3. (severalpeople/slightly/injure/atornado)
________________________________________________________.
4. (destroy/asmalltown/flashfloods/completely)
________________________________________________________.
5. (partially/anoldbuilding/ahurricane/damage)
________________________________________________________.
I
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4. Thevillagewas_______byanearthquake.
damaged destroyed injured struck
5. _____wasdelayedbecauseofthebadweather.
Anairport Theflight Traffic Trainservice
6. The________damagedmany
treesintheneighborhood.
lightning hailstones thunder winds
JMatcheachstatementwiththemostappropriateresponse.Useeach
response
only
once.
You
must
be
1. Ireallywantedtogotothe
a. bored
party,butIcouldnt._______
2.
Things
are
very
slow
at
theb. excited
officetoday._____________
3. Iworked
hardinclass,and
I
gotanexcellentgrade._____c. pleased
4. Im
going
to
Europe
thisd. disappointed
summer. Ive never been
there.______________
K
Readthearticle.Then
read
thestatementsandcheck()true,
false,oritdoesntsay.
Dos ... Donts
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Thinkaboutyourinterest.What
kindsofthingsdoyougetexcited
about?Do youlovetoteach
kids,
work
outdoors,
or
help
people
in
need?
Your
interests
can
lead
to
a
particulartypeofvolunteeractivity.
Consideryourskills.Areyou
goodat
somethinglikesportsor
computers? Most volunteer
organizationsarelookingforpeople
withspecifictalentsandabilities.
Doresearch.Youllbeamazedat
thenumberofvolunteerorganizations
outthere.Startbyaskingfamilyand
friendsabouttheonestheyknow,ordo
someresearchontheInternet.Then
follow up by contacting the
organizationdirectly.
Dontbefrustratedif
youdontgettheperfectjob
rightaway.Yourfirstvolunteer
job
maybe less than ideal,but
itcanstillbeagoodlearning
experience.
Dontlimityourthinking.
Withallthechoices,youmay
findavolunteeropportunity
thatneveroccurredto
you.
Your
effort
could
lead
to
somethingsurprising!
Donttrytodomore
workthanyoucanhandle.If
youcantmanagetheworkyou
volunteeredtodo,itcanbe
difficultforyourorganization,
andembarrassingforyou.
TrueFalseItdoesnt
say
1.Mostvolunteerorganizationswantpeoplewithspecialskills.
2.
TheInternethasthebestinformationaboutvolunteerjobs.
3.
Itseasytofindavolunteerjobthatsjustrightforyou.4.
Therearemanydifferentkindsofvolunteerjobs.
LWriting:Writeareviewofamovie,aCD,oraTVshow.Usealthough,
eventhough,andeveniftocontrastideas.
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Laboratory1 Clausesofresult:So/Such(a/an)
Clausesofresultare
usedtoexpressthe
result
ofsomething.
They
are
introducedwith:
so/such(a)(that),etc.
Weuseso:
withadjectivesandadverbs.
The
restaurantisso
popular(that)youhave
to
book
atable
a
week
in
advance.
.
Itwassnowingsoheavily(that)IcouldntseewhereIwasgoing.
.
with much/little+uncountablenounsandmany/few+countable
nounsintheplural.
Therewassomuchnoise(that)Icouldntstudy.
.
Therewassolittlespaceformycar(that)Icouldntparkit.
.
There
weresomanybookstoread(that)Ididntknowwheretostart.
.
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Therewereso
fewhotelsinthe
village(that)
wehadtogosomewhere
else.
.
beforeanadjectivewhichisnotfollowedbyanoun
Thecarwassoexpensive(that)Idecidednottobuyit.
Weusesuchbefore:
a(n)+adjective+singularcountablenoun.
Itwassuchafunnystory(that)everyonelaughed.
adjective+pluralnoun/uncountablenoun.
Itwassuchbadnews(that)shestartedcrying.
alotof+pluralnoun/uncountablenoun.
Therewassuchalotofsnow(that)wecouldntgetoutofthehouse.
Exercise1Fillinthegapswithso,suchorsucha(n).
