Ekonomi-The Analysis of Factors Affecting Indonesian

8/19/2019 Ekonomi-The Analysis of Factors Affecting Indonesian

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XD@EB IA JIMXBMXZ

^DGB IA XKXEB k

D^^PIQDE ^DGB kk

EBGDEK_DXKIM ^DGB kkk

DJCMIWEBHGFBMX kv

XD@EB IA JIMXBMXZ vk

EKZX IA XD@EB kx

EKZX IA GPD^L kx

EKZX IA D^^BMHKJBZ x

D@ZXPDJX (Km Bmgeksl) xk

D@ZXPDJX (Km Kmhimbskdm) xkk

JLD^XBP K KMXPIHRJXKIM 4

4.4. @djcgriumh ia tlb Ztuhy 4

4.0. ^rièbf Khbmtkakjdtkim 1

4.:. ^rièbf Airfuedtkim 7

4.8. ^rièbf Ekfktdtkim 7

4.2. Pbsbdrjl Iòbjtkvbs <

4.1. Pbsbdrjl Jimtrkùtkim ;4.7. Hbakmktkim ia Xbrfs ;

JLD^XBP KK PBQKBW IA PBEDXBH EKXBPDXRPB 44

0.4. Xlbirbtkjde Ardfbwirc 44

0.4.4. Kmtbrmdtkimde Xrdhb Xlbiry 44

0.4.0. D`sieutb Dhvdmtdgb Xlbiry 40

0.4.:. Jifpdrdtkvb Dhvdmtdgb Xlbiry 4:

0.4.8. Lbjcsbr ‚ Ilekm Xlbiry 48

0.4.2. Hbfdmh Xlbiry 48

0.4.2.4. Jldmgb km Hbfdmh 48

0.4.2.0. Bedstkjkty ia Hbfdmh 47

0.4.2.:. Hbfdmh ia Bxpirt 4;

0.0. Ektbrdturb Pbvkbw 4;

0.:. Lypitlbsks Airfuedtkim 0>

vk


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JLD^XBP KKK PBZBDPJL FBXLIH 00

:.4. Pbsbdrjl Fbtlih 00:.0. Pbsbdrjl Zu`objt 00

:.:. Pbsbdrjl Zbttkmg 00

:.8. Hdtd Ziurjb 0:

:.2. Pbsbdrjl Qdrkd`ebs 0:

:.1. Xbjlmkqub ia Hdtd Dmdeysks 08

:.7. Dmdeysks Fbtlih 08

:.7.4. Jedsskjde Dssufptkim Xbst 08

:.7.4.4. Fuetkjieekmbdrkty Xbst 02

:.7.4.0. Dutijirrbedtkim Xbst 01

:.7.4.:. Lbtbrijbhdstkjkty Xbst 07

:.7.0. X ‚ Ztdtkstkj Xbst 0<

:.7.:. A ‚ Ztdtkstkj Xbst 0;

:.7.8. Jibaakjkbmt ia Hbtbrfkmdtkim :>

JLD^XBP KQ PBZBDPJL AKMHKMGZ DMH HKZJRZZKIM :4

8.4. Pbsbdrjl Hbsjrkptkim :4

8.4.4. Jliiskmg Pbgrbsskim Fihbe :0

8.0. Pbsbdrjl Akmhkmgs ::

8.0.4. Pbgrbsskim Pbsuet Dmdeysks ::8.0.0. Ztdtkstkjde Pbsuet Dmdeysks :8

8.0.0.4 X Xbst Pbgrbsskim Pbsuet :8

8.0.0.4.4. X Xbst im ^rkjb ia Xbd :1

8.0.0.4.0. X Xbst im Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ :1

8.0.0.4.:. X Xbst im Bxjldmgb rdtb :7

8.0.0.0. A Xbst Pbgrbsskim Pbsuet :7

8.0.:. Giihmbss ia Akt (P 0) :;

8.0.8. Jedsskjde Dssufptkim Xbst :;

8.0.8.4. Fuetkjieekmbdrkty :;

8.0.8.0. Dutijirrbedtkim 8>

8.0.8.:. Lbtbrijbhdstkjkty 80

8.:. Pbsbdrjl Hksjusskim 88

8.:.4. Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ 88

8.:.0. ^rkjb ia Xbd 88

8.:.:. Bxjldmgb rdtb 82

vkk


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JLD^XBP Q JIMJERZKIM DMH KF^EKJDXKIM 87

2.4. Jimjeuskims 872.0. Kfpekjdtkims 8;

@K@EKIGPD^L[ 2>

D^^BMHK\ 20

vkkk


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EKZX IA XD@EB

4.4. Qieufb ia Kmhimbskdm Bxpirt ia Xbd. 1

8.4. FWH Xbst Pbsuet. :0

8.0. IEZ Pbsuet. :88.:. Xlb Jifpdrksim Qdeub ia X- Ztdtkstkj dmh X- Xdèb. :2

8.8. Xlb Jifpdrksim Qdeub ia A-Ztdtkstkj dmh A-Xdèb. :;

8.2. Jirrbedtkim Fdtrkx Fuetkjieekmbdrkty Pbsuet. 8>8.1. EF Xbst Pbsuet. 84

8.7. Xlb Jifpdrksim Qdeub ia ή0 jifputbh dmh χ

0 Xdèb. 84

8.


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EKZX IA D^^BMHKJBZ

4.

Hdtd I`sbrvdtkim. 200. FWH Xbst. 2:

:. IEZ Pbgrbsskim Pbsuet 28

8. Fuetkjieekmbdrkty Xbst. 282. Lbtbrijbhdstkjkty Xbst 22

1. Dutijirrbedtkim Xbst 21

7. Bedstkjkty 27

x


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JLD^XBP K

KMXPIHRJXKIM

4.4 @djcgriumh ia tlb Ztuhy

Xlb rbedtkim `btwbbm kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb dmh bjimifkj griwtl dttrdjts d eit

ia dttbmtkims. Kt ldppbms wlbm km tlb kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb d jiumtry jdm gbt tlb

dhvdmtdgb arif bxpirt tldt kmjrbdsbs dm bxpirt iutput dmh hbjrbdsbs tlb kfpirts.

Km tlks fihbrm hdy, Kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb bspbjkdeey bxpirt ks d siurjb ti kmjrbdsb tlb

jiumtry‛s bjimifkj griwtl. Dmitlbr adjt ks tldt tlb jiumtrkbs ldvkmg lkgl bxpirt

griwtl drb kmjekmbh ti bmoiy tlb lkgl bjimifkj griwtl dmh tlb itlbr wdy driumh.

Air tlb bxdfpeb ks sbvbrde Dskdm jiumtrkbs sujl ds Xdkwdm dmh Ziutl Cirbd ldvb

sliwm tldt tlbkr bxpirt bxpdmskim strdtbgy wlkjl jdm ùst up tlbkr bjimifkj

griwtl dmh kmjifb hkstrkùtkim.

Km kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb tlbiry, d jiumtry lds d jifpdrdtkvb dhvdmtdgb km

prihujtkim. Kt fbdms tldt tlb jiumtry imey prihujbs jiffihkty tldt lds sfdee

d`sieutb dhvdmtdgb eiss dmh tlby kfpirt giih tldt lds grbdtbr d`sieutb dhvdmtdgb

eiss.

Xlb kmtbrmdtkimde trdhkmg jiueh `b?

d.

Xlb bxjldmgb ia giih dmh sbrvkjbs

`. Xlb fivbfbmt ia rdw fdtbrkde km bdjl jiumtry

j. Xlb bxjldmgkmg dmh bxpdmhkmg ìtl tlb giihs dmh sbrvkjbs jdm

kmjrbdsb tlb bjimifkj hbvbeipfbmt.


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0

Kmhimbskd ks d jiumtry tldt lds vdrkius mdturde rbsiurjbs dmh imb ia

tlbf ks fkmkmg rbsiurjb. Wktl tlb rkjlmbss ia fkmkmg rbsiurjbs, Kmhimbskd sliueh

ldvb dhvdmtdgbs km kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb. Zkmjb jieimkdeksf brd, Kmhimbskdm‛s kmjifb

wds i`tdkmbh arif spkjbs dmh desi arif ike dmh gds fkmkmg. Dmh, kt jimtkmubh

umtke 4;‛s tldt bxpirt ia ike dmh gds sbjtir `bjdfb kfpirtdmt air Kmhimbskdm

kmjifb. Km 4; tlbrb wbrb imey 1 kmvbstfbmt jimtrdjt dgrbbfbmts im ike

dmh gds sbjtir. Xlks kmjrbdsbh arif 4;;; tldt Kmhimbskdm givbrmfbmt imey skgmbh

8 jimtrdjt dgrbbfbmts. Ka kt ks jifpdrbh wktl tlb jimhktkim `bairb tlb jrksks, tlb

muf`br ia jimtrdjt dgrbbfbmts skgmbh `y tlb givbrmfbmt hbjrbdsbh skgmkakjdmtey.


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:

Km 4;;1 givbrmfbmt skgmbh 48 ike bxpeirdtkims jimtrdjt dgrbbfbmts. Imb ybdr

edtbr km 4;;7 tlbrb wds d hiuèb kmjrbdsb im tlb jimtrdjt dgrbbfbmt kmti 0<

dgrbbfbmts. Km 4;;< tlb muf`br ia jimtrdjts skgmbh `y tlb givbrmfbmt hbjrbdsbh

kmti 02 dgrbbfbmts.

Xlbrb drb sifb rbdsims tldt fdcb ike dmh gds airbkgm kmvbstirs km

Kmhimbskd hbjrbdsb. Akrst, tlbrb ks d jifpbtktkim wktl itlbr Dskdm jiumtrkbs, air

bxdfpeb Jdfìhkd, Qkbtmdf, Fydmfdr btj. Zbjimh, tlb airbkgm kmvbstir stkee

wirrkbh dìut tlb Kmhimbskdm givbrmfbmt std`kekty, edw bmairjbfbmt dmh desi

sdabty jimhktkim air tlbkr dssbts.

@bjdusb ia tlb hbjrbdsb km ike dmh gds sbjtir, Kmhimbskdm givbrmfbmt

sliueh fdcb dttbmtkim im wldt jiffihkty tldt jdm jldmgb tlb hifkmdtkim ia ike

dmh gds sbjtir. Imb ia tlb giih sbjtirs tldt jdm hifkmdtb tlb bxpirt ks tbd.

Kmhimbskd ks imb ia `kg tbd prihujbrs km tlb wireh, ùt tlb pisktkim

ia Kmhimbskd ks stkee umhbr Kmhkd, Jlkmd, Zrkedmcd, dmh Cbmyd km tlb muf`br ia

bxpirt vieufbs. Xlb edrgbst tbd prihujbr ks Jlkmd dmh Kmhkd wlkjl jdm prihujb

>> timbs ia tbd dmh .>>> timbs ia tbd km 0>>>. Xlbrb drb : ckmhs ia tbd km

tlb wireh3 grbbm tbd, èdjc tbd dmh iieimg tbd. Grbbm tbd ks umabrfbmtbh tbd, èdjc

tbd ks 4>>% abrfbmtbh dmh iieimg ks sbfk-abrfbmtbh tbd (driumh 0>- 2>%

abrfbmtbh).

Xbd wlkjl lds tlb Edtkm mdfb ia Jdfbekd Zkmbmsks wlkjl stkee Jdfbekdm

adfkey, gbmbrdeey griws km tlb tripkjde jekfdtb km tlb ebmgtl `btwbbm 0>>- 0>>>

fbtbr wktl tlb tbfpbrdturb 48- 02 hbgrbb Jbeskus. Xbd jdm griw up ti ; fbtbr air

Jlkmd tbd dmh Odvd tbd, dmh air Dssdfkjd tbd jdm griw up ti 40 ti 0> fbtbr.


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Liwbvbr, ti fdcb kt bdskbr km pkjckmg tlb giih yiumgbr tkp ia ebda, tlb tbd trbb lds

ti `b jut wlbm kt griws up ti 4 fbtbr

@bjdusb tbd lds `bjifb pedmts air trdhkmg, si tbd ks hkvkhbh kmti sbvbrde

ckmhs. Kt jifbs arif tlb futdtkim ia itlbr tbd spbjkbs, dmh tlb kmaeubmjb arif edmh

dmh jekfdtb, wlkjl jdm prihujb hkaabrbmt ldrvbsts. Rp ti tlb prbsbmt tkfb km tlb

wireh, tlbrb drb dpprixkfdtbey 4.2>> ckmhs ia tbd arif 02 hkaabrbmt jiumtrkbs.

