EKG 12 Leads
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Transcript of EKG 12 Leads
EKG 12 Leads
Internal Medicine2010
Electrocardiography
• A recording of the electrical activity of the heart over time
• Gold standard for diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias
• Helps detect electrolyte disturbances
• Allows for detection of conduction abnormalities
• Screening tool for ischemic heart disease (stress tests)
• Helpful with non-cardiac diseases
ECG Leads
• The standard EKG has 12 leads:– 3 Standard Limb Leads
– 3 Augmented Limb Leads
– 6 Precordial Leads
ECG Limb Leads
• Leads are electrodes which measure the difference in electrical potential between either:
1. Two different points on the body (bipolar leads)2. One point on the body and a virtual reference point with zero electrical potential, located in the center of the heart (unipolar leads)
Recording of the ECG
• Limb leads are I, II, II. • Each of the leads are bipolar; i.e., it requires two
sensors on the skin to make a lead.• If one connects a line between two sensors, one has
a vector.• There will be a positive end at one
electrode and negative at the other.• The positioning for leads I, II, and III
were first given by Einthoven (Einthoven’s triangle).
ECG Limb Leads
Precordial Leads
Summary of Leads
Limb Leads Precordial Leads
BipolarI, II, III
(standard limb leads)
-
UnipolaraVR, aVL, aVF (augmented limb leads)
V1-V6
Arrangement of Leads on the EKG
Anatomic Groups
Anatomic Groups
Anatomic Groups
Anatomic Groups
Anatomic Groups
ECG Graph Paper
• Runs at a paper speed of 25 mm/sec• Each small block of ECG paper is 1 mm2
• At a paper speed of 25 mm/s, one small block equals 0.04 s
• Five small blocks make up 1 large block which translates into 0.20 s
• 5 large blocks per second• Voltage: 1 mm = 0.1 mV between
each individual block vertically
The Normal Conduction System
ECG Tracing
Guide in ECG Reading
1 Rhythm2 Rate: Atrial and Ventricular3 Axis4 P wave: morphology and
duration5 P – R interval6 QRS complex: morphology and
duration7 ST segment8 T wave9 U wave10 Q – T interval
• Regular or Irregular• Accessing whether the PP intervals and RR intervals
are regularly spaced
• If the rhythm is irregular, determine if:– Occasionally irregular– Regularly irregular (there is the pattern of
irregularity)– Irregularly irregular (no pattern of irregularity)
Determining the Rhythm
Determining the Heart Rate
• Rule of 300–Take the number of “big boxes” between neighboring QRS complexes, and divide this into 300. The result will be approximately equal to the rate–Although fast, this method only works for regular rhythms.
•10 Second Rule–As most EKGs record 10 seconds of rhythm per page, one can simply count the number of beats present on the EKG and multiply by 6 to get the number of beats per 60 seconds.–This method works well for irregular rhythms.
The QRS Axis
• The QRS axis represents the net overall direction of the heart’s electrical activity.
• By near-consensus, the normal QRS axis is defined as ranging from -30° to +90°.
• -30° to -90° is referred to as a left axis deviation (LAD)
• +90° to +180° is referred to as a right axis deviation (RAD)
The QRS Axis
The QRS Axis The Quadrant Approach1. Examine the QRS complex in leads I and aVF to determine if
they are predominantly positive or predominantly negative. The combination should place the axis into one of the 4 quadrants below.
The QRS Axis The Quadrant Approach2. In the event that LAD is present, examine lead II to determine if
this deviation is pathologic. If the QRS in II is predominantly positive, the LAD is non-pathologic (in other words, the axis is normal). If it is predominantly negative, it is pathologic.
P-wave• Depolarization of both atria• Relationship between P and QRS helps
distinguish various cardiac arrhythmias• Shape and duration of P may
indicate atrial enlargement
ECG Tracing
P wave morphology
4
I
V1
AVR
Upright P
Biphasic P
Inverted P
PR interval
• from onset of P wave to onset of QRS• Normal duration = 0.12-2.0 sec (120-
200 ms) (3-4 horizontal boxes)
• Represents atria to ventricular conduction time (through His bundle)
• Prolonged PR interval may indicate a 1st degree heart block
ECG Tracing
P – R interval• Normal = 0.12 – 0.22
• Short = < 0.12
• Prolonged = > 0.22
QRS complex• Ventricular depolarization• Larger than P wave because of
greater muscle mass of ventricles• Normal duration = 0.08-
0.12 seconds
ECG Tracing
QRS complex
• Its duration, amplitude, and morphology are useful in diagnosing cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular hypertrophy, MI, electrolyte derangement, etc.