1. Sheruns.fastthatshewillsurelywinthechampionship.
2. Chris
is..generouspersonthathe
isalwaysgivinghisfriends
gifts.
3. Themusicatthepartynextdoorwas..loudthatIcouldntsleep.
4. Howcanyouswimincoldwater?
5. Wehad..great timewhenwewere inDublin thatwewanttogo
again.
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6. Therewas..muchnoiseintheroomIfounditimpossibleto
concentrateit.
7. Therewere..fewpeopleatthemeetingwehadtocancelit.
8. Shestudies..littlethatitsamazingshepassesherexams.
9. Hes..arrogantpersonthatheneveradmitsthatheiswrong.
10. Haveyoueverseen.politechildrenbefore?
Exercise2Fillinthegapswithso,suchorsucha,suchan.
1.
The
kitten
is..small
that
it
fits
in
the
palm
of
myhand.
2. Hehasstrongmuscles thathecan lift thefrontpart
ofacar.
3. Thebookwasdifficultthat
shecouldnt
understandit.
4. It
was.tall
tree
that
the
children
couldntclimbit.
5. Thefilmshewatchedlastnightwas....scarythatshe
couldntsleepafterwards.
6. Itwas...hotdaythatwewentto
thebeach.
7. Theboxwas.heavy thatIdropped iton
thefloor.
8. Shewashaving.....awfultimeatthepartythatshedecidedto
gohome.
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9. Theyareplayingthemusic.loudlythatIcanthearaword
youaresaying.
10. Thereweremanypeopleatthereceptionthatwecouldnt
findaplacetosit.
ClausesofReason:Weuseclausesofreasontoexpressthereasonfor
something.Theyareintroducedwith:
as/since
Shegotuplateas/sinceitwasSunday.
.
because
IateasandwichbecauseIwashungry.
.
becauseof/dueto+noun
Theroadwasclosedbecauseof/duetobadweather.
.
because
of
the
fact
/
due
to
the
fact
that
Becauseof /dueto the fact that
therewasbadweather, the roadswereclosed.
Exercise3Complete eachsentencewith twoor fivewords,includingthewordinbold.
1. Sandratookandumbrellawithherbecauseitwasraining.
since
Sandratookandumbrellawithher..
raining.
2. Hedidntpasshisexam,sohewasupset.
dueHewasupsethedidntpasshisexam.
3. Shedidnthaveanytomatoes,soshedidntmakeasalad.
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asShedidntmakeasalad.anytomatoes.
4. Therewasalotoftraffic,sotheywerelateforwork.
because
Theywerelateforwork..of
traffic.
5. Hewasfiredbecausehewasverylazy.
dueHewasfiredhewasverylazy.
Exercise4Jointhesentencesusingthewordinbrackets.
BriancantplayfootballonSaturday.Hehasbrokenhisleg.(because)
BriancantplayfootballonSaturdaybecausehehasbrokenhisleg.
1.Darrenhatesflying.HecantgotoAustralia.(since)
..
2.Icouldntgototheconcert.Idspendallmymoney.(as)
..
3.MartinisawayforChristmas.Hellmisstheparty.(since)
..
4.Sarahmissedtheweddingreception.Shefellill.(because)
..
5.Itstheendofterm.Wellplaysomegames.(as)
..
6.IvealwaysdreamtofgoingtoRussia.IstudiedRussianhistoryat
university.(because)
..
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7.HereallylikesGunsnRoses.Iboughthim theirlatestalbum forhis
holiday.(since)
..
8.Heslazy.Hellfailhisexams.(because)
..
9.Therewassomuchtraffic.Iwaslateforwork.(because)
..
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Laboratory2
PurposeClausesofpurpose
the
infinitive
alone
e.g.
Ill
call
Mary
to
invite
her
to
dinner.
HewenttoItalytostudyarchitecture.Theybuiltareservationparktoprotecttheanimals.
sothat+will/can/would/could
WillandCanareusedwhenthemainverbisinthePresentSimple,PresentPerfectorFuturetenseandhaveapresentorfuturereference.
WouldandCouldare
usedwhenthemainverbisina
pasttenseandhaveapastreference.
e.g.