Liwbvbr tlb `dskj ia tbd imey lds : prifkmbmt ckmhs.

Xbd lds `bbm pdrt ia tlb wdy ia ekab km Kmhimbskd air firb tldm 0>> ybdrs.

Xlb Hutjl aiumhbh tlb tbd trdhb km Kmhimbskd km tlb 47>>s. Zktudtbh km tlb Ziutl

Jlkmd Zbd dmh tlb ^djkakj Ijbdm, Kmhimbskd airfbh dm ksedmh jldkm strbtjlkmg

arif Fdedyskd ti ^dpud Mbw Gukmbd. Odvd dmh Zufdtrd, twi ia tlb edrgbst

ksedmhs, wbrb tlb fdkm griwkmg drbds. Xlb kmhustry wbmt kmti hbjekmb datbr tlb 0mh

Wireh Wdr3 tbd bstdtbs wbrb km vbry piir jimhktkim. Wrbjcbh adjtirkbs dmh tbd

`uslbs tldt ldh rbvbrtbh ti tlbkr wkeh stdtb wbrb oust twi ia tlb pri`ebfs, adjbh `y

tlb jiumtry.

@y 4;>> lbjtdrbs

umhbr tbd juetkvdtkim, wktl 1>,>>> ia tlbsb wbrb eijdtbh km Odvd. Km 0>>8,

Kmhimbskd bxpirtbh ivbr ;>> timbs ia tbd, djjiumtkmg air ivbr 1% ia wireh

bxpirts.


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Datbr sbvbrde baairts dmh kmvbstfbmts, tbd bxpirts arif Kmhimbskd `bgdm ti

fdcb tlbkr prbsbmjb trdhbh km tlb tbd fdrcbt. Zkmjb tlbm, jimstdmt kfprivbfbmt

dmh fihbrmkzdtkim ia tbd prihujtkim dmh rbpedmtkmg ia ieh bstdtbs ldvb jimtkmubh

umtke tihdy. Kmhimbskdm tbd hkaabrs arif itlbr tbd prihujkmg jiumtrkbs km rbspbjt ti

eijdtkim, sike, dmh tlb jekfdtb wlbrb tlb tbd bstdtbs drb aiumh. Xbds tlbrb drb

pedmtbh km tlb lkgledmhs wlbrb viejdmkj sike dmh tripkjde jekfdtb drb prbhifkmdmt.

Xlb fdkm prihujt ks tlb èdjc tbd dmh dìut % ia prihujtkim ks bxpirtbh.. Xlb

Pbsbdrjl Kmstktutb air Xbd dmh Jkmjlimd km Gdfùmg, Wbst Odvd, lds d vktde

rbspimsk`kekty ti kmjrbdsb tbd prihujtkim dmh ti kfprivb kts qudekty. Xi-hdtb,

sbvbrde jeimbs ldvb `bbm kmvbmtbh tldt drb firb suktdèb ti tlb sike, jekfdtb dmh

air fihbrm tbd prijbsskmg km Kmhimbskd. Bxpirt qudekty tbd ks sieh fdkmey tlriugl

dujtkim km Odcdrtd. Xlb Oikmt Fdrcbtkmg Iaakjb ir Cdmtir ^bfdsdrdm @brsdfd

(C^@ jimhujts tlb dujtkim). Xbds arif Kmhimbskd drb ekglt dmh aedvirsifb. Fist

drb sieh air èbmhkmg purpisbs ds tlks prihujbs giih akmdmjkde rbwdrhs tlriugl

airbkgm bxjldmgb air tlb jiumtry. Km rbjbmt ybdrs, liwbvbr, kt lds `bjifb pisskèb

ti ùy Kmhimbskdm tbd ds d spbjkdety. Kt ks bxtrbfbey rbarbslkmg tdcbm wktliut fkec?

gdrmkslbh wktl ebfim, kt fdcbs dm khbde hrkmc air tlb akgurb-jimsjkius.

^bipeb km tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif drb tlb `kggbst tbd hrkmcbr km tlb wireh.

Xlby jdm akmksl 412 fkeekim jup ia tbd pbr hdy ir 1>.0 `keekim ia tbd pbr ybdr. @ut

tbd jimsufptkim lds adeebm `y :>% km Bmgedmh km tlb edst tbm ybdrs, brihbh

kmjrbdskmgey `y jieds dmh trbmhy bmbrgy hrkmcs, djjirhkmg ti d rbjbmt stuhy.

Wlkest tlb dvbrdgb Bmgeksl pbrsim jimsufbh 81 grdfs ia tbd bdjl wbbc km 4;


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Pkglt cmiw tlb `kggbst tbd kfpirtbr arif Kmhimbskd ks Rmktbh Ckmghif, km

0>>0 tlb vieufb ia tbd kfpirt ks 4:.7 (>>>/FXim). Rmktbh Ckmghif `bjdfb tlb

`kggbst tbd kfpirtbr skmjb 4;;;. @bairb tldt tlb `kggbst tbd kfpirtbr arif

Kmhimbskd ks ^dckstdm. Air tlb hbtdke ia Kmhimbskd tbd bxpirt hbstkmdtkim jdm `b

sbbm arif tlb td`eb `beiw?

Xd`eb 4.4

Qieufb ia Kmhimbskdm Bxpirt ia Xbd

4;;< ‚ 0>>0>>>/FXim

Jiumtry 4;;< 4;;; 0>>> 0>>4 0>>0

Zkmgdpirb >.2 :.7 4.7 0.7 4.1

^dckstdm 7.; 44.0 44.8 ;.0 ;.4

Dustrdekd 4.; 8.8 8.7 8.; 8.2

RZD 2.4


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`btwbbm jiumtry tldt ldvkmg kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb. Xlb wrktbr wdmts ti akmh iut wlbm

tlb jldmgbs km tlb adjtirs wiueh daabjt im tlb qudmtkty ia hbfdmh. Air bxdfpeb ka

tlbrb ks dm kmjrbdsb km prkjb ia giih ks tlks jldmgb wiueh daabjt im qudmtkty

hbfdmh ia tbd bxpirt9 Lipbaueey tlks rbsbdrjl jdm dmswbr tlb qubstkim wldt ckmh

ia adjtirs tldt wkee daabjt im qudmtkty hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt.

4.: ^rièbf Airfuedtkim

Kmhimbskdm bxpirtbh tbd ti fdmy jiumtrkbs dee ivbr tlb wireh air bxdfpeb

ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif, tlb Rmktbh Ztdtbs, dmh Odpdm. Arif tlb bxpedmdtkim ia tkteb

dìvb, tlb wrktbr jdm airfuedtb wldt ckmh ia adjtirs tldt jdm daabjt tlb hbfdmh ia

Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt. Xlby drb?

4. Hibs tlb prkjb ia tbd daabjt tlb Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt9

0.

Hibs tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif‛s GH^ daabjt tlb Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt9

:.

Hi bxjldmgb rdtbs km ìtl jiumtrkbs (km tlks jdsb Kmhimbskd dmh tlb

Rmktbh Ckmghif) daabjt Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt9

4.8 ^rièbf Ekfktdtkim

Xi fdcb tlb dmdeysks bdskbr tlb wrktbr fdcbs ekfktdtkim im tlb prièbfs

kmti tlrbb adjtirs vdrkdèbs tldt daabjt tlb hbfdmh ia tbd bxpirt arif Kmhimbskd.

Xlb adjtirs vdrkdèbs drb?

T6A(^,GH^,Bxj)

Wlbrb?

T 6 Qieufb ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti Odpdm (tim)


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^ 6 ^rkjb ia tbd (RZ $/cg)

GH^ 6 tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ (@keekims ia Buri)

Bxj 6 Bxjldmgb rdtb (₨/ Pp)

4.2 Pbsbdrjl Iòbjtkvbs

Xlks rbsbdrjl iòbjtkvb ks ti dmdeyzb adjtirs daabjtkmg vdeub ia Kmhimbskdm

tbd bxpirt ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif `y uskmg rbgrbsskim dmdeysks si tldt tlb

jimtrkùtkim arif bdjl kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb usbh km tlks rbsbdrjl jdm `b

khbmtkakbh.

Xlb iòbjtkvbs drb?

4. Xi tbst tlb lypitlbsks tldt bxpedkms tlb rbedtkim `btwbbm vdrkdèbs

usbh km tlb rbsbdrjl.

d.

Xi dmdeyzb tlb kfpdjt ia prkjb jimjbrm ti Kmhimbskdm tbd

bxpirt.

`.

Xi dmdeyzb tlb kfpdjt ia tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif‛s GH^ rbde

jimjbrm ti Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt.

j. Xi dmdeyzb tlb kfpdjt ia bxjldmgb rdtb îumh Ztbrekmg ti

Pupkdl jimjbrm ti Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt.

0. Xi dppey tlb tlbiry tldt ks derbdhy djjbptbh kmti sjkbmtkakj

rbsbdrjl.

:. Xi akmh iut tlb jimhktkim ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt.


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4.1 Pbsbdrjl Jimtrkùtkim

d.

Air tlb wrktbr, tlks rbsbdrjl ks tlb ippirtumkty ti dppey tlb cmiwebhgb dmh

tlbiry prbvkiusey stuhkbh.

`.

Xi stuhy aurtlbr dìut tlb cmiwebhgb dìut kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb dmh kts

rbedtkim wktl jiumtry bjimifkj griwtl.

j. Xi gkvb itlbr rbsbdrjlbr tbfpirdry hdtd dmh drgufbmt dìut Kmhimbskdm

tbd bxpirt

h. Ds dhhktkimde kmairfdtkim ti tbd jiffihkty si kt jdm kmjrbdsb tlb

givbrmfbmt `dedmjb ia trdhb.

4.7

Hbakmktkims ia Xbrfs

Km tlks rbsbdrjl tlb wrktbr wkee sbdrjl wldt adjtirs daabjtkmg Kmhimbskdm tbd

bxpirt ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif. Xlb wrktbr usbs tlb vieufb ia Kmhimbskd‛s bxpirt

ia tbd ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif ds tlb hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb. Air tlb kmhbpbmhbmt

vdrkdèb tlb wrktbr usbs Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^, prkjb ia tbd dmh bxjldmgb rdtb

`btwbbm Rmktbh Ckmghif îumh stbrekmg dmh Kmhimbskdm Pupkdl.

Xlb wrktbr usbs vieufb ia Kmhimbskd‛s tbd bxpirt ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif

ds tlb qudmtkty ia Kmhimbskd tbd bxpirt ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif. Xlb hdtd vieufb ia

Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif wds tdcb arif Kmhimbskd Ztdtkstkjde

Pbpirt vdrkius bhktkim. GH^ ia Rmktbh Ckmghif wds usbh ds tlb prixy air Rmktbh

Ckmghif kmjifb. @bjdusb, djjirhkmg ti tlb tlbiry, kmjifb ks imb ia tlb adjtirs

tldt daabjt jimsufptkim. Km tlks rbsbdrjl tlb GH^ hdtd usbs rbde GH^ ia tlb

Rmktbh Ckmghif usbh tlb ybdr 4;;> ds tlb `dsb ybdr. Xlb GH^ hdtd ks tdcbm arif


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4>

vdrkius bhktkims ia Kmtbrmdtkimde Akmdmjkde Ztdtkstkjs. Air prkjb vdrkd`eb, tlb wrktbr

usbs dvbrdgb prkjb tldt jifb arif vdeub ia Kmhimbskd tbd bxpirt ti tlb Rmktbh

Ckmghif hkvkhbh `y vieufb ia Kmhimbskdm‛s tbd bxpirt ti tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif.

Qieufb dmh vdeub ia Kmhimbskd bxpirt ia tbd ks tdcbm arif vdrkius bhktkim ia

Kmhimbskdm‛s Ztdtkstkjde Pbpirt. Bxjldmgb rdtb vdrkd`eb ks usbh ds jifpdrksim ia

bjimifkjs jimhktkim `btwbbm twi jiumtrkbs jimhujtkmg trdhkmg djtkvktkbs.