• Q wave greater than 1/3 the height of the R wave, greater than 0.04 sec are abnormal and may represent MI
6
I
V3
AVR
Positive QRS
Biphasic QRS
Negative QRS
QRS morphology and duration
ST segment
• Connects the QRS complex and T wave
• Duration of 0.08-0.12 sec (80-120 msec)
ECG Tracing
7
I
V3
V1
Normal
Depressed
Elevated
S – T Segment
T waves
• Represents repolarization or recovery of ventricles
• Interval from beginning of QRS to apex of T is referred to as the absolute refractory period
ECG Tracing
8
IAVR
Upright T Inverted T
T wave morphology
QT Interval
• Measured from beginning of QRS to the end of the T wave
• Normal QT is usually about 0.40 sec• QT interval varies based on heart
rate
ECG Tracing
Chamber Enlargement
• Right Atrial Enlargement (RAE)– Tall P waves in II, III, AVF > 2.5mm
• Left Atrial Enlargement (LAE)– P wave in I > 0.11 secs– Terminal Negativity of P wave in VI = >
1mm• Bi-atrial Enlargement
– RAE + LAE
Sinus Bradycardia
• Heart is slower than 60 beats per minute• RR interval is longer• P wave followed by QRS complex in 1:1
ratio• PR interval slightly prolonged
Sinus Tachycardia
• Sinus rhythm is faster than 100 beats per minute
• RR interval is shorter, less than 0.6 seconds• P wave followed by QRS complex in 1:1
ratio
Atrial Flutter
• atria contract at 200-350 beats per minute • F waves are larger than normal P waves and
they have a saw-toothed waveform• ventricular rate is usually regular but slower
than the atrial rate• fixed ratio of flutter waves to QRS
complexes can be observed, for instance 2:1, 3:1 or 4:1
Atrial Flutter
Atrial Fibrillation• occurs when the atria depolarize repeatedly
and in an irregular uncontrolled manner usually at at atrial rate greater than 350 beats per minute
• no concerted contraction of the atria• No P-waves are observed
• QRS complexes have normal shape, due to normal ventricular conduction. However the RR intervals vary from beat to beat. The ventricular rate may increase to greater than 150 beats per minute if uncontrolled.
Atrial Fibrillation
Ventricular Tachycardia• occurs when electrical impulses
originating either from the ventricles cause rapid ventricular depolarization
(140-250 beats per minute)
• QRS complexes are wide and bizarre• P-waves may be inverted/may be
present but not associated with QRS complexes (AV dissociation)
• RR intervals are usually regular
Ventricular Tachycardia
Ventricular Fibrillation• occurs when parts of the ventricles
depolarize repeatedly in an erratic, uncoordinated manner
• random, apparently unrelated waves• no recognizable QRS complex• almost invariably fatal because the
uncoordinated contractions of ventricular myocardium
• electrical defibrillation restores normal regular rhythm
Ventricular Fibrillation
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome• presence of an accessory atrioventicular
pathway located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, known as the Bundle of Kent - allows the impulse to bypass the AV node and activate the ventricles prematurely
• initial slur to the QRS complex, known as a delta wave may be observed
• QRS complexes are wide, > 0.11 sec
• PR is shortened, to less than 0.12 sec
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
Right Bundle Branch Block• Criteria for right bundle branch block (RBBB)
[1] – QRS >0,12 sec – Slurred S wave in lead I and V6 – RSR'-pattern in V1 where R' > R
Left Bundle Branch Block• QRS duration is 120 msec or greater• poor R wave progression in V 1 thru V4• T wave vector is in the opposite direction to
the QRS vector (T waves are inverted in I, V5 and V6)
• conduction abnormality often appears as "rabbit ears" (rsR pattern) on the left side of the chest (V4,5,6)