IwillgotoItalysothatIcanstudyarchitecture.
Ihavelitacandlesothatwellfindourwayout.
WewenttoItalysothatIcouldstudyarchitecture.
Ilitacandlesothatwewouldfindourwayout.
Exercise1Underlinethecorrectword(s),asanexample.
1. Shewenttothechemistssothat/togetsomecoughsyrup.
2. Heboughtavideoinorderto/sothatrecordhisfavoriteprograms.
3. Theyleftthehouseearlysothat/totheywouldarriveontime.
4. Hegoestothegymeverydayinorderto/sothathecanlosesomeweight.
5. ShewenttoMadridto/sothatlearnSpanish.
6. Theysoldtheirhousesothat/totheycouldbuyabungalow.
7. Theyarrivedearly
in
order
not
to/
not
tomissthefireworkdisplay.
8. Shewenttothecountrysidesothat/totakeawalkinthefreshair.
9. IorderedaChinesetakeawayinorderto/sothatIwouldnthaveto
cook.
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Exercise2Join the sentencesusing theword(s) inbrackets,as in theexample.
1. Iveenrolledonanartcourse.Iwanttolearnhowtodraw.(to)
Ive
enrolled
on
an
art
course
to
learn
how
to
draw.
2. Shecircledthedayonhercalendar.Shedidntwanttomissthe
appointment.(sothat)
. .
3. Sheboughtaphonecard
from the shop.Shewantedtomakesomephonecalls.(inorderto)
. .
4. Hewrotedowntheaddress.Hedidntwanttoforgetit.(inordernot
to)
. .
5. Pierre is takinggourmetcookeryclasses.Hewantstobeachef.(sothat)
. .
6. Heislearningkarate.Hewantstobeabletodefendhimself.(sothat)
. .
7. Thenursecameintothewaitingroom.Shewantedtocallthenextpatient.(to)
. .
8. Shewent tobedat tenoclock.Shedidntwant towakeup late the
nextmorning.(inordernotto)
. .
9. Annworkedhard.Shewantedtofinishherreportontime.(sothat)
. .
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10. Weshouldsetupmorewildlifeparks.Wemustprotectanimalsfromhunters.(inorderto)
. .
11. Suecalledherbestfriend.Shewantedtotellherthegreatnews.(to)
. .
12. TheyputthegiftsundertheChristmastree.Theywantedthechildrentoseetheminthemorning.(sothat)
. .
13. Theyarethrowingabigparty.Theywanttocelebratetheir10th
weddinganniversary.(inorderto)
. .
14. He
bought
a
second-handcar.
Hedidnt
want
tospendtoomuch
money.(inorderto)
. .
Exercise3Jointhefollowingsentencesusingtoorsothat.
1.
Weshouldfindawaytomakeenvironmentally-friendlypaperwithoutwood.Wewillsavetherainforests.
...
2.Theydecidedtobuildawildlifepark.Theybelievedthattheanimals
wouldbeprotected.
...
3.Weshouldallstartcaringmoreaboutourplanet.Wewillmakeita
better
place
for
generations
to
live.
...
4.Westoppedusingaerosols.Wedidntwanttodamagetheozone
layer.
...
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TotalkaboutthePURPOSSEofsomethingwecanuseinorder/soas
+to-infinitive:
Hetookthecourseinordertogetabetterjob.
Treesarebeingplantedbytheroadsidesoastoreducetrafficnoise.
Tomakeanegativesentencewithinorder/soas+to-infinitive,weput
notbeforetheto-infinitive:
Hekeptthespeechvagueinordernottocommithimselftooneside
ortheother.
Thelandwasboughtquicklysoasnottodelaythebuildingwork.
Youcantuseanegativeifyouuseonlyato-infinitive:
Icarriedtheknifecarefullyinorder/soasnottocutmyself.(not
carefullynottocut)
However,comparenegativesentenceswithinorder/soas/to-infinitive+
but:
Icametoseeyou
not
(in
order
to
/so
as
)
to
complain,but
(in
orderto/soas)toapologise.