Bxjldmgb rdtb hdtd wds tdcbm arif vdrkius bhktkim ia Kmhimbskd‛s Kmhkjdtir

Bjimify vdrkius bhktkim.


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JLD^XBP KK

PBQKBW IA PBEDXBH EKXBPDXRPB

0.4 Xlbirbtkjde Ardfbwirc

0.4.4 Kmtbrmdtkimde Xrdhb Xlbiry

Kmtbrmdtkimde Xrdhb ks tlb bxjldmgb ia giihs dmh sbrvkjbs dfimg

rbskhbmts ia hkaabrbmt jiumtrkbs. Jiumtrkbs jdmmit ekvb deimb dmyfirb

baabjtkvbey tldm kmhkvkhudes jdm. Bdjl jiumtry tbmhs ti spbjkdekzb km tlb

prihujtkim ia tlisb jiffihktkbs km wlkjl jdm prihujb firb jlbdpey tldm

itlbr jiumtrkbs dmh tlbm bxjldmgb kts surpeus air tlb surpeusbs ia itlbr

jiumtrkbs. (Jldjliekdhbs. F3 4;;2?7).

Jedsskjde bjimifkst sujl ds Dhdf Zfktl dmh Hdvkh Pkjdrhi ldvb

gkvbm jimtrk`utkims ti kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb wlbrb tlby suggbst tldt kmtbrmdtkimde

trdhb ks ds tlb griwtl ia bjimify `bjdusb ia fdmy rbdsims. Akrst,

kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb puslbs prihujtkvkty dmh wkee `ridhbm tlb fdrcbt, wlbrb kt

jdm fdcb hkvkskim ia oi`, kmjrbdsb tlb sckee ia wircbrs, gdkm tbjlmieigy

kfprivbfbmt, dmh gkvb jldmgb air jiumtrkbs tldt trdhb ti kmjrbdsb surpeus dmh

tlbrbairb kt wkee jrbdtb griwtl. Zbjimh, `dsbh im Pbmt air Zurpeus tlbiry, d

jiumtry tldt pedys rieb km kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb wkee ldvb eits ia prihujtkim

bxjbss, tlks ks `bjdusb tlb hbfdmh km d jiumtry ks kmbedstkj ti tlb prihujts tldt

jdm `b bxpirtbh. Kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb ivbrjifbs tlb ekfktbh ia hifbstkj fdrcbt

dmh gkvbs pedjb air tldt bxjbss ia prihujts. Xlkrh, kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb jdm ipbm

tlb pissk`kekty air d jiumtry ti rbeijdtb tlb siurjbs iwmbh `y tlb jiumtry


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40

baakjkbmtey, kt jdm `b arif prihujtkim pikmt ia vkbw air hifbstkj mbbhs dmh

bxpirt `dsbh im prkjb rbedtkvkty.

0.4.0 D`sieutb Dhvdmtdgb Xlbiry

Dhdf Zfktl (4;:7) bfpldskzbh tlb kfpirtdmjb ia arbb trdhb km

kmjrbdskmg tlb wbdetl ia dee trdhkmg mdtkims. Djjirhkmg ti Dhdf Zfktl

futudeey `bmbakjkde trdhb ks `dsbh im tlb prkmjkpeb ia d`sieutb dhvdmtdgb.

Dhdf Zfktl drgubh tldt dee jiumtrkbs wiueh `bmbakt arif arbb trdhb dmh

jldfpkimbh d piekjy ia edkssbz-adkrb (d`sbmjb ia givbrmfbmtde kmtbrabrbmjb km

bjimifkj daadkrs). Wktl arbb trdhb, tlb rbsiurjbs ia tlb wireh wiueh `b

deeijdtbh baakjkbmtey, gbmbrdtkmg gdkms air bdjl dmh bvbry trdhkmg mdtkim. Dmy

kmtbrabrbmjb wktl tlb arbb aeiw ia trdhb wiueh kfpbhb tlb baakjkbmt deeijdtkim

ia rbsiurjbs wirehwkhb dmh wiueh hbmy tlb wireh jiffumkty tiwdrhs tlb

ippirtumkty ti bmoiy tlb pitbmtkde gdkms arif trdhb.

Bvbm tihdy fdmy pbipeb adee kmti trdp ia `bekbvkmg tldt bxpirtbr fust

ldvb dm d`sieutb dhvdmtdgb ti iaabr ti tlbkr airbkgm rkvdes. Kt turms iut,

futudeey `bmbakjkde trdhb hibs mit mbjbssdrkey rbqukrb bxpirtbr ti ldvb dm

d`sieutb dhvdmtdgb iaabr tlbkr airbkgm rkvdes.

Dhdf Zfktl stdtbh ―Bvbry jiumtry rbdeey lds bmiugl D`sieutb

Dhvdmtdgb `byimh kts trdhb pdrtmbr, ti fdcb bxpirt ds fujl ds kfpirt

pissk`eb, wlbm trdhb ks mit `bkmg `irhbrbh dmh irgdmkzbh‖. Xlks bxpedkms tldt

trdhb dvikhs rbstrkjtkim dmh d jiumtry wkee gbt dhvdmtdgb arif kmtbrmdtkimde


18/63

4:

trdhb bvbm tliugl tldt jiumtry hibs mit ldvb dmy spbjkdety tldm itlbr jiumtry.

(Ekmhbrt & Ckmheb`brgbr, Kmtbrmdtkimde Bjimify, 4;


19/63

48

0.4.8 Lbjcsjlbr ‚ Ilekm

Xwi adfius Zwbhksl bjimifksts mdfbh Bek Lbjcsjlbr dmh d jieebgb

stuhbmt mdfbh @brtke Ilekm hbvbeip Lbjcsjlbr-Ilekm tlbiry, tlbrbairb tlks

tlbiry ks wbee cmiwm ds Lbjcsjlbr-Ilekm. Djjirhkmg ti Bek Lbjcslbr dmh

@brtke Ilekm kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb ks fivbh `y tlb hkaabrbmjb ia prihujtkim

adjtirs dfimg tlb jiumtrkbs. Xlks tlbiry sdkh tldt bvbry jiumtry lds hkaabrbmt

jbrtdkm prihujtkim adjtirs. Xlb hkaabrbmjbs im tlb prihujtkim adjtirs jrbdtb

hkaabrbmjbs km prkjb air tlb sdfb jiffihkty km bvbry jiumtry. Lbjcslbr ‚

Ilekm desi bxpedkms dìut trdhkmg pdttbrm, tlby bxpedkm dìut wlbm d jiumtry

wdmts ti prihujb kt wkee usb tlb grbdtbr prihujtkim adjtir si kt jdm rbhujb tlb

prkjb ia tlb rbedtbh giihs.

0.4.2 Hbfdmh Xlbiry

0.4.2.4 Jldmgb km Hbfdmh

Xlb dfiumt ia sifb prihujt tldt dee justifbrs wksl ti ùy km d

gkvbm tkfb pbrkih ks kmaeubmjbh `y tlb aieeiwkmg kfpirtdmt vdrkdèbs

(Pkjldrh G. Ekpsby, 4;;1? 7>)?

4.

^rihujts Iwm ^rkjb

D `dskj bjimifkj lypitlbsks ks tldt tlb prkjb ia d prihujt dmh tlb

qudmtkty tldt wkee `b hbfdmhbh drb rbedtbh mbgdtkvbey, itlbr tlkmgs

`bkmg bqude. Xldt ks, tlb eiwbr tlb prkjb, tlb lkglbr tlb qudmtkty

hbfdmhbh, dmh tlb lkglbr tlb prkjb, tlb eiwbr tlb qudmtkty

hbfdmhbh. (Dearbh Fdrsldee (4


20/63

42

jimjbpts drb jdeebh ―Edw ia Hbfdmh.‖ Air bxdfpeb, tlb jdsb ia

hbfdmh air tbd rbedtbh ti tlb prkjbs ia tbd, wlbm tlb prkjbs ia tbd

kmjrbdsb tlb qudmtkty hbfdmh air tbd wkee hbjrbdsb.

0.

Dvbrdgb Jimsufbr Kmjifb

Ka jimsufbrs ldvb lkglbr kmjifb tldm tlb dvbrdgb, tlby jdm `b

bxpbjtbh ti purjldsb firb ia fist prihujts bvbm tliugl tlb prkjbs

ia tlb prihujt rbfdkm tlb sdfb. Air bxdfpeb, km tlb jdsb ia

hbfdmh air tbd rbedtbh ti tlb kmjifb, wlbm tlb Mdtkimde kmjifb ir

GH^ ks kmjrbdskmg tlb qudmtkty hbfdmh air tbd wkee desi kmjrbdsb.

:.

Itlbr ^rkjb

Kt fbdms tldt km itlbr prihujt prkjbs ir su`stktutbs, d rksb km tlb

prkjbs ia prihujts su`stktutb wkee fdcb tlb hbfdmhbh air tlb

prihujt `bjifb kmjrbdskmg. Kt wkee fdcb tlb hbfdmh jurvb slkat ti

tlb rkglt. Air bxdfpeb, wlbm tlb prkjb ia ike ks tlb su`stktutkim

prihujt air tlb gds, wlbm tlb prkjb ia ike ks kmjrbdskmg, tlb hbfdmh

air gds ks kmjrbdskmg ir vkjb vbrsd.

8. Xdstb

Xdstbs ldvb dm baabjt im pbipeb‛s hbskrb ti purjldsb. D jldmgb km

tlb tdstb fdy`b eimg-edstkmg ir slirt- edstkmg, d jldmgb km tlb tdstb

km advir ia d prihujt slkat tlb hbfdmh jurvb ti tlb rkglt. Air

bxdfpeb ks `btwbbm hbfdmh air rkjb dmh wlbdt. Km Kmhimbskd

hbfdmh ia rkjb ks lkglbr tldm hbfdmh ia wlbdt, `bjdusb

Kmhimbskdm pbipeb tbmh ti bdt rkjb tldm wlbdt. Kt rbvbrsb wktl


21/63

41

wbstbrm pbipeb, tlbkr hbfdmh ia wlbdt ks lkglbr tldm rkjb. @bjdusb

wbstbrm pbipeb prbabr bdt wlbdt `bttbr tldm rkjb.

2.

îpuedtkim

Dm kmjrbdsb km pipuedtkim wkee slkat tlb hbfdmh jurvbs air fist

prihujts ti tlb rkglt, kmhkjdtkmg tldt firb prihujts wkee `b ìuglt

dt bdjl prkjb. Air bxdfpeb, jdsb km bebjtrkjkty. Wlbm tlb pipuedtkim

ks lkglbr, kt wkee kmjrbdsb tlb hbfdmh air bebjtrkjkty skmjb firb

pbipeb mbbh firb bebjtrkjkty km tlbkr hdkey ekvbs.

Grdpl 0.4

Jldmgb km Hbfdmh

^

HK H HKK

T

Arif tlb grdpl dìvb kt jdm `b sbbm, air tlb bxdfpeb ka tlb prkjb

ia giih kmjrbdsbs, tlbrb ks d fivbfbmt deimg tlb hbfdmh jurvb dmh d

jldmgb km tlb qudmtkty ia tlb giih `bkmg hbfdmhbh. Ka tlb hbfdmh jurvb

H drksbs km tlb prkjb ia d giih, kt prihujbs d hbjrbdsb km tlb hbfdmh dmh

d adee km tlb prkjb ia tlb giih prihujbs dm kmjrbdsb km hbfdmh. Xlb


22/63

47

drriws im hbfdmh jurvb HKK rbprbsbmt tlb fivbfbmt deimg tlb hbfdmh

jurvb. Ka sifb itlbr adjtirs im tlb hbfdmh jldmgb, wlkjl kmjrbdsb tlb

qudmtkty tldt pbipeb pedm ti `uy, tlbrb ks d slkat km tlb hbfdmh jurvb ti

tlb rkglt (arif H ti HKK) dmh dm kmjrbdsb km hbfdmh. Ka sifb itlbr adjtirs

im tlb hbfdmh jldmgb, wlkjl rbhujbs tlb qudmtkty tldt pbipeb pedm ti

`uy, tlbrb ks d slkat km tlb hbfdmh jurvb ti tlb ebat (arif H ti HK) dmh d

hbjrbdsb km hbfdmh. (Zdfubesim, Fkjribjimifkjs Zbvbmtbbmtl Bhktkim,

4;;2)

0.4.2.0 Bedstkjkty ia Hbfdmh

^rkjb bedstkjkty ia hbfdmh fbdsurbs tlb rbspimskvbmbss ia tlb

qudmtkty hbfdmhbh ia d giih ti d jldmgb km kts prkjb. Kt fbdsurbs

rbspimskvbmbss `y jdejuedtkim tlb pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km tlb qudmtkty

hbfdmhbh `y tlb pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km kts prkjb. Rskmg tlb aieeiwkmg

airfued ti jdejuedtb tlb prkjb bedstkjkty ia hbfdmh?

BH 6 prkjbkmjldmgb^brjbmtdgb

hbfdmhbh qudmtktykmjldmgb^brjbmtdgb

Wlbm tlb prkjb ia d giih rksbs, tlb qudmtkty hbfdmhbh adees. Ka tlb

pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km prkjb ks pisktkvb, tlb pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km qudmtkty

hbfdmhbh wkee `b mbgdtkvb. Ds jimsbqubmjbs, tlb prkjb bedstkjkty ia

hbfdmh wkee `b d mbgdtkvb muf`br. @bjdusb tlb prkjb bedstkjkty ia hbfdmh

ks dewdys mbgdtkvb, kt dhipts tlb jimvbmtkim ia hrippkmg tlb fkmus skgm

dmh tlb fdgmktuhb ia bedstkjkty. ^rkjb bedstkjkty hbfdmh ks tlb rdtki ia tlb


23/63

4<

pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km tlb qudmtkty hbfdmhbh ti tlb pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km

prkjb. Xldt ks?

BH6^/^

T/T

Θ

Θ

Xlbrb drb tlrbb tlkmgs d`iut tlb jdejuedtkim ia tlb prkjb bedstkjkty ia

hbfdmh?

d. Xlb jldmgb km prkjb dmh tlb jldmgb km qudmtkty hbfdmhbh drb

`itl rbjirhbh ds pisktkvb muf`brs

`. Xlb jldmgbs km prkjbs dmh qudmtktkbs hbfdmhbh drb bxprbssbh

ds pbrjbmtdgbs ia tlb dvbrdgb prkjb dmh dvbrdgb qudmtkty

hbfdmhbh

j.

Detliugl kt ks jimvbmkbmt ti tlkmc ia bedstkjkty ds tlb rdtki ia

tlb pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km tlb qudmtkty hbfdmhbh ti tlb

pbrjbmtdgb jldmgb km tlb prkjb, kt ks desi bqukvdebmt, tlb

pripirtkimdtb jldmgb km qudmtkty hbfdmhbh hkvkhbh `y tlb

pripirtkimdtb jldmgb km prkjb.

Bxpedmdtkim ia tlb bedstkjkty rbsuet?

♡

Kmbedstkj, ks bedstkjkty `btwbbm > dmh 4

♡ Bedstkj, ks bedstkjkty grbdtbr tldm 4

♡ Rmkt bedstkj, ks hkvkhkmg ekmb `btwbbm kmbedstkj dmh bedstkj

♡ ^brabjtey bedstkj, ks bedstkjkty bqude ti zbri

(Zdfubesim, Fkjribjimifkjs Zbvbmtbbmtl Bhktkim)


24/63

4;

0.4.2.: Hbfdmh ia Bxpirt

Km kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb, suppey dmh hbfdmh ldvb strimg

jimmbjtkim. Kt ks privbm km tlb fdrcbt fbjldmksf wlbrb ìtl suppey dmh

hbfdmh tigbtlbr hbtbrfkmb tlb qudmtkty ia giihs ti purjldsbh ir sieh

dmh desi hbtbrfkmb tlb rbedtkvb prkjb ia tlb giihs. Hbfdmh km tlb fdrcbt

ks hbtbrfkmbh `y tlb jimsufbrs tdstb dmh kmjifb. Xdstb dmh kmjifb jdm

i`strujt tlb rbdjtkim `btwbbm qudmtkty ia hbfdmh dmh jldmgb km jist.

(Ekmhbrt, ^btbr L34;;8? 81)

@y hikmg kmtbrmdtkimde trdhb ìtl jiumtrkbs jdm gbt `bmbakts. Kt ks

sliwm im tlb kmhkaabrbmjb jurvb tldt `y trdhkmg ìtl jiumtrkbs jdm

djlkbvb fdxkfuf sdtksadjtkim. Xlb hkaabrbmjb km tdstb ks priaktdèb km

trdhb `bjdusb tlb prihujbr jdm desi prihujb hkaabrbmt ckmhs ia giihs.

Djjirhkmg ti Ekmhbrt (4;;8) ka sifb jiumtrkbs ldvb hkaabrbmt tdstb wktl

dmitlbr jiumtry ùt mit km tlb prihujtkim d`kekty, si trdhkmg dfimg

jiumtrkbs jdm hbvbeip kmtbrmdtkimde spbjkdekzdtkim im jimsufptkim ùt

mit km tlb prihujtkim.

0.0 Ektbrdturb Pbvkbw

[uhlk Zbtkdwdm‛s rbsbdrjl (0>>4) dmdeyzbs tlb adjtirs tldt kmaeubmjb tlb

hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti ^dckstdm. Xlb hdtd ks sbjimhdry hdtd gdtlbrbh

hurkmg 4;71-4;;


25/63

0>

hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti ^dckstdm, ds wbee ds `btwbbm GH^ ia ^dckstdm

dmh tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt. @ut tlb prkjb ia tlb wireh lds mbgdtkvb

rbedtkimslkp dmh skgmkakjdmt ti tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti ^dckstdm.

Ldrry Xdefdm (0>>4) dmdeyzbs tlb adjtirs tldt kmaeubmjb Kmhimbskdm tbd

bxpirt ti Zkmgdpirb. Xlb hdtd ks sbjimhdry hdtd tdcbm hurkmg 4;


26/63

04

ia tbd kmjrbdsbs tlb tbd hbfdmh arif tlb kfpirtbh jiumtry

hbjrbdsbs.

`.

Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ (GH^).

Xlb rbgrbsskim rbsuet im tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ ks skgmkakjdmt

dmh lds pisktkvb skgm. Kt fbdms tldt djjirhkmg ti tlb tlbiry wlbm

tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ kmjrbdsbs, kt desi kmjrbdsbs tlb hbfdmh

ia tlb tbd bxpirtbh arif Kmhimbskd.

j. Bxjldmgb rdtb (Bxj).

Xlb rbgrbsskim rbsuet im tlb bxjldmgb rdtb ks skgmkakjdmt dmh lds

pisktkvb skgm. Kt fbdms tldt djjirhkmg ti tlb tlbiry, wlbm tlb vdeub

ia ^iumh stbrekmg ti Pupkdl kmjrbdsbs, kt fdcbs prkjb ia tbd `bjdfb

jlbdpbr. Zi tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt kmjrbdsbs.


27/63

JLD^XBP KKK

PBZBDPJL FBXLIH

:.4 Pbsbdrjl Fbtlih

Xlb rbsbdrjl fbtlih usbh km tlks rbsbdrjl ks qudmtktdtkvb dmdeysks.

Tudmtktdtkvb dmdeysks ks d jldrdjtbrkstkj ia vdrkdèbs wlbrb tlb fdrc ks stdtbh im

tlb mufbrkjde airf. Xlb jldrdjtbrkstkjs ia tlb fbdsurbfbmt vdrkdèb fdcb tlb

fdrc ti `b pedjbh km kmtbrvde.

Xlb wrktbr desi usbh ektbrdturb stuhy. Xlks ektbrdturb stuhy usbs d

siurjb ia tlb tlbirkbs tldt drb rbedtbh ti tlb rbsbdrjl.

:.0 Pbsbdrjl Zuòbjt

Xlb rbsbdrjl wds jimjbmtrdtbh im tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif‛s hbfdmh

ia tbd bxpirtbh arif Kmhimbskd. Xlb rbsbdrjl siuglt wldt vdrkdèbs tldt ldh

kfpdjts im tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif‛s tbd hbfdmh.

:.: Pbsbdrjl Zbttkmg

Xlks sbjtkim dmdeyzbs tlb rbdsims wly tlb RC givbrmfbmt kfpirts tbd

arif Kmhimbskd. Pkglt cmiw RC‛s jktkzbm hrkmc tbd ds tlbkr ld`kt. Wktl tlbkr lkgl

jimsufptkim, tlby wkee rbqukrb d eit ia tbd. Zkmjb Kmhimbskd ks imb ia tlb `kg tbd

prihujbrs, RC wkee hbfdmh tbd arif Kmhimbskd. Xrdhkmg `btwbbm Kmhimbskd dmh

RC wkee jrbdtb dhvdmtdgbs `btwbbm tlb twi jiumtrkbs.


28/63

0:

:.8 Hdtd Ziurjb

Xlb hdtd usbh km tlks rbsbdrjl dmdeysks wbrb tlb hdtd tdcbm arif

ìics, ektbrdturb stuhy dmh sbjimhdry hdtd. Xlby drb?

d. Kmtbrmdtkimde Akmdmjkde Ztdtkstkjs (KAZ), vdrkius bhktkims.

`. Ztdtkstkjde [bdr @iic ia Kmhimbskd (Ztdtkstkc Kmhimbskd), vdrkius

bhktkims.

j. Kmhimbskdm Airbkgm Xrdhb Ztdtkstkj (@kri ûsdt Ztdtkstkc), vdrkius

bhktkims.

:.2 Pbsbdrjl Qdrkdèbs

@dsbh im tlb hdtd usbh km tlks rbsbdrjl vdrkdèbs km tlks tlbsks drb

jdtbgirkzbh kmti twi vdrkdèbs3 hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb dmh kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs.

@itl vdrkdèbs drb hbsjrk`bh ds aieeiws?

Hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb

Xlb hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb km tlks rbsbdrjl ks tlb vieufb ia Kmhimbskdm tbd

bxpirt ti RC (T)

Kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb

Xlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs km tlks rbsbdrjl jimskst ia aiur vdrkdèbs, tlby

drb?

i ^rkjb ia tbd (^)

i GH^ ia RC (GH^)

i Bxjldmgb rdtb Pupkdl/ îumh stbrekmg (Bxj)


29/63

08

:.1 Xbjlmkqub ia Hdtd Dmdeysks

Xlb `dskj tlbiry tldt ks usbh km tlks rbsbdrjl ks tlb hbfdmh tlbiry. Xlks

hbfdmh ks daabjtbh `y tlb prkjb ia rbedtbh giihs, kmjifb ia tlb kfpirtbr jiumtry

dmh tlb bxjldmgb rdtb `btwbbm ìtl jiumtrkbs. Km gbmbrde tlb `dskj fihbe ia tlb

hbfdmh ks?

T 6 A (^,GH^,Bxj)

Wlbrb?

T 6 Qieufb ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti RC (tim)

^ 6 ^rkjb ia tbd (îumh stbrekmg/cg)

GH^ 6 RC GH^ (@keekims ia îumh stbrekmg)

Bxj 6 Bxjldmgb rdtb (Pp/ îumh stbrekmg)

Xi djlkbvb tlb rbsbdrjl iòbjtkvbs, tlb rbgrbsskim dmdeysks ks jimhujtbh `y

uskmg tkfb sbrkbs hdtd arif 4;>0.

Ekmbdr rbgrbsskim fihbe jdm `b wrkttbm ds aieeiw?

T 6 ΰi + ΰ4^ + ΰ0GH^ + ΰ:Bxj + v

Wlbrb?

. ΰi ? Jimstdmt

. ΰ4,ΰ0,ΰ: ? Pbgrbsskim jibaakjkbmt ia bdjl vdrkdèb.

:.7 Dmdeysks Fbtlih

:.7.4 Jedsskjde Dssufptkim Xbst

@dskjdeey, tlks tbst ks ti hbtbjt tlb vdekhkty ia bfpkrkjde fihbe tldt ks

usbh km tlb rbsbdrjl. Km irhbr ti kmtbrprbt tlb rbgrbsskim rbsuet tldt jimsksts ia


30/63

02

rbgrbsskim jibaakjkbmt muf`br. D fihbe `bjifbs vdekh ka kt ks arbb arif tlb

prbsbmjb ia fuetijieekmbdrkty, dutijirrbedtkim dmh lbtbrijbhdstkjkty.