Exercise5
Correctanymistakesinthesesentences.(A-D)
1.Iputamatunderthehopcupforstoppingitdamagingthetable.
2.SoworriedTomwaswhenPeterdidntarrive,thathecalledthelocal
hospital.
3.
Sopreciselythevictimdescribedtheattacker,thatthepoliceknewimmediatelywhoitwas.
4.
Hetookthejobinordernottoearnmoremoney,buttolivecloser
hissister.
5.
DonsangsobadlythatIhadtolookawaynotsoastolaughathim.
6.Thenewpaintisexcellenttocoverwallswithcracksin.
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Wedontusetowithtell.
Sayandtoldarealsousedwiththefollowingexpressions:
EL-210 Touchstone32012
LABORATORY3 Reportedspeech/
Directspeechisthewordssomebodysaid.Weusequotationmarks()indirectspeech.Igraduatedlastyear,Pamelasaid.
Reportedspeech istheexactmeaningofwhatsomeonesaid,butnottheexactwords.Wedonotusequotationmarksinreportedspeech.Wecaneitherusethewordthataftertheintroductoryverborwecanomitit.
Pamelasaid(that)shehadgraduatedtheyearbefore.
Say/Tell
Wecanusesayandtellinbothdirectandreportedspeech.
Tell
is
always
used
with
a
personal
pronoun,
but
say
may
beusedwithorwithoutapersonalpronoun.
Sayisalwaysfollowedbytheprepositiontowhenitisusedwithanobjectpronoun.Inreportedspeech,sayisnotfollowedbyanobjectpronoun,butitcanbefollowedbythat.
Say
Goodmorning/afternoon/evening,etc.,onesprayers,afewwords,nomore,so,etc.Tell
Thetruth,alie,asecret,astory,the time,thedifference,somebodyonesname,somebodytheway,onesfortune,onefromanother,etc.
61
Directspeech Reportedspeech
He
said,
Jane
is
late
again.
He
said
to
me
,
Jane
is
late
again.
Hetold me,Janeislate
again.
He
said
(that)
Jane
was
late
again.
Hesaid(that)/toldme(that)
Janewaslateagain.
He
toldme
(that)Janewaslate
again.
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.
1.(,
.)
2.
(
.)
3.(
.)
:
.
.
that
.
.
I. Reportedstatements/
Reportedstatementsareusuallyintroducedwithsay(that)ortell(that).
HehasworkedfortheDialyMirror,shesaid.
Shesaid(that)hehadworkedfortheDialyMirror.Personal
pronouns,
possessive
adjectives/possessive
pronounschangeaccordingtothemeaningofthesentence.
Isawayoungwomanrunningalongthestreet,shesaid.Shesaid
thatshehadseenayoungwomanrunningalongthestreet.Whentheintroductoryverbisinapastetense,theverbtenses
changeasfollows:
62
Direct
speech Reported
speech
Presentsimple
Iamthirsty,theboysaid.
Presentcontinuous
Hessleeping,shesaidtome.
Presentperfect
Pastsimple
Theboysaid(that)hewasthirsty.
Pastcontinuous
Shetoldme(that)hewassleeping.
Pastperfect
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Ihavewashedthecar,hesaid.Pastsimple
Iplayedfootball,Johnsaid.
Pastcontinuous
Hesaid(that)hehadwashedthecar.Pastsimple/Pastperfect
John
said
that
he
played
/
had
playedfootball.
Pastcontinuous/PastperfectWeweredancingallnightlong,continuous
shesaid.Futuresimple
Illtryagaintomorrow,hesaid.
Shesaid(that)theyweredancing/hadbeendancingallnightlong.
Conditional(would)
Hesaid(that)hewouldtryagainthenextday.
EXERCISE1 Fill in thegapswith thecorrectpronoun orpossessive
adjective.
Jamessaid,MybosswantsmetogotoLondontomorrow.
63
Timeexpressions/
.
Directspeech Reportedspeech
tonight, today, this
week/month/year
now
yesterday,last
night/week/month/year
tomorrow,next
week/month/year
twodays/month/year,etc.ago
-thatnight,thatday,thatweek/month/year
-then,atthattime/moment,
immediately-
the day before/the
previousday, theprevious
night/week/month/year
- thefollowingday/thedayafter,thefollowing/next
week/month/year
-twodays/month/year,etc.before
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JamessaidhisbosswantedhimtogotoLondonthe
followingday.Marysaid,Imwaitingformysontocomeoutofschool.
Marysaid thatshe..waswaitingforher..son tocomeoutof
school.
1.Georgesaid,Iveboughtanewcarformymum.
Georgesaid(1)hadboughtanewcarfor(2)..mum.
2.Juliesaidtome,Ineedyoutohelpmewiththeshopping.
Julietoldmethat(3)..needed(4)..tohelp(5)withthe
shopping.
3.
Johnsaid,
Id
like
totake
you
out
todinner.
Johnsaid(6)dliketotake(7).outtodinner.
4.
HelensaidtoJane,Ithinkyournewhaircutislovely.
HelentoldJanethat(8)..thought(9)newhaircutwas
lovely.
EXERCISE2
Turnthefollowingsentencesintoreportedspeech.
Robinsaid,Thesebiscuitstastedelicious.
Robinsaid(that)thebiscuitstasteddelicious.
1.IcantseeyouthisafternoonbecauseIvegotalottodo,Annsaid
tome
Ann told me
...
2.
Shecameintotheroomholdingsomelettersinherhandandsaid, I
foundthesewhileIwastidyingthedeskdrawers.
3.
Fionasaid,
Thatpicturewaspaintedbymygreat-grandfather.
4.Thoseweregoodtimesformyfamily.Jacksaid.
5.I receivedaparcel thismorning,but Ihaventopened ityet,Tom
said.
6.
Youmustntdothatagain,MumsaidtoBob.
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7.Theseshoesarewornout.Youdbetter throw themaway.Mum
saidtome.
II. Reportedquestions:Weintroducereportedquestionwithask,
inquire,wonderorwanttoknow.
When thedirectquestionbeginswithaquestionword(who,where,
howold/long,when,why,what,etc.)thereportedquestionbegins
withthesamequestionword.
Wheredoyoulike?heaskedme.-HeaskedmewhereIlived.
When
the
direct
question
is
a
yes/no
question
and
begins
with
an
auxiliary
(be,
do,
have)
or
a
modal
verb
(can,
may,
etc.)
then
the
reportedquestionbeginswithiforwhether.
DidTomgotobedlatelastnight?sheaskedme.Sheaskedme
if/whetherTomwent/hadgonetobedlatethepreviousnight.
Inreportedquestion,theverbisintheaffirmative.Thequestion
markandwords/expressionssuchasplease,well,oh,etc.,are
omitted.Verb
tenses,pronouns
andpossessive
adjectives
changeas
instatements.
Canyouopenthewindow,please?sheasked.Sheaskedme
if/whetherIcouldopenthewindow.
:.
EXERCISE
3
Turn
the
following
sentences
into
reported
questions.
Wheredoyoulive?Iaskedher.
Iaskedherwhereshelived..
1.Howoldwillyoubeonyournextbirthday?heaskedme.
2.Whereisyourumbrella?sheaskedherdaughter.
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4.Thebossasked,Whattimeareyougoinghometoday?
5.Willyoutakethechildrentoschooltoday?heasked.
6.Whocalledyoutoday?sheasked.
7.
Whenwillyoudecoratethekitchen?Marthaasked.
8.
Whobrokemyvase?Iasked.
9.Fatherasked,Willyouhelpmelifttheseboxes,please?
10. Canyouspeakaforeignlanguage?'sheaskedher.
III.Weintroducereportedcommands
orinstructionswiththe
introductoryverbs
orderor
tell
+
somebody
+
(not)
to
infinitive
Dontmove,shesaidtohim.Sheorderedhimnottomove.
(command)
Putthegroceriesaway,shesaid tothem.She toldthemtoput the
groceriesaway.
(Instruction)
We
introduce
requests
in
reported
speech
with
the
introductory
verbs.