:.7.4.4 Fuetkjieekmbdrkty Xbst

Djjirhkmg ti Guodrdtk (4;;2?:0>) fuetkjieekmbdrkty fbdms tlb

bxkstbmjb ia d pbrabjt ir bxdjt ekmbdr rbedtkimslkp dfimg sifb ir dee

bxpedmdtiry vdrkdèbs ia rbgrbsskim fihbe. Ka pbrabjt fuetkjieekmbdrkty

dppbdrs km rbgrbsskim prièbf, km skfpeb tbrf kt jdm `b sdkh tldt Ebdst

Zqudrb (EZ) sieutkim jdm mit `b djlkbvbh. Km tlb rbgrbsskim dmdeysks,

fuetkjieekmbdrkty gkvbs kmti tlbsb sbvbrde jimhktkims `beiw?

d. Xwi kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs ldvkmg pbrabjt jirrbedtkim (`bjdusb ia

tldt vbjtirs tldt sliw tlb vdrkdèbs drb jieekmbdr).

`.

Xwi kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs ldvkmg defist pbrabjt jirrbedtkim (air

tlb bxdfpeb jirrbedtkim `btwbbm tlbf ks jeisb +4 ir -4).

j. Ekmbdr jif`kmdtkim arif sbvbrde kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs ldvkmg

pbrabjt jirrbedtkim (ir jeisb ti pbrabjt) wktl itlbr kmhbpbmhbmt

vdrkdèb.

h. Ekmbdr jif`kmdtkim arif imb su`-jieebjtkim ia kmhbpbmhbmt

vdrkdèbs ldvkmg pbrabjt jirrbedtkims (ir jeisb) wktl imb ekmbdr

jif`kmdtkim arif itlbr su`-jieebjtkim ia kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb.

(Fdcrkhdcks,Z 3Wlbbewrkglt.Z.J dmh FjGbb.Q.B(4;;;)Airbjdstkmg?

Fbtlihs dmh Dppekjdtkims,0mh. @kmdrupd Dcsdrd)


31/63

01

Xi hbtbjt fuetkjieekmbdrkty, tlb jirrbedtkim fbtlih ks usbh. Xlb

fuetkjieekmbdrkty ks prbhkjtbh ti ldppbm wlbm P 0 ks lkgl, sdy km bxjbss ia

>.>). Ka tlbrb ks

dutijirrbedtkim km tlb fihbe, kt wkee rdksb tlb vdeub ia rbskhude dmh tlb

kfpdjt ks tlb muf`br ia t-tbst, a-tbst dmh P 0 wkee hbjekmb.

Km itlbr wirhs, tlb prbsbmjb ia dutijirrbedtkim im tlb fihbe fdcbs tlb

hdtd `bjifb mit vdekh.

Djjirhkmg ti Zrkydmd (0>>4) tlb jdusbs ia dutijirrbedtkim drb?

d. Xlb prbsbmjb ia `djcwdrh edg ipbrdtkims im tlb fihbe wktl

tkfb sbrkbs hdtd.

`. Fkstdcb km aumjtkim typb.

j. Edjc ia hdtd ir tlb hdtd wbrb gimb.

h.

Xlbrb ks d hdtd trdmsairfdtkim.

Km tbstkmg tlb dutijirrbedtkim ks uskmg Edgrdmgb Fuetkpekbr tbst

(EF-tbst). Xlks tbst usb tlb ebvbe ia hbgrbb (χ 0) ti bxprbss tldt tlbrb ks mi


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07

dutijirrbedtkim. Xlb rueb ks wlbm χ 0 stdtkstkj ks `kggbr tldm tlb vdeub ia χ 0

tdèb, lbmjb Li hbmkbh dmh desi im tlb jimtrdry.

ůt 6 δ4 + δ0\t + τ4ţt-4 + τ0ţt-0 + ….. + τ pţt-p + βt

:.7.4.: Lbtbrijbhdstkjkty Xbst

Lbtbrijbhdstkjkty ks d sktudtkim wlbm tlbrb ks d rbedtkimslkp

`btwbbm tlb vdeubs ia kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs wktl tlb rbskhude vdeub arif

tlb fihbe. Xi hbtbjt tlb lbtbrijbhdstkjkty, tlb wrktbr usbh imb ia tlb

airfde fbtlihs3 tlb Wlktb fbtlih. Xlb Wlktb fihbe ks?

B0 6 ΰ> + ΰ4\4 + ΰ0\0 + ΰ:\: + θ4\40 + θ0\0

0 + θ:\:0 + θ8\4\0 +

θ2\4\: + θ1\0\: + β (:.7.4.: d)

@dsbh im tlb dìvb airfued, tlb squdrbh rbskhude arif tlb

irkgkmde rbgrbsskim im tlb irkgkmde \ vdrkdèb, tlbrb squdrbh vdeubs, dmh

tlb jriss prihujt ia tlb rbgrbssirs.

Rmhbr tlb muee lypitlbsks tlbrb ks mi lbtbrijbhdstkjkty, kt jdm `b

sliwm tldt sdfpeb skzb (m) tifbs tlb P 0 i`tdkmbh arif tlb rbgrbsskim

dsyfptitkjdeey aieeiws tlb jlk-squdrb hkstrkùtkim wktl ha bqude ti tlb

muf`br ia kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs (bxjeuhkmg tlb jimstdmt tbrf) km tlb

duxkekdry rbgrbsskim. Xldt ks?

m. P 0 6 \0 ha (:.7.4.: `)

Ka tlb jlk-squdrb vdeub i`tdkmbh km (:.7.4.: `) bxjbbhs tlb jrktkjde

jlk-squdrbh vdeub dt tlb jlisbm ebvbe ia skgmkakjdmjb, tlb jimjeuskim ks

tlbrb ks lbtbrijbhdstkjkty km tlb fihbe. Ka kt hibs mit bxjbbh tlb jrktkjde


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0<

jlk-squdrb vdeub, tlbrb ks mi lbtbrijbhdstkjkty, wlkjl ks ti sdy tldt km tlb

duxkekdry rbgrbsskim (:.7.4.: d), δ0 + δ: + δ8 + δ2 + δ1 6 >

:.7.0 X- Ztdtkstkj Xbst

X- Ztdts tbst ks usbh ti cmiw tlb jirrbedtkim `btwbbm tlb hbpbmhbmt

vdrkdèb wktl kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb kmhkvkhudeey. Km tlks rbsbdrjl, tlb wrktbr

usbh imb tdke tbst `bjdusb tlks rbsbdrjl lds d strimg tlbirbtkjde bxpbjtdtkim.

Lypitlbsks tldt usbh imb tdke tbst pisktkvb?

Li ? ΰk 5 > 3 k6 4,0….btj

Kmhkvkhudeey, tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs mbgdtkvbey daabjt tlb

hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb.

Ld ? ΰk = > 3 k6 4,0….btj

Kmhkvkhudeey, tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs pisktkvbey daabjt tlb

hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb.

Lypitlbsks tldt usbh imb tdke tbst mbgdtkvb?

Τ Li ? ΰk = > 3 k6 4.0….btj

Kmhkvkhudeey, tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs pisktkvbey daabjt tlb

hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb.

Τ Ld ? ΰk 5 > 3 k6 4.0….btj

Kmhkvkhudeey, tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs mbgdtkvbey daabjt tlb

hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb.

Xlb aieeiwkmg lypitlbsks wkee `b bxdfkmbh kmhkvkhudeey?


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0;

L> ? ΰk 6 > ? fbdms tldt tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb kmhkvkhudeey hibs

mit ldvb dm kfpdjt im tlb hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs.

Ld ? ΰk = > ? fbdms tldt tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb kmhkvkhudeey ldvb

kfpdjts im tlb hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb.

Xlb hbjkskim wkee `b fdhb wktl tlb pdrdfbtbr (δ) 2% `dsbh im tlb

aieeiwkmg ruebs?

d. Wlbm tlb vdeub ia jifputbh t 5 jrktkjde vdeub (t tdèb vdeub), Li ks

djjbptbh. Km tlks jdsb tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb hibs mit kmaeubmjb tlb

hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb skgmkakjdmtey.

`.

Wlbm tlb vdeub ia jifputbh t = jrktkjde vdeub (t tdèb vdeub), Li ks

rbobjtbh. Km tlks jdsb tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb kmaeubmjbs tlb

hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb skgmkakjdmtey.

:.7.: A- Ztdtkstkj Xbst

Xlks tbst ks usbh ti hbtbjt tlb jirrbedtkim `btwbbm ìtl hbpbmhbmt

vdrkdèb dmh kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs skfuetdmbiusey. Xlb tbstkmg ia A tbst ks tlb

sdfb ds tlb tbstkmg air t tbst. Lypitlbsks ks airfuedtbh ds aieeiws?

Γ

Li ? ΰ4 6 ΰ0 6 ΰ: 6 >

Lbmjb tlb dee kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs skfuetdmbiusey hi mit daabjt tlb

hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb.

Γ Li ? ΰ4 ≮ ΰ0 ≮ ΰ: 6 >

Lbmjb tlb dee kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs skfuetdmbiusey daabjt tlb

hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb.


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:>

Wktl uskmg A ‚ stdts tdèb?

4.

Ka A-stdtkstkj 5 A-tdèb

ha hbmifkmdtir 6 (m-c), ha mufbrdtir 6 (c-4)

Li ks djjbptbh dmh Ld ks rbobjtbh

0. Ka A-stdtkstkj = A-tdèb

ha hbmifkmdtir 6 (m-c), ha mufbrdtir 6 (c-4)

Li ks rbobjtbh dmh Ld ks djjbptbh

:.7.8 Jibaakjkbmt ia Hbtbrfkmdtkim (P0)

Kt ks dm kfpirtdmt pripbrty ia P 0 `bjdusb kt ks d mimhbjrbdskmg aumjtkim ia

tlb muf`br ia bxpedmdtiry vdrkdèbs ir rbgrbssirs prbsbmt km tlb fihbe3 ds tlb

muf`br ia rbgrbssir kmjrbdsb. P 0 defist kmvdrkdèy kmjrbdsbs dmh mbvbr

hbjrbdsbs. P 0 ks usbh ti hbtbjt liw adr tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb kmaeubmjbs tlb

hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb km tlb fihbe (Guodrdtk, 4;;2? 0>7). P 0 ks `bkmg d fbdsurb

ia tlb giihmbss ia akt ia d sdfpeb ebdst squdrbs ekmbdr rbgrbsskim km d ìhy ia

hdtd. Xlb muf`br ia P 0 ks `btwbbm > ‚ 4. Xlb jeisbr tlb muf`br ia P 0 ti 4 tlb

`bttbr tlb fihbe bxpedkms dìut tlb rbedtkimslkp `btwbbm hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb

dmh kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs.


36/63

JLD^XBP KQ

PBZBDPJL AKMHKMGZ DMH HKZJRZZKIM

8.4 Pbsbdrjl Hbsjrkptkim

Xlks rbsbdrjl iòbjtkvb ks ti dmdeyzb tlb qudmtkty ia Rmktbh Ckmghif‛s

hbfdmh air tbd arif Kmhimbskdm. Km tlks rbsbdrjl, tlb vdrkdèb adjtirs usbh ti

dmdeyzb tlb hbfdmh ia tbd drb? Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^, prkjb ia tbd dmh bxjldmgb

rdtb `btwbbm Kmhimbskdm Pupkdl ti Rmktbh Ckmghif îumh Ztbrekmg. Xlb hdtd

usbh km tlks rbsbdrjl ks d sbjimhdry hdtd jieebjtbh arif fdmy rbsiurjbs, sujl ds?

d. Ztdtkstkjde [bdr @iic Kmhimbskd.

`. Kmtbrmdtkimde Akmdmjkde Ztdtkstkj.

Xlb i`sbrvdtkim hdtd ks arif 4;>0 km tlb itlbr wirh km tlks

rbsbdrjl tlb wrktbr usbh 4< muf`brs ia i`sbrvdtkims. Kt jivbrs tlb titde vdeub ia

tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti Rmktbh Ckmghif (T) fbdsurbh km tims.