(please.)
askorbeg+somebody+(not)toinfinitive.Thedirect sentence
usuallycontainsthewordplease
Pleasehelpme,KatesaidtoJim.KateaskedJimtohelpher.
Please,pleasecallanambulancehesaid toJune.He
begged
June
to
callanambulance.
EXERCISE4Turnthefollowingsentencesintoreportedspeech.
1.Theguardsaidtothedriver,Stop!
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2.Thedoctorsaidtothepatient,Comebacktoseemeagainnextweek.
3.Hesaid,Shallwegoforawalk?
4.Shesaidtohim,Please,pleasedontleaveme!
5.JennysaidtoDave,Pleasehelpmewiththis.
6.Shesaidtohim,Openthewindow,please.
7.Mothersaid,Howaboutgoingforadrive?
8.Shesaid,Letseatnow.
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Readingandtranslationsection
Text1Pre-intermediateReadingComprehensionTest-4
Dinosaurswerereptiles that livedduringaperiodofEarthshistorycalledtheMesozoicEra,whichisalsoknownastheAgeofReptiles.The
firstdinosaursappearedmorethan200millionyearsago.Formany
millionsofyears,theydominatedthelandwiththeirhugesizeand
strength.Thenabout65millionyearsago, theydiedout rathersuddenly,
nevertoreemerge.
ThewordDinosaurscomesfromtwoGreekwordsmeaning
terrible
lizards,
but
their
appearance
could
be
truly
terrifying.
The
biggestoneweighedmorethantentimesasmuchasamatureelephantand
nearlyequaled thesizeofmostmoderndaywhales.Thefamouskindsof
dinosaurs,includingthebrontosaurandtyrannosaurusrex,reached80to
90feetinlength.Notalldinosaursweregiants,however,somewere
actuallynotlargerthanachicken.
Scientistsstilldonotknowwhatcauseddinosaurstodisappear.One
theory
involves
a
change
in
the
earths
climate.
It
is
believed
that
temperaturesdroppedsignificantlytowardstheendoftheCretaceous
Period.Toolargetohibernateandnothavingfurorfeathersforprotection,
itispossible thattheclimatebecame toochillyfordinosaurs.Incontrast,
otherspecieshavingprotection,suchasmammalsandbirds,wereable to
survive.
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Text2Pre-intermediateReadingComprehensionTest-13
Evensincehumanshave inhabited theearth, theyhavemadeuseof
variousformsofcommunication.Generally,thisexpressionofthoughts
andfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech.Whenthereisalanguage
barriercommunicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhich
motionsstand
forletters,
words
and
ideas.Tourists,
thedeaf
andmute
havehadtoresorttothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsof
wholewordsareverypicturesqueandexactandcanbeused
internationally,spelling,however,cannot.
Body
language
transmits
idea
of
thoughts
by
certain
actions,
either
intentionally
or
unintentionally.
A
wink
can
be
a
way
of
flirting
or
indicatingthatthepartyisonlyjoking.Anodsignifiesapproval,while
shakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.
OtherformsnonlinguisticlanguagecanbefoundinBraille(asystem
ofraiseddotsreadwithfingertips),signalflags,Morsecode,andsmoke
signals.Roadmapsandpicturesingsalsoguide,warn,andinstructpeople.
Whole
verbalization
is
the
most
common
form
of
language,
other
systemsandtechniquesalsoexpresshumanthoughtsandfeelings.
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Text3Pre-intermediateReadingComprehensionTest-20
Despitethefactthattoomuchfatcanbeharmful,amoderatefatintakeis
actuallyessentialtothemaintenanceofgoodhealth.Someofthe
symptoms
of
fat
deficiency
include
flaking
skins,
emaciation,
reduced
functioningof the immunesystem,andfertilityproblems.Recentstudies
havelinkedfat
freedietstoincreasestressandaggression,andnotethat
thosewhotrytoeliminatefatcompletelyfromtheirfoodintakemaybeat
risk fordevelopingeatingdisorders:asmallamountof fat inamealwill
produceafeelingofsatietywhichlastsmuchlongerthanthesensationof
fullnessproducedbyproteinorcarbohydrates.
Atleasttwoteaspoonsoffatperdayisneededinorderfordigestive
system
toabsorbvitaminsA,D,EandK,
whicharefat
soluble.
These
vitaminsareessentialforhealthyhair,skin,teethandeyes.Withoutthe
abilitytoabsorbthesevitamins,childrenruntheriskofdevelopmentaland
neurologicaldisorders.Adultsneedthesevitaminstomanufacturefertility
hormones.
Sometypesoffatactuallyhelptoreduceharmfulcholesterollevels.Polyunsaturated
fats
such
as
corn,
soybean
and
sesame
oil,
and
monounsaturatedfatslikechickenfatandoliveoil,seem tolowerblood
cholesterol,whilesaturatedfats-thosefoundinredmeat,dairyproducts
and tropicaloils-seem to raise the levelof thekindofcholesterolwhich
accumulatesasplagueonarterialwalls.Payingattentiontothetypeoffat
consumedifjustasimportantasreducingtotalfatintake.
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Text4Pre-intermediateReadingComprehensionTest-22
Whatmakesitrain?
Rain
falls
from
cloudsfor
thesame
reason
anythingfallstoEarth.TheEarthsgravitypullsit.Buteverycloudis
made
of
water
droplets
or
ice
crystal.
Why
doesnt
rain
or
snow
fall
constantlyfromallclouds?Thedropletsoricecrystalsonthemisminute.
Aircurrentsmoveandliftdropletssothatthenetdownwarddisplacement
itzero,eventhoughthedropletsareinconstantmotion.
Dropletsoricecrystalsbehavesomewhatlikedustintheairmade
visibleinashaftofsunlight.Tothecasualobserver,dustseemstoactina
totallyrandom
fashion,
moving
about
chaotically
without
fixed
direction.
But
in
fact
dust
participles
are
much
larger
than
water
droplets
and
they
finallyfall.The
average
size
of
acloud
dropletis
only0.0004
inch
in
diameter.Itissosmallthatitwouldtakesixteenhourstofallhalfamilein
perfectlystillair,anditdoesntfalloutofmovingairatall.Onlywhenthe
dropletgrowstoadiameterof0.008inchorlargercanitfallfromthe
cloud.Theaverageraindropcontainsamilliontimesasmuchwaterasa
tinyclouddroplet.Thegrowthaclouddroplet toasize largerenough to
falloutisthecauseofrainandotherformsofprecipitation.Thisimportant
growthprocessiscalledcoalescence.
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Text5Pre-intermediateReadingComprehensionTest-23
Canning
isa
methodofpreservingfood
overextended
periods
of
time.
Theprocess involvessealingfood incontainersandheating it inorder to
killbacteriathatcouldeventuallycausespoilage.Whilemostcannedfood
isproducedbycommercialcompanies,someisdoneathome.
Homegrownfruitsandvegetablessuchasapplesandtomatoesare
themostpopularfoodstocan.Evencertainkindsofmeataresuitablefor
canning.However,itisnotadvisabletoheatproductssuchasavocados
becauseofthechangesintasteandtexturethatoccur.Otherfoods,
including
cucumbers
and
peppers,
can
be
canned
only
if
they
are
first
pickledandthencookedatverylowtemperatures.
Properlycannedfoodcanbesavedforas longas threeyears.Ifnot
properly
sealed,
thefoodcanbespoiledbythegrowthoforganisms.In
severecase,bacteriacancauseafatalformofpoisoningcalled
botulism.For this reason, it isvery important tocheck thesealof the
jarorbottleregularlytomakesureithasremainedundisturbed.
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Text6IntermediateReadingComprehensionTest-19
Withtheonsetof thewinterseason,man'snaturalenemies,thecommon
coldandtheflu,arrivewithfullforce.Itseemsthatthefluctuationsin
temperature
and
weather
are
guarantees
that
coughs
and
sneezes
will
spreadinfectinggermsamongfamilyandfriends.
Morethan100different
typesofbacteriacancausea
cold,anddoctors
sometimesuseantibioticstotreatbacterialcolds.However,therearean
equalnumberofvirusesthatcancauseinfluenza,andmodernscience
offers
nodrug
capable
ofcuring
viral
infections.