Zkmjb kt wds ldrh ti akmh tlb hdtd ia tbd hbfdmh arif Rmktbh Ckmghif tlb wrktbr

usbh prixy hdtd ti rbpedjb kt, tlb prixy hdtd tldt usbh ks tlb hdtd ia tbd bxpirt ti

Rmktbh Ckmghif. ^rkjb ia tbd (^X) fbdsurbh km îumh Ztbrekmg. Zkmjb kt wds ldrh

ti akmh tlb hdtd ia hbfdmh prkjb ia tbd tlb wrktbr usbh prixy hdtd, kt fbdms tldt tlb

hdtd usbh drb jeisbey rbedtbh, tlb prixy hdtd tldt usbh ks tlb dvbrdgb prkjb tldt ks

tlb rbsuet arif tlb vdeub ia tbd bxpirt ti RC hkvkhb wktl vieufb ia tbd bxpirt ti

RC. Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ (GH^) fbdsurbh km îumh Ztbrekmg dmh Bxjldmgb rdtb

Kmhimbskdm Pupkdl ti Rmktbh Ckmghif îumh Ztbrekmg (Bxj). Xlb hdtd jieebjtbh ks

tkfb sbrkbs hdtd dmh wkee `b bxdfkmbh `y uskmg BQKBWZ jifputbr prigrdf.


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:0

8.4.4 Jliiskmg Pbgrbsskim Fihbe

Km jliiskmg wlbtlbr uskmg ekmkbr fihbe ir eig fihbe tlb wrktbr usbh

FWH (FjCkmmim, Wlkb, Hdvkhsim, (4;0/04/;< Xkfb? >;?:>Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<

Qdrkd`eb Jibaakjkbmt Zth. Brrir t-Ztdtkstkj ^ri`.

J 11 >.>>>>GH^ -440.>4

^PKJBYXBD -4:;17.70 482 >.>>>>B\J >.1>>7_4 -8..:< Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 4>:41.17 Dhoustbh P-squdrbh >.8 Z.H. hbpbmhbmt vdr 2074.02;Z.B. ia rbgrbsskim 044:.78: Dcdkcb kmai jrktbrkim 4.>>>>><


38/63

::

Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkdèb? EQIE

Fbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/04/;< Xkfb? >;?:4Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<


J 02.77780 7.0:4;>< :.2188>> >.>>:2EGH^ -:.>:>847 4.078 -0.:1;284 >.>:8>

E^PKJBYXBD ->.;80>44 >.4:0>>0 -7.4:1:0> >.>>>>EB\J >.:44;27 >.40;:12 0.844821 >.>:48

_0 -2.>8B->2 4.2 -0.1;>274 >.>4.7187 Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr ;.48:.78.88>;>8Z.B. ia rbgrbsskim >.00440; Dcdkcb kmai jrktbrkim >.>8;;;:Zuf squdrbh rbskh >.1:2172 Zjlwdrz jrktbrkim >.0;7:4;Eig ekcbekliih 8.22>>10 A-stdtkstkj 4:.181>0Hur`km-Wdtsim stdt 0.84>772 ^ri`(A-stdtkstkj) >.>>>4:;

Arif tlb grdpl dìvb, kt ks sbbm tldt `y uskmg FWH, ìtl fihbes

drb skgmkakjdmt. Xlks rbsbdrjl usbs ekmkbr fihbe `bjdusb `y uskmg ekmkbr fihbe

tlb rbsuet ks `bttbr tldm uskmg eig fihbe.

8.0 Pbsbdrjl Akmhkmgs

8.0.4 Pbgrbsskim Pbsuet Dmdeysks

Xlb akrst stbp ti dmdeyzb tlb hdtd ks `y rbgrbsskmg tlb hdtd wktl tlb

suppirt arif tlb jifputbr prigrdf tldt ks jifpbtbmt dmh rbprbsbmtdtkvb

wktl tlb rbsbdrjl. Xlb jifputbr prigrdf tldt ks usbh `y tlb wrktbr ks Bvkbws

:.> km irhbr ti fdcb tlb hdtd bstkfdtkim bdskbr. Xlb Bvkbws jifputbr

prigrdf desi lbepbh tlb wrktbr ti rbhujb dmh dvikh jifputkmg brrir. Xlb

rbgrbsskim rbsuet ia ekmkbr fihbe ks sliwm km tlb aieeiwkmg tdèb?


39/63

:8

Xdèb 8.0

IEZ Pbsuet

Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkdèb? QIE

Fbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/4;/;< Xkfb? 40?8<Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<

Qdrkdèb Jibaakjkbmt Zth. Brrir t-Ztdtkstkj ^ri .̀

GH^ -4>:.0:4: 02.2;4;1 -8.>::7:< >.>>40

^PKJBYXBD -400>;.:8 4120.>01: >.>>>>B\J >.10>24J 7;:88.>2 4870>>4

P-squdrbh >.>1>: Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 4>:41.17 Dhoustbh P-squdrbh >.727>:1

@dsbh im tlb rbgrbsskim rbsuet dìvb, tlb rbgrbsskim bstkfdtkim

fihbe air tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskd tbd bxpirt ti Rmktbh Ckmghif (vie),

Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^ (GH^), prkjb ia tbd (prkjbYtbd) dmh bxjldmgb rdtb

`btwbbm Kmhimbskdm Pupkdl ti Rmktbh Ckmghif îumh Ztbrekmg (Bxj) ks?

Qie 6 7;:88.>2 - 4>:.0:4: GH^ - 400>;.:8 prkjbYtbd + >.10


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:2

tlb rbgrbsskim rbsuet, kt sliws tlb jifputbh t vdeub ia bdjl

kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb jifpdrbh wktl tlb vdeub ia tlb jifputbh t

tdèb. Xlb wdy ti akmh tlb jrktkjde t vdeub ks?

X tdèb 6 t δ ha(m-c)

Wlbrb?

δ 6 ebvbe ia skgmkakjdmjb

ha 6 hbgrbb ia arbbhif

m 6 muf`br ia hdtd

c 6 muf`br ia pdrdfbtbrs

Km tlks rbsbdrjl tlb wrktbr bstkfdtbh tlb jrktkjde t vdeub

wktl δ 6 >.>2 dmh ha 6 48. Xlb vdeub km tlb t tdèb ks 4.714.

Wlbm tlb vdeub ia jifputbh t vdeub 5 jrktkjde t vdeub, tlb

kmhkvkhude kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb hibs mit kmaeubmjb tlb hbpbmhbmt

vdrkdèb skgmkakjdmtey. Itlbrwksb wlbm tlb jifputbh t vdeub =

jrktkjde t vdeub, tlb kmhkvkhude kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb wkee kmaeubmjb

tlb hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb skgmkakjdmtey.

Arif tlb rbgrbsskim rbsuet, kt jdm `b sbbm tldt tlb

skgmkakjdmjb ir kmskgmkakjdmjb arif bdjl jifputbh t vdeub ia

kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs.

Xdèb 8.:

Xlb Jifpdrksim Qdeub ia t-stdtkstkj dmh t-tdèb

Qdrkdèb t-stdtkstkj Δ t-tdèb Pbsuet

^rkjbYXbd -7.:;>01: 2% 4.714 Zkgmkakjdmt

GH^ -8.>::7:< 2% 4.714 Zkgmkakjdmt

Bxj :.:477


41/63

:1

8.0.0.4.4 X Xbst im ^rkjb ia Xbd

Li ? ΰk = >

Ld ? ΰk 5 >

Jifputbh t vdeub ks -7.:;>01:.

Jrktkjde t vdeub wktl δ 6 2% dmh ha 6 48 ks 4.714.

Datbr i`sbrvkmg tlb hdtd d`ivb, kt jdm `b jimjeuhbh

tldt tlb jifputbh t vdeub ks lkglbr tldm tlb jrktkjde t

vdeub, si tlb Li ks rbobjtbh ir Ld ks djjbptbh stdtkstkjdeey.

Kt fbdms tldt tlb prkjb ia tbd lds d mbgdtkvb baabjt im tlb

hbfdmh ia tbd bxpirt arif Kmhimbskd skgmkakjdmtey.

8.0.0.4.0 X Xbst im Rmktbh Ckmghif GH^

Li ? ΰk 5 >

Ld ? ΰk = >

Jifputbh t vdeub ks -8.>::7:


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:7

8.0.0.4.: X Xbst im Bxjldmgb Pdtb

Li ? ΰk 5 >

Ld ? ΰk = >

Jifputbh t vdeub ks :.:477 .

Jrktkjde t vdeub wktl δ 6 2% dmh ha 6 48 ks 4.714.

Datbr i`sbrvkmg tlb hdtd dìvb, kt jdm `b jimjeuhbh

tldt tlb jifputbh t vdeub ks lkglbr tldm tlb jrktkjde t

vdeub, si tlb Li ks rbobjtbh ir Ld ks djjbptbh stdtkstkjdeey.

Kt fbdms tldt tlb bxjldmgb rdtb lds d pisktkvb baabjt im

tlb hbfdmh ia tlb tbd bxpirt arif Kmhimbskd skgmkakjdmtey.

8.0.0.0 A Xbst Pbgrbsskim Pbsuet

Xlks tbst ks usbh ti hbtbjt tlb jirrbedtkim `btwbbm hbpbmhbmt

vdrkdèb dmh dee tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs (skfuetdmbiusey). Xlb

tbstkmg ia A tbst ks tlb sdfb ds tlb tbstkmg air t tbst. Lypitlbsks ks

airfuedtbh ds aieeiws?

Li ? ΰ4 6 ΰ0 6 ΰ: 6 >

Lbmjb tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs skfuetdmbiusey hi mit

daabjt tlb hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb.

Li ? ΰ4 ≮ ΰ0 ≮ ΰ: 6 >

Lbmjb tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs skfuetdmbiusey daabjt tlb

hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb.


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:<

Xlks hbjkskim wkee usb pdrdfbtbr dt 2% (δ 6 2%) `dsbh im tlks

aieeiwkmg rueb?

d. Ka A-stdtkstkj 5 A-tdèb

Li ks djjbptbh dmh Ld ks rbobjtbh, tlb kmhbpbmhbmt

vdrkdèbs skfuetdmbiusey hi mit ldvb kfpdjt im tlb

hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb.

`. Ka A-stdtkstkj = A-tdèb

Li ks rbobjtbh dmh Ld ks djjbptbh, tlb kmhbpbmhbmt

vdrkdèbs skfuetdmbiusey ldvb kfpdjt im tlb hbpbmhbmt

vdrkdèb.

Xlb a tbst ks jeisb skfkedrey wktl tlb t tbst tldt ks `y

jifpdrkmg tlb vdeub ia tlb jifputbh vdeub dmh tlb tdèb vdeub

(jrktkjde a vdeub). Xi akmh tlb jrktkjde a vdeub wb fust gbt tlb hbgrbb

ia arbbhif air mufbrdtir (c-4) dmh tlb hbgrbb ia arbbhif air

hbmifkmdtir (m-c). Wktl tlb ebvbe ia skgmkakjdmjb δ 6 2%, tlb

hbgrbb ia arbbhif air mufbrdtir ks : (8-4) dmh tlb hbgrbb ia

arbbhif air hbmifkmdtir ks 48 (4


44/63

:;

hbpbmhbmt vdrkdèb. Km itlbr wirhs, tlb prkjb ia tbd, RC GH^ dmh

bxjldmgb rdtb skfuetdmbiusey dmh skgmkakjdmtey lds kfpdjt im tlb

hbfdmh ia tlb Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti RC.

Xdèb 8.8

Xlb Jifpdrksim Qdeub ia a-stdtkstkj dmh a-tdèb

A-Ztdts D A-Xdèb Pbsuet

4.8717. Xlks vdeub sliws d lkgl fbdsurbfbmt

air tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs ti bxpedkm tlbkr kfpdjt im tlb hbpbmhbmt

vdrkdèb km tlb fihbe. Kt fbdms tldt tlb vdrkdtkim ia tlb hbpbmhbmt

vdrkdèb jdm `b bxpedkmbh `y tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs dìut .>1>:%,

wlkeb tlb rbst 4;.;:;7% drb bxpedkmbh `y adjtirs iutskhb tlb fihbe.