Inmostcases,
the
best
adviceistheusualprescription:getplentyofrest,drinkalotoffluids,and
bepreparedtosufferforthreetotendays.
Some
homecureshelptorelievethe
symptomsofcoldsandflues.
Mother'schickensoup,rich infatsandoilshelp to revitalizea tiredbody
andtosootheasorethroat.Garlic,containingtheactiveingredientAlicia,
haslongbeenusedtofightofftheeffectsofbacteriaandviruses.Hot
toddiesconsistingofsmallamountsofliquormixedwithhoney,sugar,
andthatlargedoesofvitaminCnotonlyboosttheimmunesystembefore
acoldarrives,butalsorelievecoldsymptomsaftertheyhavesetin.
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Text7IntermediateReadingComprehensionTest-20
Westernpeoplerelyontechnicaland
mechanicalsolutionsin
everything
theydo.Refrigeratorspreservetheirfood,washingmachinescleantheir
underwearandcomputersaresupposed tosolveall theirproblems.When
theyareill,theyrelyonthesurgeon'sknife.Iftheirheartsarerunning
down, then theymustberepaired; if theycannotberepaired, theyshould
bereplaced,justasanoldcarsometimesgetsanewengine.Butuptonow
wehavehadashortageofdonorstogivetheirhearts: tokeeponeperson
alive,anotherdonorhad\todie.
Nowadaysthereismoreandmoretalkaboutusingmonkeys.Every
monkey
has
a
near-human
heart,
and
humans
have
always
been
over
carefulinrespectingthelivesandwell-beingofotheranimals.This
includesthelifeandwell-beingofotherhumans.Thereforeintheearly
yearsof
the21stcentury-Iwas
told-the
mass
killingsof
monkeysmay
occur.We'llneedtousetheirheartsforhumanconsumption.
Monkeys,onthewhole,arehappiercreaturesthantheirnearrelatives.
HomoSapiens,orman.They
knowfear,
ofcourse,andthey
face
real
dangers,
but
they
are
also
more
intelligent
than
us.
They
create
no
unnecessarydangersfor
themselves;theyrunnobusinesses,chaseno
money,areunimpressedbygoldthatutterlyuselessmetal,andtheydonot
careatallabouthellorevilspirits.Ihaveavaguefeelingthatitisnot
moneys'heartsthatweoughttoimplantinourselves,butmonkeys'brains.
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Conversation2
Familyobligations(Touchstone3Workbookp.26)
Kyle:IhateMondays!
Naomi:Metoo.Theyretheworst.
Kyle:Yeah,Mondayiswhenmymomhasmecleantheentirehouse.
Naomi:Really?Bymyself?Mybrotheralwayshelpsmedothechores.
Kyle:Well,my littlesisterneverhelps.Mymomjust letsherplayvideo
gamesallday!
Naomi:Thatsnotfair!
Conversation3
ImOKfornow(Touchstone3Workbookp.39)
Peggy:Wouldyoulikesomemoreicedtea?
Nora:No,
thanks,
maybe
later.
Ive
got
enough
here.
Peggy:Gosh, therewerea lotof frieshere. Istillhavesome left.Would
youlikeafew?
Nora:Nothanks.Imfine.Imtryingtocutdownonthingslikefries.You
didnthavemuchsalad.Takesomeofmycarrots.
Peggy:ImOKfor
now.
But
thanks.You
know,
they
have
the
best
chocolatecakehere.Youshouldtrysome.
Nora:Imfinereally.Imtryingtoeatlesssugar,too.
Peggy:Oh.Well,areyougoingtohavecoffee?
Nora:ImOKfornow.Maybelater.
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Conversation4(Touchstone3Workbookp.42)
Whatareyoudoingafterwork?
Ahmed:HeyFinn.Whatareyoudoingafterworktonight?
Finn:Ihavenoplans.Imjustgoinghome.Why?Whatareyouupto?
Ahmed:Well,Imgoingtothegymaround5:00,butafterthat,Ihav