8.0.8 Jedsskjde Dssufptkim Xbst

8.0.8.4 Fuetkjiekmbdrkty Xbst

Xi tbst tlb fuetkjieekmbdrkty tlb wrktbr usbs jirrbedtkim fdtrkx

tbst. Km tlks tbst tlb wrktbr hbtbjt fuetkjieekmbdrkty `y jifpdrkmg tlb

jirrbedtkim dfimg tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs. Xlb hbjkskim arif tlks tbst

ks wlbm r vdeub ks sfdeebr tldt P 0 vdeub, kt fbdms tldt tlbrb ks mi

fuetkjieekmbdrkty. Wktl tlb lbep arif Bvkbws jifputbr prigrdf tlb


45/63

8>

wrktbr jdm sbdrjl tlb vdeub ia bdjl r dmh tlb rbsuet ks sliwm km tdèb 8.2

`beiw?

Xdèb 8.2

Jirrbedtkim Fdtrkx Fuetkjieekmbdrkty Pbsuet

GH^ ^PKJBYXBD B\J

GH^ 4.>>>>>> ->.8712.7>::>0

^PKJBYXBD ->.8712>>>>> ->.4047;0

B\J >.7>::>0 ->.4047;0 4.>>>>>>

Arif tlb tdèb dìvb kt jdm `b jimjeuhbh tldt tlb vdeubs ia tlb

jirrbedtkim dfimg tlb kmhbpbmhbmt vdrkdèbs drb rbedtkvbey lkgl.

Djjirhkmg ti tlb hdtd rbsuet dìvb tldt r 5 >.>1>:, kt fbdms tldt tlbrb

ks mi fuetkjieekmbdrkty km tlb fihbe.

8.0.8.0 Dutijirrbedtkim Xbst

Xi tbst dutijirrbedtkim tlb wrktbr usbs Edgrdmgb Fuetkpekbr tbst

(EF-tbst). Xlks tbst usb tlb ebvbe ia hbgrbb (χ 0) ti bxprbss tldt tlbrb ks

mi dutijirrbedtkim. Xlb rueb ks wlbm χ 0 stdtkstkj ks `kggbr tldm tlb vdeub

ia χ 0 tdèb, Li ks hbmkbh dmh desi im tlb jimtrdry.

Xi fdcb kt jebdrbr km dmdeyzkmg tbst, tlb rbsuet ia EF-tbst jdm `b

sbbm km tdèb 8.1?


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84

Xdèb 8.1

EF-tbst Pbsuet

@rbusjl-Giharby Zbrkde Jirrbedtkim EF Xbst?

A-stdtkstkj >.41;842 ^ri`d`kekty >..8;80.70<

Xbst Bqudtkim?Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkdèb? PBZKHFbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/4;/;< Xkfb? 4:?04


GH^ -2.8;1740 0802 >.8; 4;44.:72 ->.002721 >..>212:2 >.008>1: >.020:42 >.24J ::>0.877 411;2.08 >.4;7 >..>.0;172; ->.:>>1:7 >.71.4.>0781> Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 0.8:B-44 Dhoustbh P-squdrbh ->.:77718 Z.H. hbpbmhbmt vdr 0:2:.17711Hur`km-Wdtsim stdt 4.;41;12 ^ri`(A-stdtkstkj) >.;;1>41

Arif tlb EF-tbst dìvb kt jdm `b aiumh tldt tlb jifputbh vdeub

χ 0 (I`s*P-squdrb) ks >.8;80.8;80


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80

8.0.8.: Lbtbrijbhdstkjkty Xbst

Km tbstkmg lbtbrijbhdstkjkty tlb wrktbr usbs Wlktb tbst. Xlb

hbjkskim km tlbrb ks lbtbrijbhdstkjkty km tlb fihbe km tlks tbst ks `y

wdtjlkmg dmh jifpdrkmg tlb jifputbh vdeub ia χ 0 (I`s*P-squdrb) ir `y

fuetkpeykmg m.P 0 dmh tlb jlk-squdrb hkstrk`utkim wktl 1 ha. Wlbm tlb

jifputbh vdeub ia χ 0 ks grbdtbr tldm tlb jrktkjde jlk-squdrb wktl δ 6 2%,

tlb lypitlbsks tldt stdtbh tlbrb ks mi lbtbrijbhdstkjkty km tlb fihbe, tlus

kt ks rbobjtbh, dmh im tlb jimtrdry. @y uskmg Bvkbws jifputbr prigrdf

tlb rbsuet ia Wlktb tbst jdm `b i`tdkmbh dmh sbbm km td`eb 8.


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8:

Xdèb 8.<

Wlktb tbst rbsuet

Wlktb Lbtbriscbhdstkjkty Xbst?

A-stdtkstkj 4.10:8;1 ^ri`d`kekty >.00;;2<I`s*P-squdrbh 174:

Xbst Bqudtkim?Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkdèb? PBZKH]0Fbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/4;/;< Xkfb? 4:?0>Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<

Qdrkdèb Jibaakjkbmt Zth. Brrir t-Ztdtkstkj ^ri .̀

J 0.1:B+>< 0.8:B+>< 4.>42GH^ -.>:4;

^PKJBYXBD]0 ;>;0804. 881027>. 0.>:78.>118B\J -:8;4.77< :>84.441 -4.48 >.0720

B\J]0 >.4;0010 >.427:;0 4.004224 >.0878

P-squdrbh >.81;18; Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 20:0174. Dhoustbh P-squdrbh >.4:17 Z.H. hbpbmhbmt vdr 2:>2.00;;2<

Arif tlb wlktb tbst rbsuet dìvb, tlb vdeub ia ή0 jifputbh

(I`s*

P-squdrb) ks


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88

Xdèb 8.;

Xlb Jifpdrksim Qdeub ia χ 0

jifputbh wktl χ 0

tdèb

χ 0 Jifputbh χ

0 Xdèb Hbjkskim


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82

ia tbd fdcbs tlb RC hbfdmh ia tbd hbjrbdsbs. Xlks lypitlbsks ks jirrbjt

skmjb tlbrb ks tlb edw ia hbfdmh tldt sdys ―wlbm tlb prkjb ia d jiffihkty ks

rdksbh (dmh itlbr tlkmgs drb lbeh jimstdmt), ùybrs tbmh ti ùy ebss ia tlb

jiffihkty. Zkfkedrey, wlbm tlb prkjb ks eiwbrbh, itlbr tlkmgs `bkmg bqude,

qudmtkty hbfdmhbh kmjrbdsbs‖.

Xlb stdtkstkjde tbst suppirts tlks lypitlbsks jirrbjtey. Xlb rbsuetbh

bedstkjkty arif tlb rbgrbsskim air prkjb ia tbd ks -4.;127>:78. Xlb vdeub

sliws tlb kfpdjt ia prkjb ia tbd im tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti

RC. Wlbm tlb prkjb ia tbd kmjrbdsbs `y 4%, tlb qudmtkty hbfdmh ia

Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt hbjrbdsbs `y 4.;127>:78% liehkmg dee vdrkdèbs drb

jimstdmt. Xlks stdtkstkjde rbsuet akts tlb prbvkius lypitlbsks tldt stdtbh d

mbgdtkvb rbedtkimslkp `btwbbm tlb prkjb ia tbd dmh tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm

tbd bxpirt ti RC.

8.:.: Bxjldmgb Pdtb Kmhimbskdm Pupkdl ti Rmktbh Ckmghif ̂ iumhtbrekmg

Dmitlbr adjtir usbh km tlks rbsbdrjl ks tlb bxjldmgb rdtb `btwbbm tlb

twi jiumtrkbs km tlks jdsb `btwbbm Kmhimbskd dmh Rmktbh Ckmghif. Rskmg

RC GH^ ds tlb adjtir ti dmdeyzb ks vbry kfpirtdmt `bjdusb bxjldmgb rdtb

lds d strimg rbedtkim wktl prkjb. Air bxdfpeb ks wlbm tlb Pupkdl vdeub ks

hbjrbdskmg ti itlbr airbkgm jurrbmjy kt wkee fdcb prkjb ia tbd `bjifb

jlbdpbr djjirhkmg ti tlb airbkgm fdrcbt. Xlks jimhktkim jdm jrbdtb dm

kmjrbdsb km hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskd tbd bxpirt ti RC.


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Djjirhkmg ti stdtkstkjde tbst, tlb bedstkjkty vdeub ia tlb bxjldmgb rdtb ks

>.8878>71188. Xlks vdeub rbprbsbmts tldt wlbm bxjldmgb rdtb îumh stbrekmg

ti Pupkdl kmjrbdsbs `y 4% tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt desi

kmjrbdsbs `y >.8878>71188% liehkmg dee vdrkdèbs drb jimstdmt. Kt dgrbbs

wktl tlb prbvkius lypitlbsks km tlks rbsbdrjl dìut tlb pisktkvb rbedtkimslkp

`btwbbm ìtl vdrkdèbs bxjldmgb rdtb dmh hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt

ti RC.


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JLD^XBP Q

JIMJERZKIM DMH KFÊKJDXKIM

2.4 Jimjeuskims

4. Xlks rbsbdrjl ks bxdfkmkmg adjtirs tldt daabjt Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti

Rmktbh Ckmghif. Xlb adjtirs drb tlb prkjb ia tbd, tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif

GH^ dmh tlb bxjldmgb rdtb.

0. @dsbh im tlb rbsbdrjl, tlb jibaakjkbmt ia hbtbrfkmdtkim P-squdrbh ks

>.>1>:. Kt fbdms tldt .>1>:% ia tlb vdrkdtkim km qudmtkty ia

Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt ti Rmktbh Ckmghif jdm `b bxpedkmbh `y vdrkdtkim

km tlb bxpedmdtiry vdrkdèbs, tlby drb? prkjb ia tbd, RC GH^ dmh

bxjldmgb rdtb. Fbdmwlkeb tlb 4;.;:;7 ks daabjtbh `y tlb itlbr vdrkdèbs

iutskhb tlb fihbe.

:.

Djjirhkmg ti tlb rbgrbsskim rbsuet, tlb vdeub ia tlb jifputbh A-tbst ks

4


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`y 400>;.:8 tims dmh tlb itlbr vdrkd`ebs drb jimstdmt. Xlks ks skgmkakjdmt

wktl tlb edw ia hbfdmh. Xlb kmjrbdsb km prkjb ia rbedtbh giih fdcbs tlb

hbfdmh hbjrbdsbs.

2.

Xlb X-tbst ia RC GH^ ks stdtkstkjdeey bxprbsskmg tlb mbgdtkvb rbedtkim

`btwbbm RC GH^ wktl tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt. Kt ks

derbdhy privbm tldt tlb jibaakjkbmt vdeub ia tlb RC GH^ ks -4>:.0:4:.

Xlks jibaakjkbmt vdeub fbdms tldt tlb kmjrbdsb km RC GH^ ds fujl ds 4

`keekims ia Buri wkee hbjrbdsb tlb qudmtkty ia Kmhimbskdm tbd bxpirt `y

4>:.0:4: tims dmh itlbr vdrkd`ebs drb jimstdmt. Xlks ks kmskgmkakjdmt wktl

tlb edw ia hbfdmh, `bjdusb tbd ks kmabrkir giihs air tlb Rmktbh

Ckmghif.

1.

Xlb X-tbst ia tlb bxjldmgb rdtb ks stdtkstkjdeey bxprbsskmg tlb pisktkvb

rbedtkim `btwbbm bxjldmgb rdtb dmh tlb hbfdmh ia Kmhimbskdm tbd

bxpirt. Kt ks derbdhy privbm tldt tlb jibaakjkbmt vdeub ia tlb bxjldmgb

rdtb ks >.10


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2.0 Kfpekjdtkims

4.

Xlb akmhkmg ia RC GH^ lds kmaeubmjb im tlb vieufb ia Kmhimbskdm Xbd

Bxpirt ti RC. Xlb rbsuet sliws tldt tlb RC GH^ ks kmbedstkj3 kt fbdms

tldt Kmhimbskdm tbd ks ebss kfpirtdmt ti RC `bjdusb tbd ks kmabrkir giihs

air tlb Rmktbh Ckmghif.

0. Xlb akmhkmg ia ^rkjb ia Xbd lds kmaeubmjb im tlb vieufb ia Kmhimbskdm

Xbd Bxpirt ti RC. Xlb rbsuet sliws tldt tlb ^rkjb ia Xbd ks bedstkj3 kt

fbdms tldt Kmhimbskd tbd ks ebss kfpirtdmt ti RC `bjdusb Kmhimbskd ks

mit tlb imey tbd prihujbr km tlb wireh. Zi ka prkjb ia tbd kmjrbdsb, RC

wkee su`stktutb kt wktl tbd arif dmitlbr jiumtry tldt tlb prkjb ks jlbdpbr

tldm tldt ia Kmhimbskdm tbd.

:.

Xlb akmhkmg ia Bxjldmgb Pdtb lds kmaeubmjb im tlb vieufb ia Kmhimbskdm

Xbd Bxpirt ti RC. Zi wlbm @rktksl ^iumh dpprbjkdtbs kt wiueh kmjrbdsb

tlb purjldskmg piwbr ia RC sijkbty ti Kmhimbskdm giihs.


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2>

@K@EKIGPD^L[

Jldjliekdhbs, Fketkdhbs? ―Kmtbrmdtkimde Bjimifkjs‖, FjGrdw ‚ Lkee ^u`ekslkmgJifpdmy, 4;;2

Guodrdtk, Hdfihdr M ( 4;;2 ). ―@dskj Bjimifbtrkjs‖, :rh

bhktkim. Zkmgdpirb?FjGrdw-Lkee. Zkmgdpirb.

lttp//www.giigeb.jif, ―Kmggrks ^bmgkfpir Xbr`bsdr Xbl PK‖

lttp?//www.sbtobm.bshf.gi.kh/`tpb/`tpb-`d`


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24

Ztdtkstkjde [bdr @iic ia Kmhimbskd, vdrkius bhktkims, 4;>0.

Xdefdm, Ldrry, Dmdeksks Adctir-adctir ydmg Fbfpbmgdrulk Bcspir Xbl Kmhimbskd cb

Zkmgdpurd ^dhd Xdlum 4;>4

Zbtkdwdm, [uhlk, Dmdeksks Adctir-adctir ydmg Fbfpbmgdrulk ^brfkmtddm Bcspir Xbl

Kmhimbskd cb ^dckstdm ^dhd Xdlum 4;71-4;;>4


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20

Dppbmhkx

Hdtd I`sbrvdtkim

i`s QIE GH^ ^PKJBYXBD B\J

4;>.>>> 817>> 4.77>>>> 411:.>>>4;>.>>> 8 0.40>>>> 0:>>

4;>.>>> 244.10>> 0.4:>>>> :>:2.>>>

4;>.>> 2:7.00>> >.0>>>>> :41>>

4;>>.>>> 28> 4.44>>>> 0;:2.>>>

4;;> 17>>.>>> 224.40>> 4.:8>>>> :174.>>>

4;;4 1>.>>> 28>.:4>> 4.80>>>> :702.>>>

4;;0 4>>.>> 2:7.82>> 4.4>>>>> :400.>>>

4;;: 40>>>.>> 28;.2;>> 4.>;>>>> :40:.>>>

4;;8 ;0>>.>>> 27>.14>> 4.>4>>>> :884.>>>

4;;2 74>>.>>> 2> >.;8>>>> :2>>

4;;1 4>1>>.>> 2;;.1;>> >.;>>> 8>:7.>>>

4;;7 7;>>.>>> 1>8.8;>> 4.00>>>> 77>;.>>>

4;;< 8:>>.>>> 1>4.> 4.70>>>> 4:::1.>>

4;;; 447>>.>> 2;8>> 4.>8>>>> 448;2.>>

0>>> 42>.>> 1>0.:> 4.0>>>>> 480;;.>>

0>>4 408>>.>> 2;2.> 4.>>>>>> 42>.>>

0>>0 4:7>>.>> 2;:.0;>> 4.>8>>>> 42>71.>>


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2:

FWH Xbst

Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkd`eb? QIEFbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/04/;< Xkfb? >;?:>

Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<


J 11 >.>>>>GH^ -440.>4

^PKJBYXBD -4:;17.70 482 >.>>>>B\J >.1>>7_4 -8..:< Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 4>:41.17

Dhoustbh P-squdrbh >.8 Z.H. hbpbmhbmt vdr 2074.02;Z.B. ia rbgrbsskim 044:.78: Dcdkcb kmai jrktbrkim 4.>>>>><

Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkd`eb? EQIEFbtlih? Ebdst Zqudrbs

Hdtb? >0/04/;< Xkfb? >;?:4Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<


J 02.77780 7.0:4;>< :.2188>> >.>>:2EGH^ -:.>:>847 4.078 -0.:1;284 >.>:8>

E^PKJBYXBD ->.;80>44 >.4:0>>0 -7.4:1:0> >.>>>>EB\J >.:44;27 >.40;:12 0.844821 >.>:48

_0 -2.>8B->2 4.2 -0.1;>274 >.>4.7187 Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr ;.48:.78.88>;>8Z.B. ia rbgrbsskim >.00440; Dcdkcb kmai jrktbrkim >.>8;;;:Zuf squdrbh rbskh >.1:2172 Zjlwdrz jrktbrkim >.0;7:4;Eig ekcbekliih 8.22>>10 A-stdtkstkj 4:.181>0Hur`km-Wdtsim stdt 0.84>772 ^ri`(A-stdtkstkj) >.>>>4:;


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IEZ Pbgrbsskim Pbsuet

Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkd`eb? QIEFbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/4;/;< Xkfb? 40?8<

Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<


GH^ -4>:.0:4: 02.2;4;1 -8.>::7:< >.>>40^PKJBYXBD -400>;.:8 4120.>01: >.>>>>

B\J >.10>24J 7;:88.>2 4870>>4

P-squdrbh >.>1>: Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 4>:41.17 Dhoustbh P-squdrbh >.727>:1

Fuetkjieekmbdrkty Xbst

GH^ ^PKJBYXBD B\J

GH^ 4.>>>>>> ->.8712.7>::>0

^PKJBYXBD ->.8712>>>>> ->.4047;0

B\J >.7>::>0 ->.4047;0 4.>>>>>>


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22

Lbtbrijbhdstkjkty Xbst

Wlktb Lbtbriscbhdstkjkty Xbst?

A-stdtkstkj 4.10:8;1 ^ri`d`kekty >.00;;2<I`s*P-squdrbh 174:

Xbst Bqudtkim?Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkd`eb? PBZKH]0Fbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/4;/;< Xkfb? 4:?0>Zdfpeb? 4;>0Kmjeuhbh i`sbrvdtkims? 4<


J 0.1:B+>< 0.8:B+>< 4.>42GH^ -.>:4;^PKJBYXBD]0 ;>;0804. 881027>. 0.>:78.>118

B\J -:8;4.77< :>84.441 -4.48 >.0720B\J]0 >.4;0010 >.427:;0 4.004224 >.0878

P-squdrbh >.81;18; Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 20:0174. Dhoustbh P-squdrbh >.4:17 Z.H. hbpbmhbmt vdr 2:>2.00;;2


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21

Dutijirrbedtkim Xbst

@rbusjl-Giharby Zbrkde Jirrbedtkim EF Xbst?

A-stdtkstkj >.41;842 ^ri`d`kekty >..8;80.70<

Xbst Bqudtkim?Hbpbmhbmt Qdrkd`eb? PBZKHFbtlih? Ebdst ZqudrbsHdtb? >0/4;/;< Xkfb? 4:?04

Qdrkd èb Jibaakjkbmt Zth. Brrir

t-Ztdtkstkj ^ri`.

GH^ -2.8;1740 0802 >.8; 4;44.:72 ->.002721 >..>212:2 >.008>1: >.020:42 >.24J ::>0.877

411;2.08 >.4;7 >..>.0;172; ->.:>>1:7 >.71.4.>0781> Fbdm hbpbmhbmt vdr 0.8:B-44 Dhoustbh P-squdrbh ->.:77718 Z.H. hbpbmhbmt vdr 0:2:.17711

Hur`km-Wdtsim stdt 4.;41;12 ^ri`(A-stdtkstkj) >.;;1>41


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27

Bedstkjkty

i`s \4/[ \0/[ \:/[4;.>2;08; >.>>>008 >.04>2>1::

4;.>1::;0 >.>>>072 >.:>;14>:;

4;.444000 >.>>>81: >.12;74;2:2 7.07B->1 >.4420

4;.>1>;;: >.>>>40: >.:0144444

4;;> >.>.>>>0 >.287;4>82

4;;4 >.>7;827 >.>>>0>; >.2877;840

4;;0 >.>8;718 >.>>>4>0 >.078>7

4;;: >.>827;; ;.>2 >.01>02

4;;8 >.>10>0: >.>>>44 >.:78>0478

4;;2 >.>8 >.>>>4:0 >.2>82>7>8

4;;1 >.>21272 ;.02B->2 >.:1

4;;7 >.>7124< >.>>>428 >.;72.4:;;1 >.>>>8 :.4>4:;2:2

4;;; >.>24442 .;> >.>:2 >.;>2

0>>4 >.>820 1B->2 4.04140;>:

0>>0 >.>8::>1 7.2;B->2 4.4>>8:7;1

suf 4.41;181 >.>>0;>2 40.1.>18;< >.>>>414 >.7448;::7

η\46κ4 x (\4/[) 6 -4>:.0:4: x >.>18;< 6 -1.7>7;1;;.:8 x >.>>>414 6 -4.;127>:78

η\:6κ: x (\:/[) 6 >.10.8878>71188

η\46 -1.7>7;

Xlb bedstkjkty vdeub ia RC GH^ ks -1.7>7;. Kt fbdms tldt tldt tbd ks bedstkj, wlbm RC

GH^ kmjrbdsbs `y 4% kt jdm hbjrbdsb tlb qudmtkty hbfdmhbh ia tbd `y 1.7>7;%. Zkmjb tbd

ks dm bedstkj giih, si ka tlb RC GH^ kmjrbdsbs kt wiueh fdcb tlb bxpirt hbfdmh ia tbd

hbjrbdsb. @bjdusb tbd tldt prihujb km Kmhimbskd ks km ebss qudekty tldm tbd prihujb km itlbr


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jiumtry air bxdfpeb Kmhkd, Jlkmd, Zrkedmgcd dmh Cbmyd. Zi wlbm RC GH^ kmjrbdsbs tlby

wiueh prbabr ti ùy tbd tldt ldvb `bttbr qudekty tldm `bairb.

η\06 -4.;127

Xlb bedstkjkty vdeub ia prkjb ia tbd ks -4.;127. Kt fbdms tldt tbd ks bedstkj, wlbm prkjb ia

tbd kmjrbdsb `y 4% kt jdm hbjrbdsb tlb qudmtkty hbfdmhbh ia tbd `y 4.;127%. Zkmjb tbd ks

dm bedstkj giih, si ka tlb prkjb ia tbd arif Kmhimbskd kmjrbdsbs kt wiueh fdcb tlb bxpirt

hbfdmh ia tbd hbjrbdsb. @bjdusb Kmhimbskd ks mit imey tbd prihujbr km tlb wireh si ka tlb

tbd prkjb arif Kmhimbskd kmjrbdsb Rmktbh Ckmghif wkee sbdrjl dmitlbr tbd prihujbr tldt

iaabrs eiwbr prkjb air tlbf.

η\:6 >.8878

Xlb bedstkjkty vdeub ia bxjldmgb rdtb ks >.8878. Kt fbdms tldt tbd ks kmbedstkj, wlbm

bxjldmgb rdtb kmjrbdsbs (dpprbjkdtb) `y 4% kt jdm kmjrbdsb tlb qudmtkty hbfdmhbh ia tbd

`y >.8878%. Zkmjb tbd ks dm kmbedstkj giih, si ka tlb bxjldmgb rdtb kmjrbdsbs (dpprbjkdtb)

kt wiueh fdcb tlb bxpirt hbfdmh ia tbd kmjrbdsb. @bjdusb wlbm @rktksl îumh dpprbjkdtb

tldm Kmhimbskdm Pupkdl, kt fbdm tldt RC d`kekty ti ùy tbd arif Kmhimbskd kmjrbdsbs, si

qudmtkty hbfdmh ia tbd wkee kmjrbdsb.

Ekonomi-The Analysis of Factors Affecting Indonesian

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Transcript of Ekonomi-The Analysis of Factors Affecting Indonesian